Flow resistance network analysis of the back-pressure of automotive mufflers

Complexity of mufflers generally introduces considerable pressure drop, which affects the engine performance adversely. Not much literature is available for pressure drop across perforates. In this paper, the stagnation pressure drop across perforated muffler elements has been measured experimentally and generalized expressions have been developed for the pressure loss across cross-flow expansion and cross-flow contraction elements. A flow resistance model available in the literature has been made use of to analytically determine the flow distribution and thereby the pressure drop of mufflers. A generalized expression has been derived here for evaluation of the equivalent flow resistance for parallel flow paths. Expressions for flow resistance across perforated elements, derived by means of flow experiments, have been implemented in the flow resistance network. The results have been validated with experimental data. Thus, the newly developed integrated flow resistance networks would enable us to determine the normalized stagnation pressure drop of commercial automotive mufflers, thus enabling an efficient flow-acoustic design of silencing systems.

A FUNCTIONAL MODEL FOR PURE Gamma-CONTRACTIONS

A pair of commuting operators (S,P) defined on a Hilbert space H for which the closed symmetrized bidisc Gamma = {(z(1) + z(2), z(1)z(2)) : vertical bar z(1)vertical bar <= 1, vertical bar z(2)vertical bar <= 1} subset of C-2 is a spectral set is called a Gamma-contraction in the literature. A Gamma-contraction (S, P) is said to be pure if P is a pure contraction, i.e., P*(n) -> 0 strongly as n -> infinity Here we construct a functional model and produce a set of unitary invariants for a pure Gamma-contraction. The key ingredient in these constructions is an operator, which is the unique solution of the operator equation S - S*P = DpXDp, where X is an element of B(D-p), and is called the fundamental operator of the Gamma-contraction (S, P). We also discuss some important properties of the fundamental operator.

Quantification of the Particle Size and Stability of Graphene Oxide in a Variety of Solvents

The exceptional solution processing potential of graphene oxide (GO) is always one of its main advantages over graphene in terms of its industrial relevance in coatings, electronics, and energy storage. However, the presence of a variety of functional groups on the basal plane and edges of GO makes understanding suspension behavior in aqueous and organic solvents, a major challenge. Acoustic spectroscopy can also measure zeta potential to provide unique insight into flocculating, meta-stable, and stable suspensions of GO in deionized water and a variety of organic solvents (including ethanol, ethylene glycol, and mineral oil). As expected, a match between solvent polarity and the polar functional groups on the GO surface favors stable colloidal suspensions accompanied by a smaller aggregate size tending toward disperse individual flakes of GO. This work is significant since it describes the characteristics of GO in solution and its ability to act as a precursor for graphene-based materials.

Porous Flower-like alpha-Fe2O3 Nanostructure: A High Performance Anode Material for Lithium-ion Batteries

Porous flower-like alpha-Fe2O3 nanostructures have been synthesized by ethylene glycol mediated iron alkoxide as an intermediate and studied as an anode material of Li-ion battery. The iron alkoxide precursor is heated at different temperatures from 300 to 700 degrees C. The alpha-Fe2O3 samples possess porosity and high surface area. There is a decrease in pore volume as well as surface area by increasing the preparation temperature. The reversible cycling properties of the alpha-Fe2O3 nanostructures have been evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge discharge cycling, and galvanostatic intermittent titration measurements at ambient temperature. The initial discharge capacity values of 1063, 1168,1183, 1152 and 968 mAh g(-1) at a specific current of 50 mA g(-1) are obtained for the samples prepared at 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 degrees C, respectively. The samples prepared at 500 and 600 degrees C exhibit good cycling performance with high rate capability. The high rate capacity is attributed to porous nature of the materials. As the iron oxides are inexpensive and environmental friendly, the alpha-Fe2O3 has potential application as anode material for rechargeable Li batteries. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Early postnatal exposure to lithium in vitro induces changes in AMPAR mEPSCs and vesicular recycling at hippocampal glutamatergic synapses

Lithium is an effective mood stabilizer but its use is associated with many side effects. Electrophysiological recordings of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) mediated by glutamate receptor AMPA-subtype (AMPARs) in hippocampal pyramidal neurons revealed that CLi (therapeutic concentration of 1 mM lithium, from days in vitro 4-10) decreased the mean amplitude and mean rectification index (RI) of AMPAR mEPSCs. Lowered mean RI indicate that contribution of Ca2+-permeable AMPARs in synaptic events is higher in CLi neurons (supported by experiments sensitive to Ca2+-permeable AMPAR modulation). Co-inhibiting PKA, GSK-3 beta and glutamate reuptake was necessary to bring about changes in AMPAR mEPSCs similar to that seen in CLi neurons. FM1-43 experiments revealed that recycling pool size was affected in CLi cultures. Results from minimum loading, chlorpromazine treatment and hyperosmotic treatment experiments indicate that endocytosis in CLi is affected while not much difference is seen in modes of exocytosis. CLi cultures did not show the high KCl associated presynaptic potentiation observed in control cultures. This study, by calling attention to long-term lithium-exposure-induced synaptic changes, might have implications in understanding the side effects such as CNS complications occurring in perinatally exposed babies and cognitive dulling seen in patients on lithium treatment.

Probing complex heterostructures using hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES)

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) plays a central role in the investigation of electronic properties as well as compositional analysis of almost every conceivable material. However, a very short inelastic mean free path (IMFP) and the limited photon flux in standard laboratory conditions render this technique very much surface sensitive. Thus, the electronic structure buried below several layers of a heterogeneous sample is not accessible with usual photoemission techniques. An obvious way to overcome this limitation is to use a considerably higher energy photon source, as this increases the IMFP of the photo-ejected electron, thereby making the technique more depth and bulk sensitive. Due to this obvious advantage, Hard X-ray Photo Electron Spectroscopy (HAXPES) is rapidly becoming an extremely powerful tool for chemical, elemental, compositional and electronic characterization of bulk systems, more so with reference to systems characterized by the presence of buried interfaces and other types of chemical heterogeneity. The relevance of such an investigative tool becomes evident when we specifically note the ever-increasing importance of heterostructures and interfaces in the context of a wide range of device applications, spanning electronic, magnetic, optical and energy applications. The interest in this nondestructive, element specific HAXPES technique has grown rapidly in the past few years; we discuss critically its extensive use in the study of depth resolved electronic properties of nanocrystals, multilayer superlattices and buried interfaces, revealing their internal structures. We specifically present a comparative discussion, with examples, on two most commonly used methods to determine internal structures of heterostructured systems using XPS. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Nanoflowers of PdRu on PEDOT for Electrooxidation of Glycerol and Its Analysis

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) supported PdRu catalysts with various Pd:Ru atomic ratios are prepared by one step electrodeposition method. The catalysts are characterised by several physico-chemical techniques. The morphology depends on Pd:Ru ratio. The nanoflowers of Pd5Ru catalyst are deposited on PEDOT surface in an alloy form. Cyclic voltammetry experiments indicate that Ru improves the catalytic activity of Pd for glycerol oxidation significantly. However, the oxidation of glycerol is not observed on Ru-PEDOT/C electrode. Amongst all compositions, Pd5Ru nanoflowers on PEDOT exhibit the highest electrocatalytic activity and stability. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry experiments are performed for the analysis of glycerol. Pd5Ru-PEDOT/C electrode is highly sensitive towards glycerol detection with sensitivity of 99.8 mu A cm(-2) mu M-1 and low detection limit of 0.1 mu M. Thus, electrochemically deposited nanoflowers Pd5Ru on PEDOT are efficient catalysts for direct glycerol oxidation as well as for analysis in alkaline media. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Upper bound on cubicity in terms of boxicity for graphs of low chromatic number

The boxicity (respectively cubicity) of a graph G is the least integer k such that G can be represented as an intersection graph of axis-parallel k-dimensional boxes (respectively k-dimensional unit cubes) and is denoted by box(G) (respectively cub(G)). It was shown by Adiga and Chandran (2010) that for any graph G, cub(G) <= box(G) log(2) alpha(G], where alpha(G) is the maximum size of an independent set in G. In this note we show that cub(G) <= 2 log(2) X (G)] box(G) + X (G) log(2) alpha(G)], where x (G) is the chromatic number of G. This result can provide a much better upper bound than that of Adiga and Chandran for graph classes with bounded chromatic number. For example, for bipartite graphs we obtain cub(G) <= 2(box(G) + log(2) alpha(G)] Moreover, we show that for every positive integer k, there exist graphs with chromatic number k such that for every epsilon > 0, the value given by our upper bound is at most (1 + epsilon) times their cubicity. Thus, our upper bound is almost tight. (c) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Toward a High-Resolution Monitoring of Continental Surface Water Extent and Dynamics, at Global Scale: from GIEMS (Global Inundation Extent from Multi-Satellites) to SWOT (Surface Water Ocean Topography)

Up to now, high-resolution mapping of surface water extent from satellites has only been available for a few regions, over limited time periods. The extension of the temporal and spatial coverage was difficult, due to the limitation of the remote sensing technique e.g., the interaction of the radiation with vegetation or cloud for visible observations or the temporal sampling with the synthetic aperture radar (SAR)]. The advantages and the limitations of the various satellite techniques are reviewed. The need to have a global and consistent estimate of the water surfaces over long time periods triggered the development of a multi-satellite methodology to obtain consistent surface water all over the globe, regardless of the environments. The Global Inundation Extent from Multi-satellites (GIEMS) combines the complementary strengths of satellite observations from the visible to the microwave, to produce a low-resolution monthly dataset () of surface water extent and dynamics. Downscaling algorithms are now developed and applied to GIEMS, using high-spatial-resolution information from visible, near-infrared, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite images, or from digital elevation models. Preliminary products are available down to 500-m spatial resolution. This work bridges the gaps and prepares for the future NASA/CNES Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission to be launched in 2020. SWOT will delineate surface water extent estimates and their water storage with an unprecedented spatial resolution and accuracy, thanks to a SAR in an interferometry mode. When available, the SWOT data will be adopted to downscale GIEMS, to produce a long time series of water surfaces at global scale, consistent with the SWOT observations.

Evaluación financiera de la explotación apícola El Jobo, en el municipio de San Ramón, departamento de Matagalpa (Período Julio 1999 - Junio 2000)

El Presente trabajo se llevó a cabo en la finca El Jobo en los Apiarios Propiedad de CODAPI, la finca se ubica en el Municipio de San Ramón, carretera Pancasan, Matlguas en las coordenadas 12" 55' Latitud Norte y 85" 55' Longitud Oeste con una altura de 640 msnm y una Temperatura de 20- 26" C. El clima existente se clasifica de Trópico semi húmedo con bosque perenne y una flora útil para la Apicultura. La época seca se presenta de Febrero a mayo y un periodo lluvioso de Junio - Enero, con una precipitación de 2000 - 2400 mm /ano. Para el levantamiento de la información se realizó un estudio de casos con entrevistas semi - estructuradas, a lo largo del ciclo apícola 1999-2000, con visitas quincenales, que permitieron conocer el manejo de los apiarios, producción de miel y los costos de producción. El análisis de la información permitió evaluar el calendario apícola, los costos de producción divididos en mano de obra, insumos, servicios; así como determinar parámetros productivos como kilogramos de miel por ciclo, por apiario, por colmena. Se calcularon además la relación beneficio costo, margen bruto por apiario, margen bruto por colmena y margen bruto por dial hombre. Los resultados indicaron que la estrategia de producción principal de este ciclo fue la producción de colonias, aprovechando la flor amarilla, miel que no tiene demanda en el mercado internacional, no obstante permitió salvar el ciclo. Una vez realizada la evaluación financiera se pudo determinar que la relación beneficio - costo de este ciclo apícola fue de 0.88. Entre los factores que influyeron en estos resultados se pueden mencionar: La falta de capacitación en el manejo gerencial, administrativo y financiero del apiario. Factores climatológicos como fuertes vientos durante la época seca deshidrataron la flora. La no realización de un calendario apícola después del Huracán Mitch que dejó desvastada la flora de la zona norte del País, lo cual incidió de forma significativa en la producción de miel al momento de la trashumancia. Afecto J también el problema zoo-sanitario del acaro varroa a partir de 1999, aumentando los costos de producción de la empresa. De los costos de producción el 43.70 % correspondió a insumos, el27.7% a servicios, el7.37% a mano de obra y un 22.8% a las amortizaciones; La reproducción de miel que se obtuvo fue de 438 Kg. en el ciclo apícola en tres cosechas, 48 Kg. en agosto, 112 Kg. en Noviembre y 278 Kg. en abril del2000, lo que refleja 109. 7 Kg. de miel/ apiario/ ciclo y 5.2 Kg. de miel/ colmena / apiario / ciclo. De los ingresos que se obtuvieron en este ciclo el 71. 67 % corresponde a la venta de cámaras de crías y el 28.33 % a la venta de miel. El margen bruto 1 apiario 1 ciclo fue de C$ 1429.75, el margen bruto 1 colmena de C$ 68.9 y el margen bruto / día/ hombre fue de C$ 62.84, lo que muestra parámetros económicos deficientes para mantener las operaciones en la explotación y el margen neto de C$ -6 339 .38.

Efectos de sistemas de labranza y métodos de control de malezas sobre la dinámica de las malezas y crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

En este estudio se evaluó la influencia de tres sistemas de labranzas y tres métodos de control de malezas sobre la dinámica de las malezas y el crecimiento y rendimiento del frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). El ensayo se realizó en época de postrera (septiembre – diciembre, 1997) en la estación experimental La Compañía, ubicada en el municipio de San Marcos, Carazo. Se utilizó un diseño de parcelas divididas arreglado en bloques completos al azar, en los cuales la parcela grande correspondió a las labranzas y la parcela pequeña a los controles. Se evaluaron los sistemas de labranza cero, mínima y convencional y los métodos de control cultural (pre emergente más cobertura), mecánico (pre emergente más chapia) y químico (pre emergente más post emergente). Los datos recopilados de las variables del crecimiento y rendimiento del frijol común, fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza y comparaciones de media por Duncan al cinco por ciento. Los resultados muestran que labranza convencional y el control químico, obtuvieron mejores resultados en la reducción de la abundancia y dominancia de malezas. En cuanto a diversidad de malezas los mejores resultados se obtienen en labranza mínima con 18 especies y el control químico con 20. Respecto a las variables de crecimiento el mayor promedio de altura en la planta de frijol se obtuvo en labranza convencional con 46.8 cm y en el control cultural con 47.2 cm. En cuanto a las variables de rendimiento, labranza mínima y control químico se obtuvieron el mayor rendimiento de grano con 1 449.4 kg/ha y 1 727.6 kg/ha respectivamente. Labranza convencional y control cultural presentaron menor rendimiento de grano con 1 339.4 kg/ha y 1 109.6 kg/ha. Los resultados del análisis económico a través del presupuesto parcial muestra que en cuanto al factor sistema de labranza, labranza mínima obtuvo los mayores beneficios netos con C$ 9 528/ha, C$ 7 886/ha y C$ 5 623/ha en los controles químicos, mecánico y cultural respectivamente y en cuanto al factor control de malezas, el control químico presenta los mayores beneficios netos con C$ 9 215/ha, C$ 9 528/ha C$ 7742/ha en labranza cero, mínima y convencional. En cuanto a la tasa de retorno marginal la mayor tasa (1 302.9%) se obtiene al cambiar de labranza mínima y control mecánico a labranza cero y control químico.

Análisis de la exportación de manzanas y peras en el mercado externo en la última década

Resumen: El propósito general de este trabajo, es resumir para el debate un análisis conceptual del Mercado de Exportación de los frutos de pepita (Manzana y Pera) en el Mercado Internacional en la última década, destacar el lugar que ocupa el complejo frutícola en la economía argentina y su rol para sostener los mercados externos actualmente abastecidos. La estructura del presente trabajo tiene como finalidad mostrar las reglamentaciones existentes para la comercialización de las frutas pomáceas en el mercado interno y externo, además de anexos que complementan y soportan dicho trabajo, siendo de gran interés para el lector. Finalizando el presente trabajo, con conclusiones en el desarrollo de la Evolución, Tendencia, Expectativas y Desafíos frutícolas para la próxima década.

Nationwide-US newspaper coverage of handling water contamination : a community structure approach

Resumen: Empleando la teoría de la “estructura comunitaria”, un muestreo de diarios principales en 28 ciudades grandes en Estados Unidos examina la cobertura del tema “El manejo de contaminación de agua y acceso a agua potable”. Mediante el análisis de todos los artículos de más de 250 palabras publicados a través de diez años entre 01/01/2001 y 01/01/2011 (339 artículos), se compararon sistemáticamente características comunitarias y el “Vector Mediático” de Pollock (combinando en un valor dos medidas de contenido: la “prominencia” de un artículo en un periódico con la orientación o tono). Cobertura “favorable”, que apoya la mayor ayuda gubernamental para mejorar el abastecimiento de agua potable, fue vinculada con medidas de “los interesados”, por ejemplo, con el porcentaje de hispanos (r de Pearson = .349, p = .04). El análisis de las medidas y su regresión reveló dos medidas significativas asociadas con apoyo para manejo gubernamental por agua potable: porcentaje de hispanos (12.2% de la varianza), y con porcentaje de ciudadanos de 18-24 años, 16.7%. Inesperadamente, la cobertura de manejo gubernamental para mejorar las existencias de agua potable no fue vinculado ni con medidas de “vulnerabilidad” (pobreza, desempleo) ni con medidas de “estabilidad” (educación, ingreso).