A preliminary analysis of the phylogeny of the Swertiinae (Gentianaceae) based on ITS data

To better understand the floral diversity and the phylogeny of the Swertiinae (Gentianaceae), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nrDNA for 17 species and one outgroup was sequenced. Our data suggest that corolla type, gland shape, and corolla appendage are poorly correlated with the ITS phylogeny. The genus Swertia s.l. and the rotate group previously recognized based on the corolla types and gland shapes are polyphyletic. Four genera with simple protruding glands and three taxa with corolla appendages are not clustered as the monophyletic groups. Four separate clades, corresponding to the four sections, were identified in Swertia s.1. Lomatogoniopsis with the simple protruding gland type of the tubular group closely related to Lomatogonium of the rotate group. The deeply lobing corolla and concave foveae may be ancestral in the Swertiinae, while the tubular corolla and the protruding glands may have undergone convergent evolution.

洁净机器人的最优运动控制方法研究及实现

论文以国家科技部超大规模集成电路制造装备重大专项课题“12英寸硅片智能机械手关键技术与样机研制”为背景，进行了洁净机器人控制系统下层的性能最优控制方法的研究和上层的时间最优轨迹规划方法的研究。 论文从洁净机器人的结构出发，在利用动能公式分析得到大气手（洁净机器人的手臂）转动惯量计算公式的基础上，通过仿真表明了运动中大气手转动惯量随位置变化的幅度较大、对控制系统性能的影响不能忽视；然后从辨识得到的交流永磁同步伺服电机的数学模型出发，提出了一种PI加前馈参数整定的控制方法，并仿真和实验验证了这种控制方法对消除转动惯量变化的影响、提高控制系统动态性能的有效性和简单可行性。针对洁净机器人快速、高效的运动要求，在分析大气手运动约束条件的基础上，提出了变加速度的时间最优轨迹规划方法，并采用实验的方法验证了这种规划方法相对梯形速度曲线规划在时间上的优越性。 论文理论与实际相结合，提出了消除转动惯量变化的控制方法和时间最优轨迹规划方法，为开发出性能优越的洁净机器人作出了一定的贡献。另外，论文还编写了系统辨识程序和上位机测试软件，方便了其它控制算法的研究应用。

西藏高原草原化嵩草草甸生态系统呼吸及碳平衡

The soil respiration and net ecosystem productivity of Kobresia littledalei meadow ecosystem was investigated at Dangxiong grassland station, one grassland field station of Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station. Soil respiration and soil heterotrophic respiration were measured at the same time by using Li6400-09 chamber in growing season of year 2004. The response of soil respiration and its components, i.e. microbial heterotrophic respiration and root respiration to biotic and abiotic factors were addressed. We studied the daily and seasonal variation on Net Ecosystem carbon Exchange (NEE) measured by eddy covariance equipments and then the regression models between the NEE and the soil temperature. Based on the researches, we analyzed the seasonal variation in grass biomass and estimated NEE combined the Net Ecosystem Productivity with heterogeneous respiration and then assessed the whether the area is carbon source or carbon sink. 1.Above-ground biomass was accumulated since the grass growth started from May; On early September the biomass reached maximum and then decreased. The aboveground net primary production (ANPP) was 150.88 g m~" in 2004. The under-ground biomass reached maximum when the aboveground start to die back. Over 80% of the grass root distributed at the soil depth from 0 to 20cm. The underground NPP was 1235.04 g m"2.. Therefore annual NPP wasl.385X103kg ha"1, i.e.6236.6 kg C ha"1. 2. The daily variation of soil respiration showed single peak curve with maximum mostly at noon and minimum 4:00-6:00 am. Daily variations were greater in June, July and August than those in September and October. Soil respiration had strong correlation with soil temperature at 5cm depth while had weaker correlation with soil moisture, air temperature, surface soil temperature, and so on. But since early September the soil respiration had a obviously correlation with soil moisture at 5cm depth. Biomass had a obviously linearity correlation with soil respiration at 30th June, 20th August, and the daytime of 27th September except at 23lh October and at nighttime of 27th September. We established the soil respiration responding to the soil temperature and to estimate the respiration variation during monsoon season (from June through August) and dry season (May, September and October). The regression between soil respiration and 5cm soil temperature were: monsoon season (June through August), Y=0.592expfl()932\ By estimating , the soil daily respiration in monsoon season is 7.798gCO2m"2 and total soil respiration is 717.44 gCC^m" , and the value of Cho is 2.54; dry season (May, September and October), Y=0.34exp°'085\ the soil daily respiration is 3.355gCO2m~2 and total soil respiration is 308.61 gCC^m", and the value of Cho is 2.34. So the total soil respiration in the grown season (From May to October) is 1026.1 g CO2IT1"2. 3. Soil heterogeneous respiration had a strong correlation with soil temperature especially with soil temperature at 5cm depth. The variation range in soil heterogeneous respiration was widely. The regression between soil heterogeneous respiration and 5cm soil temperature is: monsoon season, Y=0.106exp ' 3x; dry season, Y=0.18exp°"0833x.By estimating total soil heterotrophic respiration in monsoon season is 219.6 gCC^m"2, and the value of Cho is 3.78; While total soil heterogeneous respiration in dry season is 286.2 gCCbm"2, and the value of Cho is 2.3. The total soil heterotrophic respiration of the year is 1379.4kg C ha"1. 4. We estimated the root respiration through the balance between soil respiration and the soil heterotrophic respiration. The contribution of root respiration to total respiration was different during different period: re-greening period 48%; growing period 69%; die-back period 48%. 5. The Ecosystem respiration was relatively strong from May to October, and of which the proportion in total was 97.4%.The total respiration of Ecosystem was 369.6 g CO2 m" .we got the model of grass respiration respond to the soil temperature at 5cm depth and then estimated the daytime grass respiration, plus the nighttime NEE and daytime soil respiration. But when we estimated the grass respiration, we found the result was negative, so the estimating value in this way was not close. 6. The estimating of carbon pool or carbon sink. The NPP minus the soil heterogeneous respiration was the NEE, and it was 4857.3kg C o ha"1, which indicated that the area was the carbon sink.

800MPa下泥质岩部分熔融实验研究：残留相及熔体相REE地球化学特征

利用JL-3600t压机实验研究了800MPa、不同温度条件下泥质岩部分熔融过程，利用EMPA和LA-ICPMS分别测定了熔体相和残留相中主要化学组成以及微量元素（包括REE）组成。实验结果表明，泥质岩低程度部分熔融（〈25％）形成的熔体中REE含量分布于308．8-3565μg／g较大范围内，显示较大的不均匀性，其REE球粒陨石标准化分布模式显示弱的M型REE“四分组效应”，而残留相矿物石榴子石中REE含量变化于167．5—1008μg／g范围，也显示有明显的不均匀性，其REE球粒陨石标准化分布模式显示明显的W型REE“四分组效应”，尤以第一段La-Nd最为显著；随着部分熔融程度的增加（〉30％），其形成的熔体中REE集中在523．2—1130μg／g范围，残留相石榴子石中BEE集中在288．6—512．7μg／g范围，均显示相对均匀；熔体相和残留相石榴子石矿物的REE球粒陨石标准化分布模式不发育REE“四分组效应”。实验前后Cl质量平衡计算的结果表明该实验过程中并没有产生岩浆挥发分相。上述特征表明S型花岗岩中的REE“四分组效应”现象很可能与泥质岩低程度部分熔融具有成因联系。

腐殖酸三维荧光光谱特性研究

腐殖质的荧光特性被广泛用来解析其在各种天然环境中的来源及分布。由于荧光光谱分析具有灵敏度高,选择性好,且不破坏样品结构的优点,非常适合用来研究腐殖质的结构和官能团等特征。利用三维荧光激发-发射光谱研究了Fluka腐殖酸的荧光光谱特性,结果显示,离子强度(0～0.05mol/LKClO4)对Fluka腐殖酸的三维荧光光谱特性影响非常小,而腐殖酸的浓度(5～100mg/L)和溶液pH(2～12)对其三维荧光光谱特性影响显著。

额尔齐斯河流域及某稀有多金属矿废水铀、钍含量分布及其环境影响

运用简易、快捷、灵敏的ICP2MS 法直接测定稀有多金属矿以及河水样品中的铀钍含量,并推算其与比放射性活度之间的定量关系,客观评价了某稀有多金属矿废水中的放射性水平以及额尔齐斯河流域的放射性污染现状。研究表明,某稀有多金属选矿废水铀含量可达781311μg/ L ,钍含量达01627μg/ L 。额尔齐斯河流域各支流河水铀、钍平均含量分别为01584μg/ L 、01025μg/ L ,其干流河水钍平均含量为01019μg/ L ,而铀平均含量达21234μg/ L ,远高于世界河水铀平均含量01309μg/ L 。

碳酸盐岩差异性风化成土特征及其对石漠化形成的影响

碳酸盐岩极低的酸不溶物含量使岩石风化产生的残积土壤物质数量极少，并产生巨大的体积缩小，促使早期形成的残积土在重力作用下不断向下塌陷。显著的差异性风化使基岩面强烈起伏，甚至形成大量的岩溶尘洼地、裂隙、地下管道、洞穴系统等。在重力和水的作用下，土粒沿垂直和水平方向上经微距离或短距离搬运到上述低洼或地下空间中，甚至由地下河带到更远的地方，这是碳酸盐岩地区土壤丢失的重要方式，也是形成石漠化最主要的地质因素。土壤在地表分布高度不均匀，是碳酸盐岩地区的地表少土的重要原因。对于酸不溶物含量相当的石灰岩和白云岩而言，由于白云岩的差异性风化明显弱于石灰岩，以及受各种应力作用后，白云岩形成的节理及裂隙密集而均匀，从而提高了近地表白云岩的含水能力，延长了风化过程中的水－岩反应时间，使风化作用可以相对集中于地表或近地表进行，有利于岩石的整体风化作用的进行，同时使白云岩风化壳基岩面起伏相对较小，风化残积形成的土壤分布也相对均匀。因此，白云岩区地表土层较厚，石漠化程度也稍弱于灰岩区。

鲁西晚中生代基性脉岩的成因和源区性质：岩石学和地球化学

本文从岩石学和地球化学方面对鲁西地区淄博盆地几个岩区的基性脉岩的成因和源区性质进行了探讨。脉岩的K-Ar年龄(72．2～116．3 Ma)表明其为晚中生代(白垩纪)岩浆作用的产物。主量元素显示该脉岩总体属钙碱性系列。微量元素特征表明脉岩为交代富集地幔部分熔融作用的产物，成岩过程可能同时经历了橄榄石、单斜辉石、Ti-Fe氧化物以及少量斜长石的分离结晶作用。Pb同位素组成：^208Pb／^204Pb=36．308～38．329；^207Pb／^204Pb=15．170～15．632；^206Pb／^204Pb=16．658～18．470，可以和下地壳组成相比，暗示成岩过程中存在大量下地壳物质的参与。岩浆在构造上受控于燕山造山带坍塌和沂沭断裂带(郯庐断裂山东段)的活动(左行平移和伸展)，但在上升侵位过程中没有遭受地壳物质的混染，且具有大陆边缘弧玄武岩的特性。这暗示岩浆早期鲁西地区存在古大洋板块(苏-鲁洋)的俯冲作用(即古俯冲作用)。

中旬红山矽卡岩铜矿稳定同位素特征及其对成矿过程的指示

红山铜矿床位于三江地区义敦岛弧南端的中甸弧，是在晚三叠世甘孜-理塘洋盆向西俯冲过程中形成的一个中型规模的矽卡岩矿床。通常，矽卡岩体就是铜矿体或铜矿化体，主要呈似层状、层状、脉状及透镜体状产于大理岩与角岩接触带或局部在角岩中，未见其与侵入岩直接接触。通过对不同成矿阶段所形成的石榴石、磁铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方解石等典型矿物以及大理岩的稳定同位素特征研究，发现矽卡岩的最主要组成矿物石榴石的δ^18OSMOW范围为6．2—8．3‰，反映了矽卡岩可能直接继承隐伏斑岩体的氧同位素组成。根据磁铁矿的氧同位素组成（5．5—7．1‰）所计算的磁铁矿化阶段成矿流体的δ^18OSMOW为13．1—14．7‰（400℃）或12．5—14．1％。（500℃），暗示有富集δ^18O的CO2溶入到成矿流体中。硫化物的δ^34SCDT范围4．45—6．20‰，说明矿床具有高度均一的硫源，并且在硫化物的结晶沉淀过程中，流体中硫同位素分馏很弱。由此推测主成矿期成矿流体的δ^34S∑S为5．6±0．6‰。矿床中的大理岩的δ^13CPDB为2．0—2．2‰，δ^18OSMOW为24．0—24．8‰，说明大理岩是由海相碳酸盐岩经重结晶作用而成。成矿晚期阶段形成的方解石脉的δ^13CPDB范围是-2．4—1．7‰，δ^18OSMOW范围是16．3—22．4‰，表明其C和O主要来源于大理岩。总之，我们推测红山矽卡岩很可能主要是由中酸性岩浆浅成侵位时局部同化碳酸盐围岩所形成的一种富含钙质成分的次生岩浆就位于碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩之间的构造薄弱带冷凝固结而成，矽卡岩型矿化与深部斑岩型矿化具有共同的成矿物质和成矿流体来源。

迤纳厂稀土铁铜矿床稀土元素地球化学

系统测定了迤纳厂矿床不同类型矿石、围岩和火山角砾岩、岩浆岩的稀土元素组成。研究表明，不同类型矿石均具REE总量高(726X10^6—4633x10^6)、铕正异常(1．邱一5．16)、轻稀土强烈富集[(La／Yb)n=3．98—81．1]等特征，Y／Ho比值(24．4)小于球粒陨石中比值(28)，与黑烟囱的比值接近。硅质白云岩及钠长石英斑岩、层状火山角砾岩的稀土特征(稀土总量低，铕负异常，轻重稀土分异不明显等)与矿石完全不同。成矿流体的稀土元素特征与现代大洋中脊热液相似，与裂谷初期的碱性火山岩稀土元素特征较为接近。结合矿床产出的大地构造背景，提出迤纳厂稀土铁铜矿床可能为昆阳裂谷初期碱性火山岩的喷发期间歇，来自地幔富稀土、富挥发份的成矿流体喷流．沉积成矿。