Total and exogenous carbohydrate oxidation in obese prepubertal children.

The aim was to explore whether the origin of carbohydrate oxidation (exogenous compared with endogenous carbohydrate) after consumption of a mixed meal was influenced by obesity in children. Ten obese prepubertal children 8 y of age (44.2 +/- 3.6 kg) were studied over 9.5 h and compared with eight normal-weight, matched control children (28.5 +/- 1.6 kg). They were fed a mixed meal containing naturally enriched [13C]carbohydrate (cane sugar and popcorn) providing 55% of the daily energy requirement as measured by 24-h resting metabolic rate. Total carbohydrate oxidation was calculated by indirect calorimetry (hood system) whereas exogenous carbohydrate oxidation was estimated from carbon dioxide production (VCO2), the isotopic enrichment of breath 13CO2, and the abundance of [13C]carbohydrate in the meal ingested. The time course of 13CO2 in breath-measured over 570 min-followed a similar pattern in both groups. Although total carbohydrate oxidation was not significantly different among the two groups, exogenous carbohydrate utilization was significantly greater (P < 0.03) and endogenous carbohydrate oxidation was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in obese compared with control children. In addition, the rate of exogenous carbohydrate oxidation expressed as a proportion of total carbohydrate oxidation was positively related to the body fat of the children (r = 0.68, P < 0.01). The study suggests that in the postprandial phase, a smaller proportion of carbohydrate oxidation is accounted for by glycogen breakdown in obese children. The sparing of endogenous glycogen may result from decreased glycogen turnover already present at an early age.

A adição de xisto retortado aumenta a retenção do carbono de resíduos vegetais no solo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de curto prazo e o residual de doses de xisto retortado (XR) sobre a retenção do C de resíduos culturais no solo. Foram avaliadas a mineralização e a retenção de C de folhas e talos de soja enriquecidos com 13C, em solo com e sem histórico de aplicação de XR e na presença e na ausência de doses crescentes de XR. Houve efeito de curto prazo do XR sobre a retenção de C no solo. Esse efeito ocorreu somente com a mistura de folhas + 3 Mg ha-1 de XR, em que a retenção de C no solo superou em 21% aquela observada com a aplicação isolada das folhas. O XR apresenta potencial de reter C no solo.

Effect of physical exercise on glycogen turnover and net substrate utilization according to the nutritional state.

To determine the metabolic effects of a single bout of exercise performed after a meal or in the fasting state, nine healthy subjects were studied over two 8-h periods during which net substrate oxidation was monitored by indirect calorimetry. On one occasion, exercise was performed 90 min after ingestion of a meal labeled with [U-13C]glucose [protocol meal-exercise (M-E)]. On the second occasion, exercise was performed after an overnight fast and was followed 30 min later by ingestion of an identical meal [protocol exercise-meal (E-M)]. Energy balances were similar in both protocols, but carbohydrate balance was positive (42.2 +/- 5.1 g), and lipid balance was negative (-11.1 +/- 2.0) during E-M, whereas they were nearly even during M-E. Total glycogen synthesis was calculated as carbohydrate intake minus oxidation of exogenous 13C-labeled carbohydrate (calculated from 13CO2 production). Total glycogen synthesis was increased by 90% (from 47.6 +/- 3.8 to 90.7 +/- 5.4 g, P < 0.0001) during E-M vs. M-E. Endogenous glycogen breakdown was calculated as net carbohydrate oxidation minus oxidation of exogenous carbohydrate and was increased by 44% (from 35.8 +/- 5.6 to 51.7 +/- 6.6 g, P < 0.004) during E-M. It is concluded that exercise performed in the fasting state stimulates glycogen turnover and fat oxidation.

Isolation, structural assignment and total synthesis of Barmumycin

Barmumycin was isolated from an extract of the marine actinomycete Streptomyces sp. BOSC-022A and found to be cytotoxic against various human tumor cell lines. Based on preliminary one- and two-dimensional 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra, the natural compound was initially assigned the structure of macrolactone-type compound 1, which was later prepared by two different routes. However, major spectroscopic differences between isolated barmumycin and 1 led to revision of the proposed structure as E-16. Based on synthesis of this new compound, and subsequent spectroscopic comparison of it to an authentic sample of barmumycin, the structure of the natural compound was indeed confirmed as that of E-16.

Investigation phytochimique d'une brosse à dents africaine Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Zepernick et Timler (Syn. Fagara zanthoxiloides L.) (Rutaceae)

Résumé: Dans le but de rechercher de nouveaux composés naturels à intérêt thérapeutique, les extraits dichlorométhanique et méthanolique de Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Zepernick et Timler (Syn. Fagara zanthoxyloides L.) (Rutaceae), une brosse à dents africaine ont été soumis à un criblage chimique et biologique. Un dépistage des activités: antifongiques contre le champignon phytopathogène Cladosporium cucumerinum et la levure commensale responsable de mycoses chez l'homme Candida albicans, antibactérienne contre la bactérie opportuniste Bacillus subtilis, larvicide contre le moustique vecteur de la fièvre jaune Aedes aegypti et molluscicide contre Biomphalaria glabrata, un escargot impliqué dans la transmission de la schistosomiase urinaire a été réalisé. Les propriétés antiradicalaires et inhibitrices de l'acétylcholinestérase de ces extraits ont aussi été dépistées. Sur la base des résultats obtenus lors de ce screening, l'investigation phytochimique de ces extraits a été entreprise. Elle a abouti à l'isolement de 14 composés, actifs pour la majorité contre Cladosporium cucumerinum et Bacillus subtilis, dont la structure a été établie au moyen de méthodes spectroscopiques (UV, MS, IR, 1H- et 13C-NMR). Des méthodes chimiques (hydrolyse, acétylation) ont été requises pour la confirmation de structures. L'extrait dichlorométhanique a fourni un nouveau composé, un dérivé du phényléthane, ainsi que dix composés connus, dont trois dérivés du phénylpropane, un lignane, un alcaloïde de la famille des benzophénanthridines, un triterpène, deux amides phénoliques et deux amides oléfmiques. L'extrait méthanolique a fourni un nouveau composé avec une fonction endoperoxyde, qui avait montré une activité inhibitrice modérée de l'acétylcholinestérase, ainsi que l'hespéridine et un dérivé de la chélérythrine. Par ailleurs, l'analyse LC/UV/APC1-MS de cet extrait a permis de détecter on-une sept produits connus. Parmi ces composés, se trouvent l'acide divanilloylquinique, la chélérythrine et quatre de ses dérivés: norchélérythrin.e, 6-(2-oxybutyl) dihydrochélérythrine, 6-hydroxy-dihydrochélérythrine et avicine, ainsi qu'une amide phénolique, l'amottianamide. La présence de ces dérivés de la chélérythrine a été mise en évidence dans deux autres espèces du même genre lors d'une étude LC/UV/APCI-MS comparative. Les activités fongicides contre Cladosporium cucumerinum et Candida albicans et bactéricides contre Bacillus subtilis et Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, mises en évidence sur plaque CCM et par les tests de dilution dans l'agar de ces composés, permettent de justifier l'utilisation de Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Zepemick et Timler comme brosse à dents africaine. Les techniques couplées de pointe utilisées dans cette étude ont montré leur apport inestimable dans le domaine de la recherche phytochimique et les applications futures dans le domaine de déréplication d'extraits bruts. Abstract: With the aim of discovering new natural therapeutics, the dichloromethane and methanol extracts of the African toothbrush tree Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Zepernick et Timler (Syn. Fagara zanthoxyloides L.) (Rutaceae), were submitted to biological and chemical assays. The former included: the antifimgal activities of the extracts against the phytopathogenic fungus Cladosporium cucumerinum, the commensal yeast which causes human mycoses Candida albicans, the bactericidal activity against the opportunistic bacteria Bacillus subtilis, the larvicidal activity against the yellow fever-transmitting mosquito Aedes aegypti and the molluscicidal effect on the snail Biomphalaria glabrata involved in the transmission of urinary schistosomiasis. The antiradical and acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting properties of these extracts were also investigated. On the basis of these results, a phytochemical investigation of the dichloromethane and methanol extracts of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides was undertaken. Their fractionation led to the isolation of 14 compounds, the majority of which were active against Cladosporium cucumerinum and Bacillus subtilis, whose structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques (UV, MS, IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR). Chemical methods (hydrolysis, acetylation) were performed to confirm the structures. The dichloromethane extract yielded a new phenylethane derivative, together with ten known compounds: three phenylpropane derivatives, a lignan, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, a triterpene and four phenolic and olefinic amides. The methanol extract yielded a new compound with an endoperoxide moiety, which showed moderate acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting activity, together with hesperidin and a chelerythrine derivative. Seven more compounds were detected on-line by LC/UV/APCI-MS. Among the compounds detected were divanilloylquinic acid, chelerythrine and four chelerythrine derivatives: norchelerythrine, 6-(2-oxybuty1)-dihydrochelerythrine, 6-hydroxy dihydrochelerythrine and avicine, together with the phenolic amide amottianamide. Most of the chelerythrine derivatives were also found in two other Zanthoxylum species following LC/UV/APCI-MS analysis. The antifungal activities against Cladosporium cucumerinum and Candida albicans and antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, may explain the utilization in traditional medicine of the roots of this plant as a toothbrush. The advanced hyphenated techniques used in this study showed their inestimable contribution to the field of phytochemical research and applications in the field of dereplication of crude extracts.

Contribution à la connaissance du métabolisme secondaire des Thymelaeaceae et investigation phytochimique de l'une d'elles: "Gnidia involucrata" Steud. ex A. Rich

Dans le but de mieux connaître le métabolisme secondaire de la famille des Thymelaeaceae et de découvrir de nouveaux composés naturels à intérêt thérapeutique, 30 extraits provenant de 8 espèces africaines ont été soumis à un criblage chimique et biologique. Les cibles biologiques suivantes ont servi à l?évaluation de l?activité des extraits étudiés : la moisissure phytopathogène Cladosporium cucumerinum, la levure commensale Candida albicans, la bactérie opportuniste Bacillus subtilis, la larve du moustique vecteur de la fièvre jaune Aedes aegypti et l?hôte intermédiaire mollusque de la schistosomiase urinaire Biomphalaria glabrata. Les propriétés antiradicalaires et inhibitrices de l?acétylcholinestérase de ces extraits ont également été dépistées. Des analyses sur CCM avec révélation chimique, ainsi que des expériences LC/DAD-UV, ont permis demettre en évidence la présence de tanins, de flavonoïdes et de xanthones dans les extraits polaires. Sur la base des résultats de ces analyses préliminaires, l?investigation phytochimique des extraits méthanoliques des racines et des parties aériennes de Gnidia involucrata a été entreprise. Cette démarche a permis l?isolement de 8 composés naturels et leur caractérisation complète au moyen de méthodes spectroscopiques (UV, MS, CD, 1H- et 13C-NMR). Les activités de ces produits purs ont été évaluées et il est apparu qu?ils possédaient presque tous des propriétés antiradicalaires intéressantes, supérieures à celles du BHT, un antioxydant de synthèse (E 321) utilisé dans l?industrie alimentaire. Deux benzophénones simples, respectivement O- et C-glucosylées, ont été isolées des parties aériennes de G. involucrata au côté de la mangiférine, une C-glycosylxanthone ubiquitaire. Ces découvertes sont remarquables à plusieurs titres : (1) les benzophénones simples (nonprénylées) sont très rares dans la nature ; (2) c?est la première fois qu?une Oglycosylbenzophénone a été décrite ; (3) aucune xanthone n?avait été mise en évidence auparavant dans la famille et (4) les benzophénones semblent ne pas être que des produits intermédiaires dans la biosynthèse des xanthones. Trois 3,8??-biflavanones du type GB ont été isolées des racines et des parties aériennes de la même plante, dont deux stéréoisomères se trouvant en mélange. Une analyse LC/CD a permis d?attribuer les configurations absolues des quatre carbones asymétriques de chaque molécule. Cette classe de métabolites secondaires est réputée pour ses propriétés analgésiques et sa présence chez les Thymelaeaceae est prometteuse. Des techniques couplées de pointe ont été utilisées dans ce travail et ont montré leur apport inestimable dans le domaine de la recherche phytochimique. Une analyse LC/ MSn a ainsi permis de mettre en évidence on-line trois C-glycosylflavones ? l?isoorientine, l?isovitexine et la vitexine ? dans les extraits méthanoliques bruts de G. involucrata. De plus, les parties aériennes de cette même plante ont servi de matériel pour le développement d?une nouvelle méthode d?analyse d?extraits bruts : la LC/1H-NMR time-slice. Cette approche consiste à « découper » le temps d?analyse par des interruptions régulières du flux LC, durant lesquelles les données NMR nécessaires sont acquises. Le problème de la faible sensibilité relative de la LC/NMR a été partiellement résolu par ce biais et a permis d?envisager l?utilisation de la NMR au sein de systèmes de couplages multiples en série avec d?autres méthodes spectrales (UV, MS, IR, CD,?).<br/><br/>With the aim of acquiring a better knowledge of the secondary metabolism of the family Thymelaeaceae and of the discovering of new natural therapeutics, 30 extracts from 8 African plant species were submitted to chemical and biological screening. The following biological targets were used to estimate the activity of the extracts under study: the phytopathogenic fungus Cladosporium cucumerinum, the commensal yeast Candida albicans, the opportunistic bacteria Bacillus subtilis, larvae of the yellow fever-transmitting mosquito Aedes aegypti and the intermediate snail host of urinary schistosomiasis Biomphalaria glabrata. The antiradical and acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting properties of these extracts were also investigated. TLC analyses followed by chemical detection, together with LC/DAD-UV experiments, showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids and xanthones in the polar extracts. On the basis of these results, a phytochemical investigation of the methanol extracts of the roots and the aerial parts of Gnidia involucrata was undertaken. This procedure led to the isolation of 8 natural products, which were then characterised by spectroscopic means (UV, MS, CD, 1H- and 13C-NMR). The activities of the pure compounds were then further evaluated: almost all of them exhibited very interesting antiradical properties, superior to those of BHT, a synthetic antioxidant (E 321) used in the food industry. Two simple benzophenones, one O- and one C-glycosylated, were isolated from the aerial parts of G. involucrata, together with mangiferin, a ubiquitous C-glycosylxanthone. These findings are of multiple importance: (1) simple (non-prenylated) benzophenones are very rare in nature; (2) it is the first time that an O-glycosylbenzophenone has been described; (3) no xanthones have been previously reported in the family and (4) benzophenones do not seem to be exclusive intermediates in the biosynthesis of xanthones. Three 3,8??-biflavanones of the GB type were isolated from the roots and the aerial parts of the same plant, among them two stereoisomers in mixture. A LC/CD analysis allowed the assignment of the absolute configurations of all four stereocenters in both molecules. This class of secondary metabolite is well known for its analgesic properties and its presence in the Thymelaeaceae is very promising. Advanced hyphenated techniques were used in this work and showed their inestimable contribution to the field of phytochemical research. A LC/MSn analysis, for example, allowed the on-line characterisation of three C-glycosylflavones ? isoorientin, isovitexin and vitexin ? in the crude methanol extracts of G. involucrata. Furthermore, the aerial parts of this plant were used as material for the development of a new analytical method for crude plant extracts: time-slice LC/1H-NMR. This approach consisted in "slicing" the analytical procedure by interrupting the LC flow at given intervals, during which the necessary NMR data were acquired. The relative lack of sensitivity of LC/NMR was partially surmounted by this means, allowing one to envisage the use of NMR in a multiple hyphenated system, together with other spectroscopic methods (UV, MS, IR, CD,?)

Rellevància dels factors ecològics com a determinants de l'ús de l'aigua en pi roig (Pinus Sylvestris) de l'àmbit pirinenc

El pi roig (Pinus sylvestris L.) és un arbre perenne que no és exigent pel que fa al tipus de sòls, tot i que prefereix sòls profunds i frescals; el sistema radical d’aquesta espècie varia en funció del sòl on es desenvolupa. En aquest treball s'estudia com els factors dasomètrics a nivell d’arbre han influït en la variació de la composició isotòpica ($13C i $18O), produint diferències en la disponibilitat i l’ús dels recursos hídrics. Concretament, s’ha detectat que els arbres de més edat presenten un millor estat hídric que els més joves, a causa que aquests han de regular més les pèrdues d’aigua. També es comprova que les variables edàfiques, principalment la profunditat d’arrelament i amb menys mesura els carbonats, son els factors que poden condicionar més el desenvolupament dels arbres en termes d’ús de recursos hídrics, produint diferències en l’eficiència en l’ús de l’aigua entre estacions de pi roig del Pirineu i Prepirineu.

Two distinct plant respiratory physiotypes might exist which correspond to fast-growing and slow-growing species

The origin of the carbon atoms in CO2 respired by leaves in the dark of several plant species has been studied using 13C/12C stable isotopes. This study was conducted using an open gas exchange system for isotope labeling that was coupled to an elemental analyser and further linked to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS) or coupled to a gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometer (GC-C-IRMS). We demonstrate here that the carbon, which is recently assimilated during photosynthesis, accounts for nearly ca. 50% of the carbon in the CO2 lost through dark respiration after illumination in fast-growing and cultivated plants and trees and, accounts for only ca. 10% in slow-growing plants. Moreover, our study shows that fast- growing plants, which had the largest percentages of newly fixed carbon of leaf-respired CO2 , were also those with the largest shoot/root ratios, whereas slow-growing plants showed the lowest shoot/root values.

Injúria pelo frio em frutos de mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.) cv 'Golden'

Os sintomas da injúria pelo frio em frutos de mamoeiro cv 'Golden' foram investigados neste trabalho.Os frutos apresentando de 10% a 15% de coloração amarela na casca, foram classificados na linha de operação de embalagem da Caliman Agrícola S.A (Linhares-ES) e após receberam tratamentos térmicos e químicos. Os frutos foram embalados com filmes plásticos e estocados a 6ºC e 13ºC (85-95% UR) em uma incubadora (BOD) por 30 dias. Em intervalos de tempo definidos, seis frutos foram analisados quanto à firmeza, mudança de cor e aparência. A firmeza foi analisada tanto na região mais externa quanto na região mais interna do mesocarpo. De acordo com os resultados encontrados, os frutos estocados a 6ºC apresentaram os sintomas de escurecimento da casca entre o sexto e o décimo segundo dia de estocagem e também não perderam a cor verde após trinta dias de estocagem, conforme identificado pelos parâmetros de Hunter L (luminosidade), Hunter a (degradação da clorofila) e Hunter b (amarelecimento). A firmeza foi drasticamente reduzida nos seis primeiros dias de estocagem nas duas temperaturas. Contudo, ela permaneceu mais elevada na parte externa do mesocarpo durante todo o período de estocagem à 13ºC. Os frutos estocados à 6ºC mostraram um aumento na firmeza, nas duas partes do mesocarpo, entre o sexto e o décimo oitavo dia de armazenamento devido à incidência da injúria pelo frio.

Stable carbon isotopes in archaeobotanical remains and palaeoclimate

Es descriu una metodologia recent per a inferir la precipitació en el passat basada en l’anàlisi de la composició isotòpica del carboni (δ13C) en restes arqueobotàniques. Un cop descrita la base fisiològica de la tècnica, s’il·lustra l’aplicabilitat de δ13C mitjançant un exemple referent al NE peninsular. Hom pretén proporcionar una estimació quantitativa de l’evolució de la precipitació estacional (primavera) i anual al llarg dels darrers quatre mil anys basada en δ13C. Les mostres analitzades comprenen carbons (pi blanc) i llavors carbonitzades (blat i ordi), i s’obtenen estimes pluviomètriques superiors en el passat que actualment, amb una tendència gradual cap a condicions progressivament més àrides. No obstant això, aquesta tendència no esdevé uniforme, i es detecten dues fases de major precipitació (1800-900 aC; 300 aC - 300 dC) alternadament amb períodes relativament secs (900-300 aC; 900 dC - present). Dels resultats presentats també es desprèn que la importància relativa de la pluja primaveral en el passat fou variable. Des d’aproximadament el 300 aC en endavant, el període primaveral subministrà una major proporció de pluja anual que actualment. Contràriament, durant el període 1800-800 dC la seva contribució va esdevenir inferior, i va aparèixer una fase transitòria (800-300 aC) que mostra una recuperació sobtada en aportació primaveral. Posteriorment a aquesta fase la sincronia de canvis en δ13C en granes i carbons suggereix l’arribada del clima mediterrani a la regió.

Genetic variation for carbon isotope composition in Juglans regia L.: relationships with growth, phenology and climate of origin

Among the traits of breeding interest for the common walnut tree Juglans regia L., characteristics such as timing of budbreak and leaf fall, water-use efficiency and growth performance are regarded as being of utmost relevance in Mediterranean conditions. The authors evaluated intraspecific variation in $\delta$13C (carbon isotope composition, surrogate of intrinsic water-use efficiency, WUE$_{\rm i}$) for 22 J. regia families grown in a progeny test under supplementary irrigation, and investigated whether such variation correlated with climatic indicators of native habitats. The genetic relationships between $\delta$13C, growth and phenology were also assessed during two consecutive years. Overall, the most water-use-efficient families (i.e. with higher $\delta$13C), which originated mainly from drought-prone provenance regions which have a high vapour pressure deficit and low rainfall, exhibited less height growth and smaller DBH. Using a stepwise regression procedure, $\delta$13C was included as the main explanatory variable of genotypic variation in growth traits, together with growing season duration (for DBH in both years) and flushing (for height in 2007). It was concluded that WUE$_{\rm i}$ is largely unconnected to phenology effects in the explanation of growth performance for J. regia, therefore suggesting the opportunity of simultaneously selecting for low WUE$_{\rm i}$ and extended growing period to maximise productivity in non-water-limited environments.

Ocorrência de condições ambientais para a indução do florescimento de laranjeiras no Estado de São Paulo

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a ocorrência de condições ambientais propícias para a indução do florescimento de laranjeiras no Estado de São Paulo, considerando como fatores de indução a baixa temperatura, dada pelo número de horas de frio abaixo de 13ºC (NHF), e a deficiência hídrica acumulada nos meses de junho, julho e agosto (DEF I), dada pelo balanço hídrico climatológico. Os cálculos e as estimativas foram realizados a partir dos dados de temperatura máxima e mínima diária e precipitação diária dos últimos 5 a 14 anos, dependendo da localidade. Foram consideradas áreas representativas das principais regiões produtoras de citros, onde os plantios estão em expansão ou áreas com potencial para exploração citrícola, sendo: Barretos, Bauru, Botucatu, Catanduva, Itapetininga, Itapeva, Jaboticabal, Jaú, Limeira, Lins, Matão, Mococa, Ourinhos, Piracicaba, São José do Rio Preto e Votuporanga. Com exceção de Botucatu, Itapetininga, Itapeva e Ourinhos, onde a indução do florescimento ocorre por baixa temperatura, a deficiência hídrica é o principal fator de indução nas demais regiões. Já nas regiões de Jaú, Limeira e Piracicaba, a indução do florescimento é ocasionada pelos dois fatores. A influência de NHF na indução do florescimento é mais variável se comparada à DEF I. Em 1996, 2000 e 2004, NHF foi superior a 300 h na maioria das localidades estudadas, mesmo em áreas onde a baixa temperatura não é comum, ex. Barretos, S. J. Rio Preto e Votuporanga. Em relação à deficiência hídrica, a maioria das localidades apresentou esse tipo de influência ambiental no período analisado, sendo as menores ocorrências observadas em Itapeva e Itapetininga (54,5 e 72,7% dos anos, respectivamente). Situação atípica ocorreu em 2004, quando a deficiência hídrica variou de fraca (10

Atraso do amadurecimento de banana 'Maçã' pelo 1-MCP, aplicado previamente à refrigeração

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes períodos de exposição da banana 'Maçã' a 50 ppb de 1-MCP (0; 3; 6; 9; 12 e 24 horas) sobre sua vida pós-colheita e qualidade. Após exposição ao 1-MCP, os frutos verde-maturos foram armazenados por 30 dias em câmaras com temperatura de 13ºC ± 0,5 e umidade relativa de 95%. Em seguida, as bananas foram armazenadas à temperatura de 20ºC ± 1, até amarelecimento completo da casca. A exposição de banana 'Maçã' a 50 ppb de 1-MCP, por 9 horas, retardou em 7 dias o seu amadurecimento, em comparação a frutos não expostos ao 1-MCP, após 30 dias de armazenamento refrigerado (13ºC), sem prejuízos à sua aparência e composição química. A exposição de banana 'Maçã' a 50 ppb de 1-MCP, por 3 e 6 horas, não estendeu sua vida pós-colheita, tampouco alterou sua composição química. Embora a exposição de banana 'Maçã' a 50 ppb de 1-MCP, por 12 e 24 horas, tenha retardado o seu amadurecimento, promoveu alterações indesejáveis na casca do fruto. Logo, a aplicação de 50 ppb de 1-MCP, por 9 horas, antes da refrigeração, constitui-se numa alternativa viável para prolongar o período de comercialização da banana.

Isótopos estables aplicados al estudio de los sistemas paleoagrícolas mediterráneos

El origen y progresivo desarrollo de la agricultura es probablemente el primer ejemplo de interacción recíproca a gran escala entre la humanidad y el medio ambiente. Por tanto, reconstruir las condiciones ambientales que caracterizaron la adopción de la agricultura es de gran interés de cara a conocer sus causas potenciales, así como para comprender los efectos a largo plazo de la economía agrícola sobre el ambiente. En este trabajo presentamos la metodología desarrollada por nuestro equipo para reconstruir las condiciones climáticas y de cultivo en la agricultura primitiva, basada en el análisis de la composición isotópica de carbono (enriquecimiento en 13C) y nitrógeno (enriquecimiento en 15N) en restos vegetales recuperados de yacimientos arqueológicos. El análisis de 13C en cariópsides de cereales carbonizadas ha permitido cuantificar la disponibilidad hídrica de los cultivos en diversos yacimientos de la Península Ibérica y el Creciente Fértil, así como estimar su rendimiento en el pasado, mientras que el análisis de 15N, nos aporta información cualitativa sobre las condiciones nutricionales. Por otro lado, el análisis de 13C en restos forestales (carbones) ha permitido cuantificar las condiciones climáticas (precipitación y déficit hídrico) en los mismos yacimientos, aportando así información sobre el marco climático en el que se desarrollaron los cultivos.

Época de florescimento e horas de frio para pessegueiros e nectarineiras

Avaliou-se a época de florescimento de 41 acessos de pessegueiros e nectarineiras existentes no Banco Ativo de Germoplasma (BAG) de Frutas de Caroço, em Capão Bonito-SP. As datas de abertura espontânea de 70% das flores (sem indução por produtos químicos) foram observadas e relacionadas com o número de horas de frio (NHF) abaixo de 7,2 e 13ºC. O NHF foi estimado, utilizando-se de equações de regressão múltipla em função das temperaturas máximas e mínimas diárias. Os acessos do referido BAG foram separados por meio de análise de "cluster", resultando na identificação de quatro grupos distintos para pessegueiros, em relação a épocas de florescimento (até 10-07; 11-07 a 20-07; 21-07 a 31-07 e após 1º-08), e três para nectarineiras (até 10-07; 11-07 a 20-07 e após 20-07). Dentre esses grupos, o mais precoce apresentou florescimento antes de 10 de julho, com exigência inferior a 40 e 500 NHF abaixo de 7,2 e 13ºC, respectivamente, para pêssego (IAC 2485-6, IAC 680-13 e Régis) e nectarina (IAC N 785-9). O grupo mais tardio para pêssegos (Eldorado, Diamante, Arlequim, Bolão e Marli) apresentou florescimento após 1º de agosto, necessitando de mais de 70 e 650 NHF abaixo de 7,2 e 13ºC, respectivamente. As principais cultivares de pêssego da persicultura paulista (Aurora-1, Douradão e Dourado-1) floresceram entre 11 e 20 de julho com NHF entre 41 a 50 abaixo de 7,2ºC e entre 501 a 560 abaixo de 13ºC.