The expression of ferritin, lactoferrin, transferrin receptor and solute carrier family 11A1 in the host response to BCG-vaccination and Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge

Iron is an essential cofactor for both mycobacterial growth during infection and for a successful protective immune response by the host. The immune response partly depends on the regulation of iron by the host, including the tight control of expression of the iron-storage protein, ferritin. BCG vaccination can protect against disease following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, but the mechanisms of protection remain unclear. To further explore these mechanisms, splenocytes from BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs were stimulated ex vivo with purified protein derivative from M. tuberculosis and a significant down-regulation of ferritin light- and heavy-chain was measured by reverse-transcription quantitative-PCR (P ≤0.05 and ≤0.01, respectively). The mechanisms of this down-regulation were shown to involve TNFα and nitric oxide. A more in depth analysis of the mRNA expression profiles, including genes involved in iron metabolism, was performed using a guinea pig specific immunological microarray following ex vivo infection with M. tuberculosis of splenocytes from BCG-vaccinated and naïve guinea pigs. M. tuberculosis infection induced a pro-inflammatory response in splenocytes from both groups, resulting in down-regulation of ferritin (P ≤0.05). In addition, lactoferrin (P ≤0.002), transferrin receptor (P ≤0.05) and solute carrier family 11A1 (P ≤0.05), were only significantly down-regulated after infection of the splenocytes from BCG-vaccinated animals. The results show that expression of iron-metabolism genes is tightly regulated as part of the host response to M. tuberculosis infection and that BCG-vaccination enhances the ability of the host to mount an iron-restriction response which may in turn help to combat invasion by mycobacteria.

The political economy of bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain

A brief history of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) and its control in Great Britain is presented. Numerous diverse policies to control the disease in man, cattle and wildlife have been pursued over the last 100 years and many millions of pounds have been spent. After notable success in reducing the incidence and prevalence of bTB in cattle in GB from the 1950s to the mid-1980s, the number of cattle slaughtered has increased with increased geographical spread continually since that time with a high point of bTB incidence in 2008. This increase appeared to coincide with changing policy regarding the control of the disease in badgers with a more humane approach adopted and with strengthened protection for badgers through legislation. Indeed, much controversy has been involved in the debate on the role of badgers in disease transmission to cattle and the need for their control as vectors of the disease with various commissioned research projects, trials, public consultations and media attention. The findings of two social science investigations presented as examples showed that citizens generally believed that bTB in cattle is an important issue that needs to be tackled but objected to badgers being killed, whilst cattle farmers were willing to pay around £17/animal/year for a bTB cattle vaccine. It is noted that successes regarding the control of bTB in other countries have combined both cattle and wildlife controls and had strong involvement from industry working with government.

Reactive nitrogen intermediate susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotypes in an urban setting

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotypes resistant to reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) predominate in certain urban communities, suggesting that this phenotype influences disease transmission. OBJECTIVE: To compare different M. tuberculosis genotypes for resistance to RNI generated in vitro. DESIGN: We genotyped 420 M. tuberculosis isolates from a neighborhood in Sao Paulo, Brazil, and analyzed them for susceptibility to RNI generated in acidified sodium nitrite (ASN) solution. RESULTS: Seventy-one (43%) of 167 recent-infection strains and 68 (43%) of 158 endogenous infection strains showed moderate- to high-level ASN resistance. CONCLUSION: ASN resistance of M. tuberculosis is not necessarily a determining factor for enhanced transmission.

Thiol and Sulfenic Acid Oxidation of AhpE, the One-Cysteine Peroxiredoxin from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Kinetics, Acidity Constants, and Conformational Dynamics

Drug resistance and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are partially related to the pathogen`s antioxidant systems. Peroxide detoxification in this bacterium is achieved by the heme-containing catalase peroxidase and different two-cysteine peroxiredoxins. M. tuberculosis genome also codifies for a putative one-cysteine peroxiredoxin, alkyl hydroperoxide reductase E (MtAhpE). Its expression was previously demonstrated at a transcriptional level, and the crystallographic structure of the recombinant protein was resolved under reduced and oxidized states. Herein, we report that the conformation of MtAhpE changed depending on its single cysteine redox state, as reflected by different tryptophan fluorescence properties and changes in quaternary structure. Dynamics of fluorescence changes, complemented by competition kinetic assays, were used to perform protein functional studies. MtAhE reduced peroxynitrite 2 orders of magnitude faster than hydrogen peroxide (1.9 x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1) vs 8.2 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) at pH 7.4 and 25 degrees C, respectively). The latter also caused cysteine overoxidation to sulfinic acid, but at much slower rate constant (40 M(-1) s(-1)). The pK(a) of the thiol in the reduced enzyme was 5.2, more than one unit lower than that of the sulfenic acid in the oxidized enzyme. The pH profile of hydrogen peroxide-mediated thiol and sulfenic acid oxidations indicated thiolate and sulfenate as the reacting species. The formation of sulfenic acid as well as the catalytic peroxidase activity of MtAhpE was demonstrated using the artificial reducing substrate thionitrobenzoate. Taken together, our results indicate that MtAhpE is a relevant component in the antioxidant repertoire of M. tuberculosis probably involved in peroxide and specially peroxynitrite detoxification.

Research on Candida dubliniensis in a Brazilian yeast collection obtained from cardiac transplant, tuberculosis, and HIV-positive patients, and evaluation of phenotypic tests using agar screening methods

The aim of this study was to research Candida dubliniensis among isolates present in a Brazilian yeast collection and to evaluate the main phenotypic methods for discrimination between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis from oral cavity. A total of 200 isolates, presumptively identified as C. albicans or C. dubliniensis obtained from heart transplant patients under immunosuppressive therapy, tuberculosis patients under antibiotic therapy, HIV-positive patients under antiretroviral therapy, and healthy subjects, were analyzed using the following phenotypic tests: formation and structural arrangement of chlamydospores on corn meal agar, casein agar, tobacco agar, and sunflower seed agar; growth at 45 degrees C; and germ tube formation. All strains were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In a preliminary screen for C. dubliniensis, 48 of the 200 isolates on corn meal agar, 30 of the 200 on casein agar, 16 of the 200 on tobacco agar, and 15 of the 200 on sunflower seed agar produced chlamydoconidia; 27 of the 200 isolates showed no or poor growth at 45 degrees C. All isolates were positive for germ tube formation. These isolates were considered suggestive of C. dubliniensis. All of them were subjected to PCR analysis using C. dubliniensis-specific primers. C. dubliniensis isolates were not found. C. dubliniensis isolates were not recovered in this study done with immunocompromised patients. Sunflower seed agar was the medium with the smallest number of isolates of C. albicans suggestive of C. dubliniensis. None of the phenotypic methods was 100% effective for discrimination between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Vanadium complexes with thiosemicarbazones: Synthesis, characterization, crystal structures and anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity

The development of more efficient anti-tuberculosis drugs is of interest. Three oxovanadium(IV) and three cis-dioxovanadium(V) complexes with thiosemicarbazone derivatives bearing moieties with different lipophilicity have been prepared and had their inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37)Rv ATCC 27294 evaluated. The analytical methods used by the complexes` characterization included IR, EPR, (1)H, (13)C and (51)V NMR spectroscopies, elemental analysis, cyclic voltammetry, magnetic susceptibility measurement and single crystal X-ray diffractometry. [VO(acac)(aptsc)], [VO(acac)(apmtsc)] and [VO(acac)(apptsc)] (acac = acetylacetonate; Haptsc = 2-acetylpyridinethiosemicarbazone; Hapmtsc = 2-acetylpyridine-N(4)-methyl-thiosemicarbazone and Happtsc = 2-acetylpyridine-N(4)-phenyl-thiosemicarbazone) are paramagnetic and their EPR spectra are consistent with the monoanionic N,N,S-tridentate coordination of the thiosemicarbazone ligands, resulting in octahedral structures of rhombic symmetry and with the oxidation state +IV for the vanadium atom. As result of oxidation of the vanadium(IV) complexes above, the diamagnetic cis-dioxovanadium(V) complexes [VO(2)(aptsc)[, [VO(2)(apmtsc)[ and [VO(2)(apptsc)] are formed. Their (1)H, (13)C and (51)V NMR spectra were acquired and support a distorted square pyramidal geometry for them, in accord with the solid state X-ray structures determined for [VO(2)(aptsc)] and [VO(2)(apmtsc)]. In general, the vanadium compounds show comparable or larger anti-M. tuberculosis activities than the free thiosemicarbazone ligands, with MIC values within 62.5-1.56 (mu g/mL). (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis tyrosine phosphatase PtpA by synthetic chalcones: Kinetics, molecular modeling, toxicity and effect on growth

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, and it is estimated that one-third of the world`s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Among a series of tested compounds, we have recently identified five synthetic chalcones which inhibit the activity of M. tuberculosis protein tyrosine phosphatase A (PtpA), an enzyme associated with M. tuberculosis infectivity. Kinetic studies demonstrated that these compounds are reversible competitive inhibitors. In this work we also carried out the analysis of the molecular recognition of these inhibitors on their macromolecular target, PtpA, through molecular modeling. We observed that the predominant determinants responsible for the inhibitory activity of the chalcones are the positions of the two methoxyl groups at the A-ring, that establish hydrogen bonds with the amino acid residues Arg17, His49, and Thr12 in the active site of PtpA, and the substitution of the phenyl ring for a 2-naphthyl group as B-ring, that undergoes p stacking hydrophobic interaction with the Trp48 residue from PtpA. Interestingly, reduction of mycobacterial survival in human macrophages upon inhibitor treatment suggests their potential use as novel therapeutics. The biological activity, synthetic versatility, and low cost are clear advantages of this new class of potential tuberculostatic agents. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Structural studies of prephenate dehydratase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by SAXS, ultracentrifugation, and computational analysis

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common infectious diseases known to man and responsible for millions of human deaths in the world. The increasing incidence of TB in developing countries, the proliferation of multidrug resistant strains, and the absence of resources for treatment have highlighted the need of developing new drugs against TB. The shikimate pathway leads to the biosynthesis of chorismate, a precursor of aromatic amino acids. This pathway is absent from mammals and shown to be essential for the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. Accordingly, enzymes of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway represent promising targets for structure-based drug design. The first reaction in phenylalanine biosynthesis involves the conversion of chorismate to prephenate, catalyzed by chorismate mutase. The second reaction is catalyzed by prephenate dehydratase (PDT) and involves decarboxylation and dehydratation of prephenate to form phenylpyruvate, the precursor of phenylalanine. Here, we describe utilization of different techniques to infer the structure of M. tuberculosis PDT (MtbPDT) in solution. Small angle X-ray scattering and ultracentrifugation analysis showed that the protein oligomeric state is a tetramer and MtbPDT is a flat disk protein. Bioinformatics tools were used to infer the structure of MtbPDT A molecular model for MtbPDT is presented and molecular dynamics simulations indicate that MtbPDT i.s stable. Experimental and molecular modeling results were in agreement and provide evidence for a tetrameric state of MtbPDT in solution.

Thiosemicarbazones, semicarbazones, dithiocarbazates and hydrazide/hydrazones: Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity and cytotoxicity

The aim of this study was to identify a candidate drug for the development of anti-tuberculosis therapy from previously synthesized compounds based on the thiosemicarbazones, semicarbazones, dithio-carbazates and hydrazide/hydrazones compounds. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis was determined. Their in vitro cytotoxicity to J774 cells (IC(50)) was determined to establish a selectivity index (SI) (SI = IC(50)/MIC). The best compounds were the thiosemicarbazones (2, 3 and 4) and the hydrazide/hydrazones (14, 15, 16 and 18). The results are comparable to or better than those of ""first line"" or ""second line"" drugs commonly used to treat TB, suggesting these compounds as anti-TB drug candidates. (C) 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Identificação e diferenciação do Mycobacterium tuberculosis pela amplificação do DNA das regiões intergênicas dos operons inhA e pIC

Entre as doenças causadas por bactérias do gênero Mycobacterium, a tuberculose por M. tuberculosis é a mais conhecida. O diagnóstico da doença é feito utilizando-se um conjunto de exames que possibilitam a identificação da mesma (WATT, 2000). Contudo, sabe-se que o diagnóstico combinado de microscopia direta e com o posterior isolamento em meio de cultivo é o “padrão-ouro”. A principal desvantagem desse método é que tal bactéria possui um crescimento lento (cerca de 8 semanas). Recentemente, a detecção de doenças através da técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) tem proporcionado avanços significativos no diagnóstico. O uso da amplificação específica de genes, para identificar a M. tuberculosis, tais como rDNA 16S, IS6110 ou a região intergênica senX3-regX3, tem apresentado algumas restrições, ao nível de confiabilidade e sensibilidade, para a aplicação da técnica de PCR. O presente estudo mostra a construção e a aplicação de um novo alvo para a aplicação da PCR no diagnóstico da tuberculose, baseado no ensaio da diferença de organização gênica do operon plcA, B e C diferenciando a M. tuberculosis das demais micobactérias. Neste trabalho, foram examinadas 273 amostras de pacientes com suspeita de tuberculose, sendo estas submetidas ao estudo comparativo da técnica de PCR versus cultivo (padrão ouro). A PCR amplificou fragmentos de 439pb. Os resultados mostram 93,7% de acurácia para PCR/Cultivo (p<000,1), 93,1% de sensibilidade com intervalo de confiança de 88,7-96,0 e especificidade de 96,4% com intervalo de confiança de 96,4-99,4. O valor da estatística Kappa (k) foi de 0,82 com erro padrão de 0,041, demonstrando um alinhamento quase perfeito para a verificação do grau de concordância entre os testes. Desta forma, o uso desta nova região para a amplificação da PCR se mostra uma importante e confiável ferramenta no diagnóstico específico da tuberculose. Outra região que compreende parte dos genes mbaA e inhA foi utilizada para diferenciar o Complexo tuberculosis do Complexo avium. Porém, novos experimentos serão necessários para o emprego desta região como uma ferramenta de diagnóstico.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis : Prevalência de cepas resistentes em indivíduos HIV-positivos

Resumo não disponível.

Biologia do gene pheA de Mycobacterium tuberculosis : clonagem, seqüenciamento e superexpressão do seu produto - a proteína prefenato desidratase

A Tuberculose (TB) é a principal causa de óbitos entre as doenças infecciosas causadas por um único agente. De acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) o agente etiológico da TB no homem, o complexo Mycobacterium (M. tuberculosis, M. africanum, M. bovis) é responsável por cerca de 8 milhões de novas infecções e 3 milhões de mortes a cada ano no mundo. No começo da década de 80, a reemergência da TB em países em desenvolvimento deve-se à crescente incidência do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV), à falta de recursos para o tratamento desta doença e à proliferação de cepas resistentes a múltiplas drogas (MDR-TB). Esta situação criou a necessidade da busca por novos agentes antimicobacterianos capazes de reduzir o tempo de tratamento, melhorar a adesão dos pacientes ao mesmo e ser efetiva contra cepas MDR-TB. A via do chiquimato leva à biossíntese do corismato, o precursor de aminoácidos aromáticos, tirosina, triptofano e fenilalanina. A primeira reação na biossíntese de fenilalanina envolve a conversão de corismato a prefenato, catalisada pela corismato mutase. A segunda reação na biossíntese de fenilalanina é a descarboxilação e desidratação de prefenato a fenilpiruvato, catalisada pela prefenato desidratase. Embora ausente em mamíferos, esta via está presente em bactérias, algas, fungos, plantas e parasitos do Phyllum Apicomplexa. Esta rota é essencial em M. tuberculosis e, portanto, suas enzimas representam alvos potenciais para o desenvolvimento de novas drogas antimicobacterianas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o gene pheA da linhagem de M. tuberculosis H37Rv e seu produto, a enzima prefenato desidratase Para isso, DNA genômico de M. tuberculosis H37RV foi extraído e o gene pheA foi amplificado pela técnica de PCR, clonado no vetor de expressão pET-23a(+), seqüenciado e superexpresso em células de Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Os resultados obtidos confirmaram a região predita para o gene pheA, que foi amplificado com sucesso, mostrando 963 pb, sendo que a presença de 10% dimetil sulfoxido (DMSO) mostrou ser essencial para permitir a desnaturação do DNA rico em bases G-C. Análise da seqüência nucleotídica pelo método de Sanger confirmou a identidade do gene clonado e demonstrou que nenhuma mutação foi introduzida pelos passos de PCR e clonagem. A enzima prefenato desidratase foi superexpressa em células de E. coli BL21(DE3) eletroporadas com pET-23a(+)::pheA. Análise por SDS-PAGE mostrou expressão significativa de uma proteína com aproximadamente 33kDa, estando de acordo com a massa molecular esperada para a prefenato desidratase. A proteína recombinante foi superexpressa sem a adição de IPTG, e a presença da proteína pôde ser detectada em todos os intervalos de tempo testados (6, 9 e 24 horas depois da OD600nm alcançar o valor de 0,5). Foi realizado ensaio enzimático com a prefenato desidratase de acordo com Gething et al. (1976) utilizando prefenato de bário como substrato e coeficiente de extinção molar de 17.500 a 320 nm para calcular a concentração de fenilpiruvato. Houve um aumento de 1766 vezes na atividade específica da prefenato desidratase no extrato bruto da proteína recombinante em relação ao controle, no qual o vetor pET23a(+) sem o gene pheA foi introduzido em células de E. coli BL21(DE3).

Functional characterization by genetic complementation of aroB-Encoded dehydroquinate synthase from Mycobactetium tuberculosis H37Rv and its heterologous expression and purification

The recent recrudescence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains have created an urgent need for new therapeutics against tuberculosis. The enzymes of the shikimate pathway are attractive drug targets because this route is absent in mammals and, in M. tuberculosis, it is essential for pathogen viability. This pathway leads to the biosynthesis of aromatic compounds, including aromatic amino acids, and it is found in plants, fungi, bacteria, and apicomplexan parasites. The aroB-encoded enzyme dehydroquinate synthase is the second enzyme of this pathway, and it catalyzes the cyclization of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate in 3-dehydroquinate. Here we describe the PCR amplification and cloning of the aroB gene and the overexpression and purification of its product, dehydroquinate synthase, to homogeneity. In order to probe where the recombinant dehydroquinate synthase was active, genetic complementation studies were performed. The Escherichia coli AB2847 mutant was used to demonstrate that the plasmid construction was able to repair the mutants, allowing them to grow in minimal medium devoid of aromatic compound supplementation. In addition, homogeneous recombinant M. tuberculosis dehydroquinate synthase was active in the absence of other enzymes, showing that it is homomeric. These results will support the structural studies with M. tuberculosis dehydroquinate synthase that are essential for the rational design of antimycobacterial agents.

Disseminated avian tuberculosis in captive Ara macao

Avian mycobacteriosis was diagnosed in a captive scarlet macaw (Ara macao) that presented multifocal granulomas on subcutaneous tissue, sciatic nerves, infraorbital sinus, trachea, air sacs, muscles, spleen and liver. Microscopically, central areas of caseous necrosis surrounded by epithelioid macrophage, multinucleated giant cells, and lymphocytes were observed. Acid-fast bacilli were demonstrated by Ziehl-Neelsen stain. Inoculation into Lowenstein-Jensen, Stonebrink and Petragnani media, yielded Mycobacterium spp, which was identified as Mycobacterium avium by polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR).