Liiketoimintaympäristön muutosten tuomat mahdollisuudet verkko-operaattoriliiketoiminnassa

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää millaisetmuutosvoimat muokkaavat verkko-operaattorin liiketoimintaympäristöä, millaisia skenaarioita voidaan muodostaa tulevaisuuden liiketoimintaympäristöstä ja millaisia mahdollisuuksia verkko-operaattorille tulevaisuudessa avautuu. Tarkasteluun on otettu mukaan sekä kiinteän että matkaviestinverkon liiketoiminta ja tutkimuson rajattu koskemaan vain Suomen markkinoita. Tarkastelu tehdään verkko-operaattorin näkökulmasta ja se ulottuu viiden vuoden päähän. Operaattoriliiketoiminnan ja toimintaympäristön nykytilaa ja kehitystä tarkasteltiin uutisten, aiempien julkaisujen ja tutkimusten pohjalta. Tämän ja skenaariotyöryhmän mielipiteiden avulla tunnistettiin ne muuttujat, joiden katsottiin muokkaavan liiketoimintaympäristöä. Muuttujien avulla luotiin kolme skenaarioluonnosta, joita täydennettiin työryhmän toimesta. Lopullisten skenaarioiden teemat ovat "Oman palveluoperaattorin ehdoilla", "Kaksintaistelu" ja "Markkinoiden ehdoilla". Lopullisten skenaarioiden jälkeen pyrittiin tunnistamaan liiketoimintamahdollisuuksia, joita tulevaisuudessa avautuu.

Development of a Testing Method for Convertibility of Paperboard

Työssä tutkittiin muovattujen kartonkivuokien sekä muovattujen kartonkinäytteiden rinnastettavuutta. Puristusvaiheen prosessiolosuhteiden miellettiin vaikuttavan eniten multidimensionaliseen muodonmuutokseen. Multidimensionaalista muodonmuutosta simuloitiin uudella muovaamiseen soveltuvalla muovauslaitteella. Kirjallisuusosassa keskeisiä teemoja ovat kartongin muovaus sekä kuitupohjaisen materiaalin reologinen käyttäytyminen. Kirjallisuusosassa esitellään lisäksi yksi tekninen sovellus, jonka avulla kyetään ennustamaan kuitumateriaalin muovautuvuutta sekä mittaamaan tapahtunutta muodonmuutosta. Prosessiparametrien teoreettista vaikutustakuituihin tarkastellaan myös kirjallisuusosassa. Kokeellisessa osassa toteutettiin kartonkivuokien valmistus puristamalla. Vastaavilla prosessiparametreilla muovattiin myös pienemmät testinäytteet. Perinteiset yksidimensionaliset deformaatiomittaukset toteutettiin lujuusominaisuuksien laboratoriomäärityksinä. Myös kitka, joka toimii tärkeänä muuttujana prässäysprosessissa, mitattiin laboratorio-olosuhteissa. Tämän työn tulokset osoittavat uuden kehitetyn muovausmenetelmän toimivuuden. Asema-voima kuvaajat ovat selkeitä sekä helposti luettavia. Tuloksissa havaittiin materiaalin muovauspotentiaalin sekä asema-voima kuvaajan välillä vallitseva yhteys. Erittäin merkittävä huomio oli myös, että muovipäällystetyllä kartongilla oli yhteys päällystämättömän kartongin asema-voima kuvaajaan. Tämä tulos osoittaa, että muovipäällystetyn kartongin muovautuvuutta voi olla mahdollista ennustaa pohjakartongin muovautuvuustulosten perusteella. Perinteiset yksidimensionaliset laboratoriomittaukset eivät kykene antamaan riittävää informaatiota muovautuvuuden ennustamiseen. Tästä näkökulmasta on tärkeää että kartongin multidimensionalista muotoutuvuutta voidaankin tutkia kehitetyllä muovausmenetelmällä.

Pienen kansainvälistyvän ohjelmistoyrityksen kumppaninvalintakriteerit

Tutkielman tavoite: Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli luoda pienelle ohjelmistoyritykselle kansainvälisen kumppanin valintaa helpottavat arviointikriteerit. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin ohjelmistoyritysten kansainvälistymistä, sekä kuinka kansainvälistymisen apuna käytettyjen kumppanien valinta tapahtuu ja millaisia kriteerejä kumppaneille tulee asettaa. Tutkimusmetodologia ja tutkimusmenetelmät: Informaation keräämiseksi käytettiin laadullisia tutkimusmenetelmiä. Tutkimus toteutettiin case- study tutkimuksena. Tietoja kerättiinkirjallisuuteen ja aikaisempiin tutkimuksiin perehtymällä, sekä teemahaastattelujen avulla. Haastattelumateriaali analysoitiin tutkimuksen aiheesta nousseiden teemojen avulla. Tulokset ja päätelmät: Tutkimuksella voitiin osoittaa että kumppaninvalintakriteerit ovat vahvasti kontekstisidonnaisia. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa luotiin case - yritykselle kumppanin-valintakriteeri- malli, jota yritys voi käyttää konkreettisena työkaluna kumppanin valinnassaan.

Osaamisen siirtäminen perheyrityksen sukupolvenvaihdoksessa

Tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää mitä sellaista osaamista Terästorni Oy:n luopujalla on, jota tulisi siirtää jatkajalle sukupolvenvaihdoksen yhteydessä ja mitä osaamisen siirtämisen keinoja sukupolvenvaihdoksessa kannattaa käyttää. Tämä toteutettiin käyttämällä kvalitatiivista tapaustutkimusta. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on pyrkiä kuvaamaan ja ymmärtämään osaamista ja osaamisen siirtämisen keinoja sukupolvenvaihdostilanteessa. Tapaustutkimus toteutettiin teemahaastattelujen avulla. Teemahaastatteluista saatu aineisto järjesteltiin ja analysoitiin teemoittain. Teemojen esiinnostamisenavulla löydettiin osaamisalueita, joita tulisi siirtää luopujalta jatkajalle. Tässä tapauksessa perehdyttämisen eri keinojen, kuten osaamisen analysoinnin, opettamisen, havainnoinnin ja toistamisen todettiin olevan soveltuvin osaamisen siirtämisen keino, koska kyseessä on läheinen isä - poika -suhde.

Perheyrittäjyys:Mahdollisuuksia ja menetyksiä

Tutkielman tarkoituksena oli selvittää vähän tunnettua ilmiötä. Tavoitteena oli kartoittaa kokemuksia perheyrittäjyydestä perheyrityksen eri kehitysvaiheissa sekä tulevaisuutta ajatellen, ja nostaa täten esille perheyrityksissä vallitsevia haasteita, joita perheen, liiketoiminnan ja omistamisen yhteenkietoutuneet suhteet olivat aiheuttaneet. Casetutkimus toteutettiin teemahaastatteluilla, joista muodostettiin yksi kronologisesti etenevä tarina. Narratiivisen analyysin avulla tarinasta löydettiin keskeisiä teemoja. Tärkeimmiksi tutkimustuloksiksi osoittautuivat elämäntapayrittäjyys, työ- ja perheroolien sekoittuminen sekä perheen ja liiketoimien yhteensovittamisen ongelmat. Liiketoiminnan edut asetettiin liikaa perheen edelle, mikä johti lopulta yrittäjien avioeroon, liiketoiminnan voimakkaaseen supistamiseen ja uuden yrityksen perustamiseen toisen yrittäjän toimesta. Lisäksi aineistosta nousi esille psykologisen omistajuuden tunteita perheyritystä kohtaan sekä psykologisen omistajuuden varjopuolia.

Une étude clinique de l'activité de médecin de premier secours : vers une modélisation d'une profession complexe

Ce travail a pour objectif d'étudier l'évolution du métier de médecin de premier recours à la lumière du réel de son activité. Afin de pallier les lacunes de la littérature, nous proposons d'investiguer les perceptions et les pratiques rapportées de médecins de premier recours, considérant leur activité comme située dans un contexte spécifique. Un cadre théorique multiréférencé, intégrant les apports de Bischoff (2012), de la théorie de l'activité (Engeström et al., 1999), de l'ergonomie (Daniellou, 1996 ; Falzon, 2004a; Leplat, 1997) et de certains courants de la psychologie du travail (Curie et al., 1990 ; Curie, 2000b ; Malrieu, 1989) permet de tenir compte de la complexité du travail des médecins de premier recours. Une méthodologie mixte, alliant une approche qualitative par entretiens semi-structurés (n=20) à une approche quantitative par questionnaire (n=553), a été développée. Les résultats de l'analyse thématique des entretiens mettent en évidence trois thèmes majeurs : l'Evolution du métier (Thème 1), caractérisé par les changements perçus, les demandes des populations qui consultent et les paradoxes et vécus des médecins ; les Ajustements et supports (Thème 2) mis en place par les médecins pour faire face aux changements et aux difficultés de leur métier ; les Perceptions et les attentes par rapport au métier (Thème 3), mettant en avant des écarts perçus entre la formation et la réalité du métier. La partie quantitative permet de répondre aux questionnements générés à partir des résultats qualitatifs et de généraliser certains d'entre eux. Suite à l'intégration des deux volets de l'étude, nous présentons une nouvelle modélisation du métier de médecin de premier recours, soulignant son aspect dynamique et évolutif. Cette modélisation rend possible l'analyse de l'activité réelle des médecins, en tenant compte des contraintes organisationnelles, des paradoxes inhérents au métier et du vécu des médecins de premier recours. L'analyse des limites de cette étude ouvre à de nouvelles perspectives de recherche. A l'issue de ce travail, nous proposons quelques usages pragmatiques, qui pourront être utiles aux médecins de premier recours et aux médecins en formation, non seulement dans la réalisation de leur activité, mais également pour le maintien de leur équilibre et leur épanouissement au sein du métier. - This study aims to investigate the evolution of primary care physicians' work, in the light of the reality of their activity. In order to overcome the limitations of the literature, we propose to focus on primary care physicians' reported perceptions and practices, considering their activity as situated in a specific context. The theoretical framework refers to Bischoff (2012), Activity theory (Engeström et al., 1999), ergonomy (Daniellou, 1996; Falzon, 2004a; Leplat, 1997) and work psychology (Curie et al., 1990 ; Curie, 2000b ; Malrieu, 1989) and enables to take into account the complexity of primary care physicians' work. This mixed methods study proposes semi-structured interviews (n=20) and a questionnaire (n=553). Thematic analysis of interviews points out three major themes : Evolution of work (Theme 1) is characterised by perceived changes, patients' expectations and paradoxes ; Adjustments and supports (Theme 2), that help to face changes and difficulties of work ; Perceptions related to work, including differences between work reality as represented during medical education/training and actual work reality. Quantitative part of the study enables to answer questions generated from qualitative results and to generalise some of them. Integration of qualitative and quantitative results leads to a new modelling of primary care physicians ' work, that is dynamic and evolutionary. This modelling is useful to analyse the primary care physicians' activity, including organisational constraints, paradoxes of work and how primary care physicians are experiencing them. Despite its limitations, this study offers new research perspectives. To conclude, we state pragmatic recommendations that could be helpful to primary care physicians in private practice and junior doctors, in order to realise their activity, to maintain their balance and to sustain their professional fulfilment.

Géotourisme et utilisation de sites naturels d'intérêt pour les sciences de la Terre: les régions de Crans-Montana-Sierre (Valais, Alpes suisses) et Chamonix-Mont-Blanc (Haute-Savoie, Alpes françaises)

Résumé : Au travers de l'étude des régions de Crans-Montana-Sierre (Valais, Suisse) et de Chamonix-Mont-Blanc (Haute-Savoie, France), cette recherche considère les liens existants entre activités touristiques et sciences de la Terre. Ainsi, les sites géologiques et géomorphologiques pris en compte sont perçus comme ayant non seulement une valeur scientifique, mais aussi un intérêt scénique, culturel et économique. D'un point de vue (géo)touristique, différents modèles d'analyse sont proposés pour expliciter les composantes de l'offre et de la demande et comprendre le cycle de vie des objets étudiés. L'offre que constituent ces sites est tout d'abord présentée afin d'évaluer leurs différents potentiels, ainsi que l'utilisation spatio-temporelle, didactique et économique qui en est faite. Ensuite, les logiques d'acteurs sont analysées au travers des phases de valorisation, d'exploitation et de transformation, dans le but de comprendre les facteurs et les projets d'utilisation les concernant. Enfin, la demande des différents publics cibles, de même que leurs caractéristiques socio-touristiques et (géo)didactiques, sont discutées. Pour ce faire, des méthodes d'inventaire, d'évaluation, d'entretien et de questionnaire ont été utilisées, à différentes échelles d'analyse. On constate d'abord que le pôle des valeurs scénique et économique présente une plus forte mise à contribution, par rapport à l'utilisation didactique. De plus, le niveau de protection des sites ne restreint généralement pas leur exploitation, au contraire du facteur risque. Du point de vue des publics cibles, une forte demande d'explications didactiques est exprimée, s'orientant vers une approche multithématique des potentiels à mettre en valeur; des biens et services de base sont ainsi demandés. Enfin, force est de constater que seuls de grands projets peuvent rendre les activités (géo)touristiques rentables. A l'avenir, sachant que le géotourisme peut répondre à une demande touristique liée au rêve et à l'émotion, l'approche de l'offre devrait intégrer une réflexion en didactique des sciences de la Terre, d'autant que cette forme de tourisme tend à devenir une composante du développement économique régional, notamment en dehors de la saison d'hiver. Idéalement, l'utilisation touristique de la géodiversité devrait s'accompagner d'une politique de protection dynamique, combinant préservation et mise en valeur. A terme, le but ultime de cette entreprise est notamment d'élargir la notion de patrimoine culturel, pour favoriser une approche transdisciplinaire du paysage Abstract : Based on the study of the areas of Crans-Montana-Sierre (Valais, Switzerland) and Chamonix-Mont-Blanc (Haute-Savoie, France), this study considers the links between tourism activities and Earth science. Thus, the studied geological and geomorphological sites have not only a scientific va1ue, but also scenic, cultural and economic value. From a point of view of tourism, different models of analysis are examined in order to explain the components of the supply and the demand, and to understand the life cycles of the considered objects. The primary product of these sites is first presented, in order to assess their different potential as well as their didactic, economic, spatial and temporal use. The stakeholders' behaviour is then analysed to understand the factors and projected use, with the help of the optimisation, exploitation and transformation phases. Finally, the demand of the different target markets as well as their socio-tourist and (geo)didactic characteristics are discussed. To complete this study, methods of census, assessment, interviewing and questionnaire surveying are used, at different scales of analysis. The main results appear to demonstrate that the scenic and economic values present a higher value relative to the didactic use. Moreover, the required conservation measures for the studied sites do not generally restrict the use, on the contrary to the "risk" factor. From the point of view of the target market, a relevant requirement for explanatory commentary is expressed and tends towards an approach optimising different themes to utilise potential; basic popular goods and services are also requested. Finally, it is clearly demonstrated that only relevant projects are able to make this kind of activity profitable. For the future, geotourism may be marketed to a tourist demand for imagination and emotion. Consequently, the product approach should integrate a reflection on Earth science popularisation given that this branch of tourism tends to receive a component of the economic and regional development, notably during the summer period. However, the use of geodiversity should include a concept of dynamic management, taking into account conservation as well as tourism development. Thus, the final aim of this process is to r,r'iden the notion of cultural heritage, in order to stimulate a multidisciplinary approach to the landscape.

Value Processingin Organizations - Individual Perceptions in Three Case Companies

Values and value processes are said to be needed in every organization nowadays, as the world is changing and companies have to have something to "keep it together". Organizational values, which are approvedand used by the personnel, could be the key. Every organization has values. But what is the real value of values? The greatest and most crucial challenge is the feasibility of the value process. The main point in this thesis is tostudy how organizational members at different hierarchical levels perceive values and value processes in their organizations. This includes themes such as how values are disseminated, the targets of value processing, factors that affect the process, problems that occur during the value implementation and improvements that could be made when organizational values are implemented. These subjects are studied from the perspective of organizational members (both managers and employees); individuals in the organizations. The aim is to get the insider-perspective on value processing, from multiple hierarchical levels. In this research I study three different organizations (forest industry, bank and retail cooperative) and their value processes. The data is gathered from companies interviewing personnel in the head office and at the local level. The individuals areseen as members of organizations, and the cultural aspect is topical throughout the whole study. Values and cultures are seen as the 'actuality of reality' of organizations, interpreted by organizational members. The three case companies were chosen because they represented different lines of business and they all implemented value processing differently. Sincethe emphasis in this study is at the local level, the similar size of the local units was also an important factor. Values are in 'fashion' -but what does the fashion tell us about the real corporate practices? In annual reports companies emphasize the importance and power of official values. But what is the real 'point' of values? Values are publicly respected and advertised, but still it seems that the words do not meet the deeds. There is a clear conflict between theoretical, official and substantive organizational values: in the value processing from words to real action. This contradiction in value processing is studied through individual perceptions in this study. I study the kinds of perceptions organizationalmembers have when values are processed from the head office to the local level: the official value process is studied from the individual's perspective. Value management has been studied more during the 1990's. The emphasis has usually been on managers: how they consider the values in organizations and what effects it has on the management. Recent literature has emphasized values as tools for improving company performance. The value implementation as a process has been studied through 'good' and 'bad' examples, as if one successful value process could be copied to all organizations. Each company is different with different cultures and personnel, so no all-powerful way of processing values exists. In this study, the organizational members' perceptions at different hierarchical levels are emphasized. Still, managers are also interviewed; this is done since managerial roles in value dissemination are crucial. Organizational values cannot be well disseminated without management; this has been proved in several earlier studies (e.g. Kunda 1992, Martin 1992, Parker 2000). Recent literature has not sufficiently emphasized the individual's (organizational member's) role in value processing. Organizations consist of differentindividuals with personal values, at all hierarchical levels. The aim in this study is to let the individual take the floor. Very often the value process is described starting from the value definition and ending at dissemination, and the real results are left without attention. I wish to contribute to this area. Values are published officially in annual reports etc. as a 'goal' just like profits. Still, the results/implementationof value processing is rarely followed, at least in official reports. This is a very interesting point: why do companies espouse values, if there is no real control or feedback after the processing? In this study, the personnel in three different companies is asked to give an answer. In the empirical findings, there are several results which bring new aspects to the research area of organizational values. The targets of value processing, factors effecting value processing, the management's roles and the problems in value implementation are presented through the individual's perspective. The individual's perceptions in value processing are a recurring theme throughout the whole study. A comparison between the three companies with diverse value processes makes the research complete

Boris Vian dans ses poèmes

El artículo se propone mostrar cómo el estudio de los poemas y canciones de Boris Vian sólo cobra sentido mediante un análisis de conjunto. Tras la aparente dispersión de temas y estilos, bajo la apariencia superficial, cómica y en ocasiones incluso grotesca y banal de sus poemas y canciones, se oculta una unidad y una coherencia profundas y minuciosamente calculadas. Para expresarla Vian huye de las limitaciones de la lógica heredada de Aristóteles y opta por utilizar la técnica del collage, yuxtaponiendo una pluralidad de situaciones y acciones en las que lo real se entremezcla con lo imaginario, cuyo resultado final es la representación de una realidad única, indivisible y a la vez relativa y singular en función de cada individuo, en la que los aparentes antagonismos se revelan como elementos complementarios en el proceso de individualización y conocimiento del «yo» interior.

Liderazgo femenino. Un análisis de las diferencias de género en la formación y desarrollo de asociaciones de inmigrantes africanos

En el presente estudio se describen, analizan y comparan las manifestaciones del liderazgo femenino en las asociaciones de inmigrantes africanos: sus objetivos de trabajo, temáticas y formas, organización e institucionalización. Para ello se analizan en profundidad diez historias de vida, partiendo de la hipótesis de la existencia de una clara diferenciación de objetivos entre las asociaciones de hombres y mujeres africanos derivados de la desigualdad básica de las posiciones sociales entre hombres y mujeres, y muy especialmente, de las culturas de género. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que existen mujeres inmigrantes “fuertes” (ni sumisas ni ignorantes) con capacidad de liderazgo en la asociación, pero no por unas supuestas especificidades “femeninas” sino por un proceso de aprendizaje temprano (adolescente), éxito educativo y un origen social relativamente elevado que forjan una cierta rebeldía y la asunción de una autoridad explícita. De cualquier modo, no se observan diferencias relevantes entre el liderazgo femenino y el liderazgo masculino, ya que en ambos casos se da un cierto “carisma”, la existencia de unas dotes personales que se desarrollan desde la interacción en situaciones sociales concretas.

Pierre Vilar, historiador del capitalismo

La obra histórica de Pierre Vilar ha estado siempre vinculada a su preocupación por el presente y el porvenir de las sociedades humanas. Desde esta perspectiva, Vilar centró gran parte de sus ocupaciones historiográficas en entender el cambio histórico, siendo el nacimiento del capitalismo uno de sus temas centrales al posibilitarle la comprensión globalizadora de la transmutación de un modelo de sociedad a otro. En este sentido, su obra magna sobre Cataluña, serviría para demostrar que ésta tuvo su particular forma de insertarse en el capitalismo y que en medio de las controversias políticas sobre el hecho nacional no había que olvidar tan importante circunstancia.

Dissatisfaction of hospital patients, their relatives, and friends: Analysis of accounts collected in a complaints center.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze complaints of patients, their relatives, and friends who consulted a complaints center based (Espace Patients & Proches (EPP)) in a hospital so as to better understand the reasons that motivated them and their underlying expectations. METHODS: This study was based on the analysis of written accounts of the 253 situations that occurred during the first year of operation of the EPP. The accounts were analyzed qualitatively using an inductive, thematic analytic approach. RESULTS: We identified 372 different types of complaints and 28 main analytic themes. Five clustered themes emerged from the analysis of the interconnections among the core themes: (1) interpersonal relationship (N=160-the number of accounts including a complaint related to this general theme); (2) technical aspects of care (N=106); (3) health-care institution (N=69); (4) billing and insurance; (5) access to information (N=13). CONCLUSION: The main reason for patients, their relatives, and friends going to EPP was related to the quality of the interpersonal relationship with health-care professionals. Such complaints were markedly more frequent than those concerning technical aspects of care. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: These results raise important questions concerning changing patient expectations as well as how hospitals integrate complaints into the process of quality health care.

The REporting of Studies Conducted Using Observational Routinely-Collected Health Data (RECORD) Statement: Methods for Arriving at Consensus and Developing Reporting Guidelines.

OBJECTIVE: Routinely collected health data, collected for administrative and clinical purposes, without specific a priori research questions, are increasingly used for observational, comparative effectiveness, health services research, and clinical trials. The rapid evolution and availability of routinely collected data for research has brought to light specific issues not addressed by existing reporting guidelines. The aim of the present project was to determine the priorities of stakeholders in order to guide the development of the REporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely-collected health Data (RECORD) statement. METHODS: Two modified electronic Delphi surveys were sent to stakeholders. The first determined themes deemed important to include in the RECORD statement, and was analyzed using qualitative methods. The second determined quantitative prioritization of the themes based on categorization of manuscript headings. The surveys were followed by a meeting of RECORD working committee, and re-engagement with stakeholders via an online commentary period. RESULTS: The qualitative survey (76 responses of 123 surveys sent) generated 10 overarching themes and 13 themes derived from existing STROBE categories. Highest-rated overall items for inclusion were: Disease/exposure identification algorithms; Characteristics of the population included in databases; and Characteristics of the data. In the quantitative survey (71 responses of 135 sent), the importance assigned to each of the compiled themes varied depending on the manuscript section to which they were assigned. Following the working committee meeting, online ranking by stakeholders provided feedback and resulted in revision of the final checklist. CONCLUSIONS: The RECORD statement incorporated the suggestions provided by a large, diverse group of stakeholders to create a reporting checklist specific to observational research using routinely collected health data. Our findings point to unique aspects of studies conducted with routinely collected health data and the perceived need for better reporting of methodological issues.

Scenario analysis in evaluation of emerging technology - Case Bluetooth

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää millaisia ympäristöskenaarioita tietoliikenteelle toimialana voidaan rakentaa ja mitkä näistä skenaarioista suosivat Bluetoothin diffuusiota ja kehittymistä nykyisten tuote- ja palvelunäkemysten valossa. Lisäksi pyrittiin arvioimaan, mitkä ympäristötekijät ja suuntaukset saattavat vaikuttaa Bluetoothin diffuusioon. Tutkimus rajoittui eurooppalaisen tietoliikenneympäristön tarkasteluun viiden vuoden aikana. Tietoliikennetoimialan nykytilaa ja tulevaisuutta koskevan kirjallisuuden pohjalta luotiin kolme alustavaa skenaariorunkoa. Näitä runkoja arvioitiin asiantuntijahaastattelujen avulla, jotta skenaarioista saataisiin monipuolisempia ja niiden johdonmukaisuutta voitaisiin parantaa. Lopullisia skenaarioita verrattiin Bluetoothin käyttökohteista esitettyihin näkemyksiin. Skenaarioiden teemat olivat “Fokusoidut bisnessovellukset”, “Viihdettä massoille” sekä “Tietoa kaikille”. Havaittiin, että Bluetoothin omaksumiseen vaikuttavat eniten seuraavat tekijät: teknologian sosiaalinen hyväksyntä, toimialan halukkuus teknologian edistämiseen sekä Bluetoothin ja sen kilpailijoiden kehittyminen jatkossa.

Exploring transparent approaches to the authentication of signatures on artwork

This thesis is composed of three main parts. The first consists of a state of the art of the different notions that are significant to understand the elements surrounding art authentication in general, and of signatures in particular, and that the author deemed them necessary to fully grasp the microcosm that makes up this particular market. Individuals with a solid knowledge of the art and expertise area, and that are particularly interested in the present study are advised to advance directly to the fourth Chapter. The expertise of the signature, it's reliability, and the factors impacting the expert's conclusions are brought forward. The final aim of the state of the art is to offer a general list of recommendations based on an exhaustive review of the current literature and given in light of all of the exposed issues. These guidelines are specifically formulated for the expertise of signatures on paintings, but can also be applied to wider themes in the area of signature examination. The second part of this thesis covers the experimental stages of the research. It consists of the method developed to authenticate painted signatures on works of art. This method is articulated around several main objectives: defining measurable features on painted signatures and defining their relevance in order to establish the separation capacities between groups of authentic and simulated signatures. For the first time, numerical analyses of painted signatures have been obtained and are used to attribute their authorship to given artists. An in-depth discussion of the developed method constitutes the third and final part of this study. It evaluates the opportunities and constraints when applied by signature and handwriting experts in forensic science. A brief summary covering each chapter allows a rapid overview of the study and summarizes the aims and main themes of each chapter. These outlines presented below summarize the aims and main themes addressed in each chapter. Part I - Theory Chapter 1 exposes legal aspects surrounding the authentication of works of art by art experts. The definition of what is legally authentic, the quality and types of the experts that can express an opinion concerning the authorship of a specific painting, and standard deontological rules are addressed. The practices applied in Switzerland will be specifically dealt with. Chapter 2 presents an overview of the different scientific analyses that can be carried out on paintings (from the canvas to the top coat). Scientific examinations of works of art have become more common, as more and more museums equip themselves with laboratories, thus an understanding of their role in the art authentication process is vital. The added value that a signature expertise can have in comparison to other scientific techniques is also addressed. Chapter 3 provides a historical overview of the signature on paintings throughout the ages, in order to offer the reader an understanding of the origin of the signature on works of art and its evolution through time. An explanation is given on the transitions that the signature went through from the 15th century on and how it progressively took on its widely known modern form. Both this chapter and chapter 2 are presented to show the reader the rich sources of information that can be provided to describe a painting, and how the signature is one of these sources. Chapter 4 focuses on the different hypotheses the FHE must keep in mind when examining a painted signature, since a number of scenarios can be encountered when dealing with signatures on works of art. The different forms of signatures, as well as the variables that may have an influence on the painted signatures, are also presented. Finally, the current state of knowledge of the examination procedure of signatures in forensic science in general, and in particular for painted signatures, is exposed. The state of the art of the assessment of the authorship of signatures on paintings is established and discussed in light of the theoretical facets mentioned previously. Chapter 5 considers key elements that can have an impact on the FHE during his or her2 examinations. This includes a discussion on elements such as the skill, confidence and competence of an expert, as well as the potential bias effects he might encounter. A better understanding of elements surrounding handwriting examinations, to, in turn, better communicate results and conclusions to an audience, is also undertaken. Chapter 6 reviews the judicial acceptance of signature analysis in Courts and closes the state of the art section of this thesis. This chapter brings forward the current issues pertaining to the appreciation of this expertise by the non- forensic community, and will discuss the increasing number of claims of the unscientific nature of signature authentication. The necessity to aim for more scientific, comprehensive and transparent authentication methods will be discussed. The theoretical part of this thesis is concluded by a series of general recommendations for forensic handwriting examiners in forensic science, specifically for the expertise of signatures on paintings. These recommendations stem from the exhaustive review of the literature and the issues exposed from this review and can also be applied to the traditional examination of signatures (on paper). Part II - Experimental part Chapter 7 describes and defines the sampling, extraction and analysis phases of the research. The sampling stage of artists' signatures and their respective simulations are presented, followed by the steps that were undertaken to extract and determine sets of characteristics, specific to each artist, that describe their signatures. The method is based on a study of five artists and a group of individuals acting as forgers for the sake of this study. Finally, the analysis procedure of these characteristics to assess of the strength of evidence, and based on a Bayesian reasoning process, is presented. Chapter 8 outlines the results concerning both the artist and simulation corpuses after their optical observation, followed by the results of the analysis phase of the research. The feature selection process and the likelihood ratio evaluation are the main themes that are addressed. The discrimination power between both corpuses is illustrated through multivariate analysis. Part III - Discussion Chapter 9 discusses the materials, the methods, and the obtained results of the research. The opportunities, but also constraints and limits, of the developed method are exposed. Future works that can be carried out subsequent to the results of the study are also presented. Chapter 10, the last chapter of this thesis, proposes a strategy to incorporate the model developed in the last chapters into the traditional signature expertise procedures. Thus, the strength of this expertise is discussed in conjunction with the traditional conclusions reached by forensic handwriting examiners in forensic science. Finally, this chapter summarizes and advocates a list of formal recommendations for good practices for handwriting examiners. In conclusion, the research highlights the interdisciplinary aspect of signature examination of signatures on paintings. The current state of knowledge of the judicial quality of art experts, along with the scientific and historical analysis of paintings and signatures, are overviewed to give the reader a feel of the different factors that have an impact on this particular subject. The temperamental acceptance of forensic signature analysis in court, also presented in the state of the art, explicitly demonstrates the necessity of a better recognition of signature expertise by courts of law. This general acceptance, however, can only be achieved by producing high quality results through a well-defined examination process. This research offers an original approach to attribute a painted signature to a certain artist: for the first time, a probabilistic model used to measure the discriminative potential between authentic and simulated painted signatures is studied. The opportunities and limits that lie within this method of scientifically establishing the authorship of signatures on works of art are thus presented. In addition, the second key contribution of this work proposes a procedure to combine the developed method into that used traditionally signature experts in forensic science. Such an implementation into the holistic traditional signature examination casework is a large step providing the forensic, judicial and art communities with a solid-based reasoning framework for the examination of signatures on paintings. The framework and preliminary results associated with this research have been published (Montani, 2009a) and presented at international forensic science conferences (Montani, 2009b; Montani, 2012).