Resa i röstens landskap : en narrativ studie av hur lärare blir professionella röstanvändare

The theme of this thesis is the learning process that occurs when teachers become professional voice users. The aim is to explore what it (really) means to become a professional voice user in a teaching profession; thereby developing an understanding of how future education in this field can be arranged so as to both effectively prevent vocal problems and to develop oral didactical competence among teachers. The ambition is to describe, interpret, and understand the learning process through a combination of emic and ethic research perspectives. The theoretical frame of reference reflects the cross disciplinary character of the thesis. Voice problems are common among both student teachers and inservice teachers and adversely affect professional competence, identity and quality of life. Additionally, vocal problems are proven to have a negative impact on pupils´ learning. The individual elements of learning are explored in the light of experiential learning theory and transformative learning theory. The social elements of learning are explored in relation to the theory of situated learning. In addition, theories of teacher professionalisation in terms of competence and identity are outlined. The empirical study has a longitudinal and multi method character. It is anchored in a phenomenological hermeneutical tradition, more specifically in narrative inquiry. The point of departure is the learning experiences of ten student teachers, who attended a ten week long course on voice production as part of their teacher training at Åbo Akademi University, in the autumn of 2002 and the spring of 2003. Four interviews in the form of conversations were conducted with each participant. These were crystallised with a process diary, a Swedish Voice Handicap Index, a voice observation, and a video observation. A fifth interview was conducted with each participant five years post teacher training, in the spring of 2008. Participant observation was also conducted throughout the course. The research materials have been analysed and interpreted narratively using a phenomenological hermeneutical method. The results are presented descriptively as individual narratives, which are reflected in logopedic research materials. Learning is here understood as emergent awareness. This is followed by a meta narrative concerning learning as experiences in the four dimensions body, thought, feeling, and relation. Finally, interpretation is expressed with respect to the theory of relational education. Learning is here understood as a movement in the field between the actual and the possible voice. It is also viewed as fundamentally rooted in inter-human relationships, in moments of presence and coexistence. As a tentative answer to the call for an existential space for learning in order to be a professional voice user, I suggest the concept of a learning refuge as a locus for a learning process built on trust, mutuality and openness.

Musikalisk lärandemiljö : planerade musikaktiviteter med småbarn i daghem

A musically stimulating nvironment is of great significance when considering the opportunities for development and learning that are offered to children in day nurseries. Moreover, the quality of musical activities also has great significance for the musical development of growing children. Young children are always striving to create meaning and understanding; they influence and are influenced by the context in which they are situated. The purpose of this study is to investigate the planned music activities in the musical learning environment of seven toddler’s groups in day nurseries, based on four different aspects: the texts of children’s songs, the melodies of children’s songs, the basic elements of music and the use of instrumentation. The data has been gathered by video observation of the planned music activities. The age of the children studied ranged from 11 months to 3 years and 11 months, and on average there were 13 children in each group. The study involved a total of just over 90 children and nine educators. The methodological approaches are hermeneutic as well as videographic, and they are applied to the analysis as required. The approaches are well suited to an understanding of the planned music activities where the individual’s communications and actions are studied. The results of the study show that educators impart a cultural heritage to the children in the form of old traditional songs, but they also act as intermediaries for newer children's songs. They focus on actively on the text content of the children’s songs in their interaction with the children, but do not address the meaning of the text. Furthermore, while the educators use music sessions for the children to develop, among other things, an understanding of language and social skills, they do not use the sessions to develop the children’s musical skills. The educators could, to a much greater extent than they now do, direct the children's attention to the basic elements of music, and conduct meta-cognitive dialogues with the children. They use a large repertoire of children's songs, which are, however, often too demanding for the children’s voices to cope with. In addition, the educators do not plan, in any significant way, activities for the toddlers in order to help them develop the accuracy of their vocal tones. With regard to the use of instruments, the educators focus, in their interaction with the children, is placed on both the usage of the instruments and knowledge about the instruments. Regarding the use of instruments the study shows that the children’s musical expression takes place in an environment that includes both melody and rhythm instruments. It is clear that children are actively interested in the constructed instrument environment, because for long periods of time they independently play and experiment with instruments.

Efficiency of distinct data mining algorithms for classifying stress level in piglets from their vocalization

Among the challenges of pig farming in today's competitive market, there is factor of the product traceability that ensures, among many points, animal welfare. Vocalization is a valuable tool to identify situations of stress in pigs, and it can be used in welfare records for traceability. The objective of this work was to identify stress in piglets using vocalization, calling this stress on three levels: no stress, moderate stress, and acute stress. An experiment was conducted on a commercial farm in the municipality of Holambra, São Paulo State , where vocalizations of twenty piglets were recorded during the castration procedure, and separated into two groups: without anesthesia and local anesthesia with lidocaine base. For the recording of acoustic signals, a unidirectional microphone was connected to a digital recorder, in which signals were digitized at a frequency of 44,100 Hz. For evaluation of sound signals, Praat® software was used, and different data mining algorithms were applied using Weka® software. The selection of attributes improved model accuracy, and the best attribute selection was used by applying Wrapper method, while the best classification algorithms were the k-NN and Naive Bayes. According to the results, it was possible to classify the level of stress in pigs through their vocalization.

Vocalization data mining for estimating swine stress conditions

This study aimed to identify differences in swine vocalization pattern according to animal gender and different stress conditions. A total of 150 barrow males and 150 females (Dalland® genetic strain), aged 100 days, were used in the experiment. Pigs were exposed to different stressful situations: thirst (no access to water), hunger (no access to food), and thermal stress (THI exceeding 74). For the control treatment, animals were kept under a comfort situation (animals with full access to food and water, with environmental THI lower than 70). Acoustic signals were recorded every 30 minutes, totaling six samples for each stress situation. Afterwards, the audios were analyzed by Praat® 5.1.19 software, generating a sound spectrum. For determination of stress conditions, data were processed by WEKA® 3.5 software, using the decision tree algorithm C4.5, known as J48 in the software environment, considering cross-validation with samples of 10% (10-fold cross-validation). According to the Decision Tree, the acoustic most important attribute for the classification of stress conditions was sound Intensity (root node). It was not possible to identify, using the tested attributes, the animal gender by vocal register. A decision tree was generated for recognition of situations of swine hunger, thirst, and heat stress from records of sound intensity, Pitch frequency, and Formant 1.

Conduta conservadora no carcinoma papilífero da glândula tireóide

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados do tratamento do carcinoma papilífero limitado a um lobo da glândula tireóide, através de tireoidectomia parcial com seguimento superior a cinco anos. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo de 105 prontuários de pacientes portadores de carcinoma diferenciado da glândula tireóidea operados no Departamento de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço e Otorrinolaringologia do Hospital Heliópolis, Hosphel, São Paulo de 1977 a 1997 e selecionados 31 casos que apresentavam nódulos limitados a um lobo da glândula com seguimento superior a cinco anos e submetidos à lobectomia total mais istmectomia. RESULTADOS: Observamos somente um caso (3%) de disfonia transitória com paresia de prega vocal unilateral que regrediu espontaneamente. Não houve casos de hipoparatireoidismo transitório ou definitivo. O seguimento médio foi de 12,6 anos, sendo todos com seguimento superior a cinco anos; 10 casos (32%) com seguimento entre 10 e 15 anos e 10 casos (32%) com seguimento além de 15 anos. Não foram observados casos com recorrência loco-regional ou metástase à distância, estando todos eles assintomáticos e sem doença. CONCLUSÃO: Nesta série, a tireoidectomia parcial para carcinoma papilífero limitado a um lobo, mostrou-se eficaz.

Comparação entre a técnica convencional e a minimamente invasiva vídeo-assistida nas tireoidectomias parciais

OBJETIVO: A tireoidectomia minimamente invasiva vídeo-assistida (TIMIVA) sem infusão de gás é considerada segura com vantagem estética em relação ao procedimento convencional. O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar a experiência preliminar brasileira com a TIMIVA e a técnica convencional nahemitireoidectomia. MÉTODO: Doze pacientes foram submetidos à hemitireoidectomia por doença nodular tireoidiana por TIMIVA (grupo I) e quatorze pela técnica convencional (grupo II). Analisamos gênero, idade, volume do bócio, medida do maior eixo do nódulo dominante, tempo de cirurgia, queixa de dor no pós-operatório, resultado estético e complicações (paralisia de prega vocal, infecção e hematoma). RESULTADOS: No grupo I, todos eram do gênero feminino, a mediana etária foi 34 anos, a mediana do volume do bócio foi 16,5 mL, a mediana do tamanho do nódulo dominante foi 2,3 cm, a mediana do tempo cirúrgico foi 55 minutos. Oito pacientes referiram dor discreta e quatro negaram dor. A mediana do tamanho da incisão foi 2 cm, todos consideraram os resultados estéticos excelentes e não houve complicações. No grupo II, o índice feminino/masculino foi 6:1, a mediana etária foi 35 anos, a mediana do volume foi de 18 mL, a mediana do tamanho do nódulo foi 2,5 cm, a mediana do tempo foi 55 minutos. Sete pacientes referiram discreta dor, cinco moderada e dois intensa. A mediana do tamanho da cicatriz foi 5 cm. Onze pacientes consideraram os resultados estéticos excelentes e três, bom. Não houve complicações. CONCLUSÕES: A TIMIVA proporciona bom resultado estético e dor pós-operatória mínima, sem aumento do tempo cirúrgico e das complicações.

Quantificação do líquido amniótico pela ultra-sonografia tridimensional e bidimensional no primeiro trimestre da gestação

OBJETIVO: quantificar os valores do líquido amniótico no primeiro trimestre da gestação, em fetos normais, por meio de ultra-sonografia tridimensional e bidimensional. MÉTODOS: foram avaliados 25 fetos normais, da 8ª à 11ª semana de gestação. O estudo foi do tipo prospectivo longitudinal. As medidas do volume de líquido amniótico foram obtidas por meio de ultra-sonografia endovaginal, modos tridimensional e bidimensional. O estudo bidimensional consistiu em determinar o volume por cálculo matemático com base na forma de um elipsóide (constante 0,52), obtendo-se o volume do saco amniótico e do embrião. No estudo tridimensional, o volume do líquido amniótico foi feito pela técnica VOCAL, utilizando os graus de rotação 6, 9, 15 e 30°. Foi considerado como resultado final o volume do líquido amniótico obtido pelo grau de rotação6. Em ambos, o volume de líquido amniótico foi obtido pela subtração do volume do saco amniótico pela medida volumétrica do embrião. Para análise estatística utilizamos análise de variância (ANOVA), correlação e análise de regressão. O nível de significância adotado foi p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: a evolução no volume de líquido amniótico pela ultra-sonografia bidimensional foi de 5,4 para 39,5 cm³ da 8ª para a 11ª semana (ANOVA - p < 0,05). Observamos correlação entre idade gestacional e volume de líquido amniótico (p < 0,001, r² = 88,3%). No estudo tridimensional o volume de líquido amniótico aumentou de 5,7 para 42,9 cm³ da 8ª para a 11ª semana (ANOVA - p < 0,05). Também observamos correlação entre idade gestacional e volume de líquido amniótico (p < 0,001, r² = 98,1%). CONCLUSÃO: há aumento no volume de líquido amniótico no primeiro trimestre da gestação, quando avaliado nos modos bidimensional e tridimensional. Além disso, demonstramos que, quanto maior a idade gestacional, maior é o volume de líquido amniótico.

Volume do embrião estimado pela ultra-sonografia tridimensional entre a sétima e a décima semana de gestação

OBJETIVO: avaliar a evolução do volume do embrião (VE) entre a sétima e a décima semana de gestação por meio da ultra-sonografia tridimensional. MÉTODOS: realizou-se um estudo de corte transversal com 63 gestantes normais entre a sétima e a décima semana. Os exames ultra-sonográficos foram realizados por meio de um transdutor endocavitário volumétrico. Para o cálculo do VE, utilizou-se o método VOCAL (Virtual Organ Computer-aided Analysis) com ângulo de rotação de 12º, com delimitação de 15 planos seqüenciais. Para o VE foram calculadas médias, medianas, desvios padrão e valores máximo e mínimo em todas as idades gestacionais. Para se avaliar a correlação entre o VE e o comprimento cabeça-nádega (CCN) foi criado gráfico de dispersão, sendo o ajuste realizado pelo coeficiente de determinação (R²). Para se determinarem intervalos de referência do VE em função do CCN, utilizou-se a seguinte fórmula: percentil =VE+K versus dp, com K=1,96. RESULTADOS: o CCN variou de 9,0 a 39,7 mm, com média de 23,9 mm (±7,9 mm), enquanto o VE variou de 0,1 a 7,6 cm³, com média de 2,7 cm³ (±3,2 cm³). O VE foi altamente correlacionado com o CCN, sendo que o melhor ajuste foi obtido com regressão quadrática (VE=0,165 - 0,055 x CCN + 0,005 x CCN²; R²=0,853). O VE médio variou de 0,1 (-0,3 a 0,5 cm³) a 6,7 cm³ (3,8 a 9,7 cm³) no intervalo de 9 a 40 mm do CCN. Neste intervalo o VE aumentou 67 vezes, enquanto o CCN aumentou apenas 4,4 vezes. CONCLUSÕES: o VE é um parâmetro mais sensível que o CCN para avaliar o crescimento embrionário entre a sétima e a décima semana de gestação.

Morphological aspects of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) umbilical cord

Buffalo is an important livestock resource, with a great participation in agricultural systems, providing milk, meat, and work power. Umbilical cord is responsible for maternal-fetal nutrients exchange during pregnancy, and its alterations can compromise the fetal development. We investigated ten pregnant uteruses collected from cross-bread buffaloes in different stages of gestation. Pregnancy and fetal age was determined by measuring the apex sacral length and development period was calculated by previously published formula. Umbilical cords were measured for length determination. Umbilical cord vascular net and anastomosis were observed by injection of Neoprene latex. Histological sections of the umbilical cord were studied after stain with HE, picrossirius, toluidine blue, orceine, and PAS reaction. Buffaloes' umbilical cord was formed by two central arteries, an allantois duct and two peripheral veins. The artery wall was composed by large quantity of collagen, elastic fibers, fibroblasts and large number of vasa vasorum. The allantois duct was located between the arteries and presented a great number of small nourishing vessels. Small nourishing vessels should be carefully considered to avoid to be mistaken to the arterials and veins vasa vasorum. Medium length of umbilical cord from buffalos was 11.8cm (minimum of 6.8cm and maximum of 17.4cm).

Study of the cardiac left atrioventricular valvar complex in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) of the Jafarabadi breed

Atrioventricular valve complex of 30 Jafarabadi water buffaloes, adult males were studied in this research with no heart diseases. The animals were obtained from a slaughterhouse in Brazilian State of Parana. The hearts were opened at the third portion affording access to the valve complex. The complexes had its area, number and type of tendinous cords submitted to analysis. The results showed that the complex is composed by two cusps and four accessory cusps, two or three papillary muscles in which 10-25 tendinous cords fix on the cusps that face the ventricle wall. The total area of the complex was on average 38.56cm², with a minimum of 24.96cm² and a maximum of 55.54cm². Statistically, no relation between the number of cords and the cusps' area where they are inserted or with the number of papillary muscle where they originated from was observed.

Ultrasound call detection in capybara

The vocal repertoire of some animal species has been considered a non-invasive tool to predict distress reactivity. In rats ultrasound emissions were reported as distress indicator. Capybaras[ vocal repertoire was reported recently and seems to have ultrasound calls, but this has not yet been confirmed. Thus, in order to check if a poor state of welfare was linked to ultrasound calls in the capybara vocal repertoire, the aim of this study was to track the presence of ultrasound emissions in 11 animals under three conditions: 1) unrestrained; 2) intermediately restrained, and 3) highly restrained. The ultrasound track identified frequencies in the range of 31.8±3.5 kHz in adults and 33.2±8.5 kHz in juveniles. These ultrasound frequencies occurred only when animals were highly restrained, physically restrained or injured during handling. We concluded that these calls with ultrasound components are related to pain and restraint because they did not occur when animals were free of restraint. Thus we suggest that this vocalization may be used as an additional tool to assess capybaras[ welfare.

The effects of maternal hyperglycemia on human umbilical vascular gene expression and neonatal rat lung development

Background: Maternal diabetes affects many fetal organ systems, including the vasculature and the lungs. The offspring of diabetic mothers have respiratory adaptation problems after birth. The mechanisms are multifactorial and the effects are prolonged during the postnatal period. An increasing incidence of diabetic pregnancies accentuates the importance of identifying the pathological mechanisms, which cause the metabolic and genetic changes that occur in offspring, born to diabetic mothers. Aims and methods: The aim of this thesis was to determine changes both in human umbilical cord exposed to maternal type 1 diabetes and in neonatal rat lungs after streptozotocin-induced maternal hyperglycemia, during pregnancy. Rat lungs were used as a model for the potential disease mechanisms. Gene expression alterations were determined in human umbilical cords at birth and in rat pup lungs at two week of age. During the first two postnatal weeks, rat lung development was studied morphologically and histologically. Further, the effect of postnatal hyperoxia on hyperglycemia-primed rat lungs was investigated at one week of age to mimic the clinical situation of supplemental oxygen treatment. Results: In the umbilical cord, maternal diabetes had a major negative effect on the expression of genes involved in blood vessel development. The genes regulating vascular tone were also affected. In neonatal rat lungs, intrauterine hyperglycemia had a prolonged effect on gene expression during late alveolarization. The most affected pathway was the upregulation of extracellular matrix proteins. Newborn rat lungs exposed to intrauterine hyperglycemia had thinner saccular walls without changes in airspace size, a smaller relative lung weight and lung total tissue area, and increased cellular apoptosis and proliferation compared to control lungs, possibly reflecting an aberrant maturational adaptation. At one and two weeks of age, cell proliferation and secondary crest formation were accelerated in hyperglycemia-exposed lungs. Postnatal hyperoxic exposure, alone caused arrested alveolarization with thin-walled and enlarged alveoli. In contrast, the dual exposure of intrauterine hyperglycemia and postnatal hyperoxia resulted in the phenotype of thick septa together with arrested alveolarization and decreased number of small pulmonary arteries. Conclusions: Maternal diabetic environment seems to alter the umbilical cord gene expression profile of the regulation of vascular development and function. Fetal hyperglycemia may additionally affect the genetic regulation of the postnatal lung development and may actually induce prolonged structural alterations in neonatal lungs together with a modifying effect on the deleterious pulmonary exposure of postnatal hyperoxia. This, combined with the novel human umbilical cord gene data could serve as stepping stones for future therapies to curb developmental aberrations.

Isolation and culture of umbilical vein mesenchymal stem cells

Bone marrow contains a population of stem cells that can support hematopoiesis and can differentiate into different cell lines including adipocytes, osteocytes, chondrocytes, myocytes, astrocytes, and tenocytes. These cells have been denoted mesenchymal stem cells. In the present study we isolated a cell population derived from the endothelium and subendothelium of the umbilical cord vein which possesses morphological, immunophenotypical and cell differentiation characteristics similar to those of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from bone marrow. The cells were isolated from three umbilical cords after treatment of the umbilical vein lumen with collagenase. The cell population isolated consisted of adherent cells with fibroblastoid morphology which, when properly stimulated, gave origin to adipocytes and osteocytes in culture. Immunophenotypically, this cell population was found to be positive for the CD29, CD13, CD44, CD49e, CD54, CD90 and HLA-class 1 markers and negative for CD45, CD14, glycophorin A, HLA-DR, CD51/61, CD106, and CD49d. The characteristics described are the same as those presented by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that the umbilical cord obtained from term deliveries is an important source of mesenchymal stem cells that could be used in cell therapy protocols.

The immunomodulator glatiramer acetate influences spinal motoneuron plasticity during the course of multiple sclerosis in an animal model

The immunomodulador glatiramer acetate (GA) has been shown to significantly reduce the severity of symptoms during the course of multiple sclerosis and in its animal model - experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Since GA may influence the response of non-neuronal cells in the spinal cord, it is possible that, to some extent, this drug affects the synaptic changes induced during the exacerbation of EAE. In the present study, we investigated whether GA has a positive influence on the loss of inputs to the motoneurons during the course of EAE in rats. Lewis rats were subjected to EAE associated with GA or placebo treatment. The animals were sacrificed after 15 days of treatment and the spinal cords processed for immunohistochemical analysis and transmission electron microscopy. A correlation between the synaptic changes and glial activation was obtained by performing labeling of synaptophysin and glial fibrillary acidic protein using immunohistochemical analysis. Ultrastructural analysis of the terminals apposed to alpha motoneurons was also performed by electron transmission microscopy. Interestingly, although the GA treatment preserved synaptophysin labeling, it did not significantly reduce the glial reaction, indicating that inflammatory activity was still present. Also, ultrastructural analysis showed that GA treatment significantly prevented retraction of both F and S type terminals compared to placebo. The present results indicate that the immunomodulator GA has an influence on the stability of nerve terminals in the spinal cord, which in turn may contribute to its neuroprotective effects during the course of multiple sclerosis.

Yliopiston yrittäjämäisyyden sosiaalinen rakentuminen: case Aalto-yliopisto

Keskustelu yrittäjyyden sijoittumisesta yliopistojen tehtäväkenttään on muodostunut 2000-luvun aikana osaksi yhteiskunnallista ja maailmanlaajuista korkeakoulutuksen muutosta. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on lisätä ymmärrystä yliopiston yrittäjämäisyyden sosiaalisesta rakentumisesta. Lähestyn yliopiston sisällä tuotettua moniäänistä yrittäjyyspuhetta yliopiston yrittäjämäisyyden todellisuuden representaationa, ja pyrin tekemään siitä selkoa kommunikaatioon kohdistuvan analyysin avulla. Ilmiön empiirinen tarkastelu pohjautuu Aalto-yliopistossa ja sitä edeltäneessä Teknillisessä korkeakoulussa vuosina 2006–2013 kerättyihin tekstiaineistoihin. Aineistojen tulkinta tuottaa monikerroksellista tietoa ilmiöstä niin yksilö- kuin organisaatiotasolla. Tarkastelen tutkimuksessani millaisia merkityksenantoja yrittäjyydelle ja yrittäjämäisyydelle annetaan yliopiston sisällä eri näkökulmista katsottuna, kun yliopisto käy läpi merkittävää organisaatiorakenteellista ja institutionaalista muutosta. Tutkimusasetelman neljä näkökulmaa perustuvat tekniikan alan jatko-opiskelijoiden puheeseen, TKK:n opetussuunnitelmatekstiin, Aalto-yliopiston opettajien puheeseen ja johdon tuottamaan strategiatekstiaineistoon. Tutkimuksen tulosten mukaan käynnissä on ollut akateemisten arvojen ja arvojärjestelmien laajentumisen aika ja tila, jossa yrittäjämäisyys astuu areenalle, mutta sen suppeat tulkinnat eivät tarjoa mahdollisuuksia ruohonjuuritason kiinnittymiseen akateemisesta kulttuurista käsin. Yrittäjyyden ja yrittäjämäisyyden saamat taloudelliskaupalliset merkitykset koetaan uhkaksi, eikä tilannetta helpota yleisesti uuvuttavaksi koettu rakenteellinen ja yhteiskunnallinen yliopiston muutosvaihe. Hallitsevat tarinalinjat kuten puhe kilpailukyvystä ja kilpailutilanteen kovenemisesta tuottavat odotusten viitekehyksen, joilla yliopiston toimintaa raamitetaan ulkoapäin. Yrittäjyyteen laajassa merkityksessä sisältyvät mahdollisuudet jäävät niin ikään hyödyntämättä, ja lukuisat edistämistoiminnot kilpistyvät sosiaalisesti rakentuviin esteisiin. Tässä tutkimuksessa rakentuva laajennettu yliopiston yrittäjämäisyyden viitekehys pyrkii palvelemaan moniäänistymisen tarkoitusta käsitteellisellä tasolla ja avaamaan uusia mahdollisuuksia yliopiston yrittäjämäisyyden edistämiselle.