Replacing traditional ERP with EAI - the next generation’s ERP

Organizations often consider investing in a new Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system as a way to enhance their business processes, as it allows integrating information used by multiple different departments into a harmonized computing system. The hope of gaining significant business benefits, such as reducing operating costs, is the key reason why organizations have decided to invest in ERP systems since 1990’s. Still, all ERP projects do not end up in success, and deployment of ERP system does not necessarily guarantee the results people were waiting for. This research studies why organizations invest in ERP, but also what downsides ERP projects currently have. Additionally Enterprise Application Integrations (EAI) as next generation’s ERP solutions are studied to challenge and develop traditional ERP. The research questions are: What are the weaknesses in traditional ERP deployment in today’s business? How does the proposed next generation’s ERP answer to these weaknesses? At the beginning of the thesis, as an answer to the first research question, the basics of ERP implementation are introduced with both the pros and cons of investing in ERP. Key concepts such as IS integration and EAI are also studied. Empirical section of the thesis focuses on answering the second research question from the integration approach. A qualitative research is executed by interviewing five experienced IT professionals about EAI benefits, limitations, and problems. The thematic interview and questionnaire follow the presented ERP main elements from literature. The research shows that adopting traditional ERP includes multiple downsides, e.g. inflexibility and requiring big investments in terms of money. To avoid these critical issues, organizations could find a solution from integrations between their current IS. Based on the empirical study a new framework for the next generation’s ERP is created, consisting of a model and a framework that deal with various features regarding IS adoption. With this framework organizations can assess whether they should implement EAI or ERP. The model and framework suggest that there are multiple factors IT managers needs to consider when planning their IT investments, including their current IS, role of IT in the organization, as well as new system’s flexibility, investment level, and number of vendors. The framework created in the thesis encourages IT management to assess holistically their i) organization, ii) its IT, and iii) solution requirements in order to determine what kind of IS solution would suit their needs the best.

Replacing traditional ERP with EAI - the next generation’s ERP

Organizations often consider investing in a new Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system as a way to enhance their business processes, as it allows integrating information used by multiple different departments into a harmonized computing system. The hope of gaining significant business benefits, such as reducing operating costs, is the key reason why organizations have decided to invest in ERP systems since 1990’s. Still, all ERP projects do not end up in success, and deployment of ERP system does not necessarily guarantee the results people were waiting for. This research studies why organizations invest in ERP, but also what downsides ERP projects currently have. Additionally Enterprise Application Integrations (EAI) as next generation’s ERP solutions are studied to challenge and develop traditional ERP. The research questions are: What are the weaknesses in traditional ERP deployment in today’s business? How does the proposed next generation’s ERP answer to these weaknesses? At the beginning of the thesis, as an answer to the first research question, the basics of ERP implementation are introduced with both the pros and cons of investing in ERP. Key concepts such as IS integration and EAI are also studied. Empirical section of the thesis focuses on answering the second research question from the integration approach. A qualitative research is executed by interviewing five experienced IT professionals about EAI benefits, limitations, and problems. The thematic interview and questionnaire follow the presented ERP main elements from literature. The research shows that adopting traditional ERP includes multiple downsides, e.g. inflexibility and requiring big investments in terms of money. To avoid these critical issues, organizations could find a solution from integrations between their current IS. Based on the empirical study a new framework for the next generation’s ERP is created, consisting of a model and a framework that deal with various features regarding IS adoption. With this framework organizations can assess whether they should implement EAI or ERP. The model and framework suggest that there are multiple factors IT managers needs to consider when planning their IT investments, including their current IS, role of IT in the organization, as well as new system’s flexibility, investment level, and number of vendors. The framework created in the thesis encourages IT management to assess holistically their i) organization, ii) its IT, and iii) solution requirements in order to determine what kind of IS solution would suit their needs the best.

Trade with China and strategy in South American recent economic development

Trade between South America and China has been an important source of the high growth shown by those economies in the 2000s. During the globalization of the 1990s, trade between the region and China had not developed so much. A rather sharp growth in China's presence in world trade since the beginning of the 2000s changed the world trade trends for MERCOSUR countries, or, at least, for many of them. The impact of the increasing trade of agrifood has been very relevant, and different per country. Strategy is another important issue, referring to bilateral relations with China. This country should be seen as a partner in the global trade, and not as a new foreign investor for the region, but this may be different in the context of different national strategies of South American countries.

Trade rules and exchange rate misalignments: in search for a WTO solution

The debate on the link between trade rules and rules on exchange rates is raising the attention of experts on international trade law and economics. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the impacts of exchange rate misalignments on tariffs as applied by the WTO - World Trade Organization. It is divided into five sections: the first one explains the methodology used to determine exchange rate misalignments and also presents its results for Brazil, U.S. and China; the second summarizes the methodology applied to calculate the impacts of exchange rate misalignments on the level of tariff protection through an exercise of "misalignment tariffication"; the third examines the effects of exchange rate variations on tariffs and their consequences for the multilateral trading system; the fourth one creates a methodology to estimate exchange rates against a currency of the World and a proposal to deal with persistent and significant misalignments related to trade rules. The conclusions are present in the last section.

Crawling up the value chain: domestic institutions and non-traditional foreign direct investment in Brazil, 1990-2010

Brazil attracted relatively little innovation-intensive and export-oriented foreign investment during the liberalization period of 1990 to 2010, especially compared with competitors such as China and India. Adopting an institutionalist perspective, I argue that multinational firm investment profiles can be partly explained by the characteristics of investment promotion policies and bureaucracies charged with their implementation. Brazil's FDI policies were passive and non-discriminating in the second half of the 1990s, but became more selective under Lula. Investment promotion efforts have often been undercut by weakly coordinated and inconsistent institutions. The paper highlights the need for active, discriminating investment promotion policies if benefits from non-traditional FDI are to be realized.

Neoliberalism and global capital mobility: a necessary reconsideration of textbook trade theory

Textbook theory ignores capital flows: trade determines exchange rates and specialisation. Approaches taking the effects of capital movements adequately into account are needed, and a new theory of economic policy including measures to protect the real economy from external volatility. Equilibrating textbook mechanisms cannot work unless trade-caused surpluses and deficits set exchange rates. To allow orthodox trade theory to work one must hinder capital flows from destroying its very basis, which the IMF and wrong regulatory decisions have done, penalising production and trade. A new, real economy based theory is proposed, a Neoclassical agenda of controlling capital flows and speculation.

Assessing the dynamics of terms of trade in a model of cumulative causation and structural change

ABSTRACT The motivation for this paper stems from the steady decline in the share of consumer expenditures on goods produced in the global south, coupled with the (empirically ambiguous) Singer/Prebisch hypothesis that this can be explained by a secular decline in the southern terms of trade. Drawing on these sources of inspiration, the paper sets out to study the dynamics of the terms of trade using a multi-sector growth model based on the principle of cumulative causation. The upshot is a North-South model of growth and trade in which the evolution of the terms of trade depends on differential rates of productivity growth in different sectors of the economy - and in which terms of trade dynamics may not be the best guide as to whether or not there is an uneven development problem.

Invoice-kaupan edut ja haitat verrattuna tavalliseen Tax Free kauppaan

Kandidaatintutkielmani käsittelee Invoice-kauppaa ja sitä, mitä etuja siihen liittyy verrattuna tavanomaiseen tax-free kauppaan. Invoice-veronpalautusjärjestelmässä EU:n ulkopuolella asuva asiakas saa veronpalautuksen samasta liikkeestä seuraavalla asiointikerralla. Arvonlisäveronpalautukset on kuitenkin haettava puolen vuoden sisällä ostosten tekemisestä. Tavanomaisessa tax-free kaupassa asiakas saa arvonlisäveronpalautuksen rajalta poistuessaan Suomesta. Invoicea käytettäessä asiakas saa verosta isomman osan takaisin kuin tavanomaisessa tax-free kaupassa, mutta palautuksen saaminen kestää kauemmin, koska Invoicea käytettäessä veronpalautuksen voi saada vain samasta liikkeestä, missä ostokset on tehty. Tutkielmani tarkastelee aihetta kauppiaan näkökulmasta. Kauppiaan kannalta Invoicen etuna on erityisesti asiakkaiden ”koukuttaminen”, koska veronpalautukset on aina haettava samasta liikkestä, mistä tuotteet on ostettu. Näin samat asiakkaat tulevat usein samaan liikkeeseen myös seuraavilla Suomen matkoilla saadakseen veronpalautukset. Tämä tuo liikkeille usein myös uusia kanta-asiakkaita.Toisaalta on huomioitava myös Invoicen käytöstä kauppiaalle ja kassoille mahdollisesti aiheutuva lisätyö ja kustannukset. Veronpalautusten maksaminen takaisin asiakkaille ja tullissa leimattujen kuittien käsittely vie kassoilla tavanomaista enemmän aikaa ja saattaa vaatia lisää henkilökuntaa. Tutkielma on toteutettu laadullisena eli kvalitatiivisena ja tutkimusmenetelmänä on käytetty haastatteluita. Haastateltavat ovat kauppiaita Kaakkois-Suomen alueelta. Tavoitteenani oli koota mahdollisimman monipuolinen haastateltavien joukko sisältäen niin vaate- ja vapaa-ajan liikkeitä kuin sekatavara- ja päivittäistavarakauppoja. Teorialähteinä käytin yliopiston kirjastosta lainattuja kirjoja, LUT:in tietokantojen ja Edilex-tietokannan artikkeleita sekä Verohallinnon dokumentteja ja verkkojulkaisuja. Lisäksi olen hyödyntänyt tutkielmassani myös ajankohtaisia uutisia sekä erilaisten paikallis- ja aikakauslehtien artikkeleita. Tutkielmani johtopäätöksissä tulin siihen tulokseen, että kauppiaan kannalta edullisinta on käyttää samanaikaisesti sekä Invoicea että perinteistä, palautusliikeiden palveluja hyödyntävää tax-free järjestelmää. Tämä mahdollistaa liikkeille mahdollisimman laajan asiakasjoukon. Suomessa usein käyvät ostosmatkailijat suosivat yleensä Invoicea täysimääräisen veronpalautuksen vuoksi. Palautusliikkeet taas veloittavat asiakkaalle maksettavasta veronpalautuksesta oman palvelumaksunsa. Suomessa harvemmin vieraileville taas palautusliikkeiden palvelut ovat edullisempia, sillä veronpalautukset saa rajalta maasta poistuttaessa, eikä tarvitse palata samaan liikkeeseen puolen vuoden sisällä. Palautusliikkeiden etuna Invoiceen nähden on myös asioinnin vaivattomuus, sillä eri liikkeissä asioivat ostosmatkailijat saavat kaikista matkalla tekemistään ostoksista arvonlisäveronpalautuksensa yhdestä paikasta sen sijaan, että kävisivät hakemassa ne joka liikkeestä erikseen.

Barriers to Service-sector SME Internationalization in the EU Business Environment

The service sector in the global world is constantly growing: in Europe, they account currently approximately for 70 per cent of the total economy. Yet service internationalization is rather a new phenomenon: services have been traditionally seen as local entities, which also explains why research on service internationalization has properly begun only few decades ago. Even though the Single European Market allows free service movement between Member States, services do not move as actively as desired: approximately only one fifth of services are involved in cross-border trade. Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis is to analyze the barriers to service-sector SME internationalization in the EU business environment. To address the research purpose, the internationalization of service-sector SMEs in the EU area is first described and thereafter, the barriers to service-sector SME internationalization in the European context are mapped and analyzed from intra- and extra-firm perspectives. In order to understand the topic area and the phenomenon, a short glance is first taken into Europe as a business environment for service industries: the market characteristics and benefits of the common free trade area for service industries are described. Also earlier literature on service internationalization and barriers to international service trade are discussed. Due to low previous research activity on barriers specifically to international service trade, the discussion is improved by presenting general findings of barriers to SME internationalization. This research is conducted with qualitative methods: there is only a limited amount of previous research and qualitative methods provide a way of gathering in-depth information and reaching understanding from respondents’ perspectives. The evidence presented in the study was collected through six semi-structured interviews with six different small or medium sized international service firm representatives that all had the first-hand knowledge regarding their company’s process of delivering services from home market to other European countries. The results of the study provide a detailed description and analysis of intra- and extra-firm barriers to service-sector SME internationalization in the context of EU and indicate that in general, internal firm-specific barriers have a greater impact in determining firm’s possibilities to be engaged in cross-border service trade – external barriers played a smaller role. What might explain these results is that first of all, the study has full focus on service firms of smaller size and internal barriers tend to be particularly effective to SMEs as their resources, skills and capabilities are often limited, which limits internationalization possibilities. Second, the results may indicate that EU’s internal market and the free trade concept function quite well from service firms’ perspective, and the low service movement rate may be rather caused by firm’s own competences and resource-related difficulties than directly by flaws in the market. The results complete earlier literature and provide new and more detailed knowledge of barriers to cross-border service trade in the context of Europe. They also indicate that service internationalization should be observed separately from internationalization of traditional manufacturing firms due to unique service-specific characteristics. The findings of this study are particularly beneficial for small or medium sized service firm managers as it provides knowledge of delivering services across borders in Europe and of barriers that relate to that process.

ATTITUDES TOWARD RUSSIAN CUSTOMERS IN THE FINNISH RETAIL TRADE SECTOR – A salesperson’s point of view

The amount of Russian tourists in Finland has increased significantly in the past years. The impact of Russian tourism to the Finnish retail trade sector is enormous, since Russian tourists often spend a lot of money particularly on shopping. Shopping tourism is mainly focused in the near border cities, such as Imatra and Lappeenranta, and in addition in Helsinki metropolitan area. The purpose of this study is to map the attitudes and perceptions of the sales personnel who are working in the Finnish retail trade sector towards Russian customers and to discover which elements affect these attitudes. The theories in this study are based on cultural elements and elements related to sales behavior and performance. Cultural differences between Finland and Russia, cultural distance and cultural intelligence form the cultural aspect of this study. Customer orientation vs. sales orientation (SOCO), adaptive selling, selling skills and job competency, salesperson’s affect and empathy toward customers, and job autonomy form the elements concerning sales behavior and performance. Furthermore, the attitude – behavior link, based on social psychology is addressed. A survey was conducted in two retail trade chains operating in Finland. These retail companies have stores and department stores in different geographical areas in Finland and the survey was conducted in altogether 19 cities. In addition to the theories that were discussed, two expert interviews were conducted in order to get a deeper understanding of the phenomenon at hand. Moreover the interviews helped in the formulation of the hypotheses and the questionnaire design. The questionnaires were sent directly to the stores, where they were placed so that they were available for the sales personnel. Altogether 487 usable responses were collected. The returned questionnaires were analyzed with IBM SPSS 21 statistics program. The results of this study indicated that the attitudes toward Russian customers are more negative compared to other foreign customers. However, the respondents’ attitudes toward and perceptions of Russian customers varied a lot. From the background variables age, education level, length of employment in current workplace, and length of experience in customer service had an effect on the attitudes of the respondents. In addition, the perceptions of Russian customers were more positive in the Eastern Finland compared to Helsinki metropolitan area. The cultural elements; cultural knowledge, cultural distance and cultural intelligence all affected the attitudes of the respondents. From the elements related to sales behavior and performance customer orientation, salesperson’s affect and empathy toward customers, and perceived job autonomy had an effect on the attitudes

Centro de Negocios Trade Point

Archivo Fotográfico

The use of relaxation therapy as an adjunct to traditional psoriasis therapy /

This research investigated the impact of stress management and relaxation techniques on psoriasis. It had a dual purpose to see if stress management and relaxation techniques, as an adjunct to traditional medical treatment, would improve the skin condition of psoriasis. In addition it attempted to provide psoriasis patients with a sense of control over their illness by educating them about the connection between mind and body through learning stress management and relaxation techniques. The former purpose was addressed quantitatively, while the latter was addressed qualitatively. Using an experimental design, the quantitative study tested the efficacy of stress management and relaxation techniques on 38 dermatological patients from St. John's, Newfoundland. The study which lasted ten weeks, suggested a weak relationship between psoriasis and stress. These relationships were not statistically significant. The qualitative data were gathered through unstructured interviews and descriptive/interpretative analysis was used to evaluate them. Patients in the experimental group believed in the mind body connection as it related to their illness and stress. The findings also showed that the patients believed that the stress reduction and relaxation techniques improved their quality of life, their level of psoriasis, and their ability to live with the condition. Based on the contradictory nature of the findings, further research is needed. It is posited that replication of this study would be vastly improved by increasing the sample size to increase the possibility of significant findings. As wel~ increasing the length of time for the experiment would control for the possibility of a lag effect. Finally, the study looked at linear relationships between stress and psoriasis. Further study should ascertain whether the relationship might be nonlinear

The People's Republic of China and her relations with the countries of the association of Southeast Asian nations : 1969-1975

Phe Ihesis examines the evolution of the -policies of the People fs Jtenublie of China towards J?hail°nd, PTal ysia, Singapore, Iidonesia pad the Philip-pines, organised in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations from 1969 to 1975• 2ze first central point of this study is an *ir sumption that the foreign relations of The People's Tepublic of Chi la Towards Southeast ^sia have been motivated by a dynamic interplay of t^o main factors: (1) Farxist-Leninist ideology and ICao J^e-tung Ph^ught, which dictate to China to behave as a revolutionary Dover vhich must assist the insurgent movements in the area in their strug fle to overthrow the local governments; (2) national interest, vhich demands of China to safeguard the southern flank of her territory bordering on Southerst 'sia through Friendly relations, trade and ot*»er conventional inrtniments of diplomacy. hile the tvo main motive factors are nuTually antagonistic and exclusivet the Chinere leaders are nevertheless at te mi ting to oring them iirco a coherent policy under Mao's theory of tve {hniity of op-nosites," vhich believes that it is -possible to reconcile these co-posing tendencies into a dynamic enuibrium through vhich both opnosites could be promoted at the same time although not to the same extent* la other words, the Chinese leaders conceive the dynamic equilibrium as a continuum between them in a mix in which one or the other orientation predominates in different •periods* Bins we might see China1 s conduct motivated in one period by mostly ideological considerations at the expense of the staire-to-state relations, then ve might see her policy in the middle of the continuum and suf ering from immo bill sine and just muddling through, or finally ?fe might see her emphasising friendly ties at the expense of support of revolutionary movements at the other extreme -point of the spectrum* !fhe mechanism vhich enables Peking to move from one pole to the other of the spectrum is activated by the following elementsJ (1) the result of an internal power struggle within the leadership in Peking between ideologically radical and moderate elements, which enables the victorious faction to initiate nev policies; (2) Peking's assessment of the changing intentions and capabilities of the major powers in the area; (3) internal changes within the countries of the area and the changing attitudes of their governments towards China; (4) changing fortunes of revolutionary movements operating in the area* 'Phe second major point of this study is an assertion that while China's conduct toward Southeast *lsia after her foundation in 1949 was primarily based upon ideological considerations, the beginning of the seventies saw the national interest reasserting itself as the leading motive factor* Thus China talks with her neighbours in Southeast asia in terms of relevance of fllong historical ties," casting herself into the role of a benevolent "older brother11 who is entitled to reopect and deference in exchange for patronage and protection* Hence the traditional echoes of the past are emerging ever stronger and influencing her postures towards the region, while the open support to revolutionary moevments is underplayed at the moment.