Caracterização de programas de intervenção com crianças e/ou adolescentes

The objective was to present a descriptive analysis of interventions to prevent and/or reduce children's and/or adolescents' problem behaviors. The study reviewed 192 abstracts from journal articles published between the 1986 and June 2006, available on the following databases: Index-Psi/Periódicos, Lilacs, PsycInfo, Scielo and Medline. Categories of analysis focused on bibliography, method, and studies' results. Data-analysis showed that most of the studies focused on groups and families, and samples with more than 30 participants. Study designs were experimental and quasi-experimental, combining observation and self report or just self report for data collection. Result analysis suggests that the intervention programs contributed specially for reducing behavior problems, and improving parental practices. Discussion evaluates contributions of the study and gaps in knowledge.

Dental caries experience in children attending an infant oral health program

Aim: To investigate: a) caries experience in 5 year-old children and its relationship to the caries risk evaluation made before 1 year of age; b) compliance of parents to an infant oral health program as well as the abandonment reasons. Methods: Group A (GA) - 242 children (60-71 months old) who stayed in the program and had been enrolled since their first year of life underwent a clinical examination according to the WHO's criteria; their parents/caregivers were interviewed to ascertain their compliance to the program. Group B (GB) - parents of 60 children, who had dropped out of the program, were interviewed to check the reasons of withdrawing. The caries risk classification was based on the file at the first appointment. Chi-square test was used (α=0.05) for statistical analyses. Results: Most of the children were free of caries (71.1%). Caries risk evaluation showed low sensibility (34.3%, 95% CI = 22.4-46.1) and high specificity (74.4%, 95% CI = 67.6-81.2) to caries experience. Sixty-two mothers (25.6%) reported difficulty to follow the guidelines. The main reason for dropping out was changing to similar health services (40.0%). Conclusions: Caries risk in the first year of life was not efficient to predict dental caries experience at 5 years of age. Educational practice should be improved to increase the compliance of the parents to the program.

Mathematical decomposition technique applied to the probabilistic power flow problem

In this paper a framework based on the decomposition of the first-order optimality conditions is described and applied to solve the Probabilistic Power Flow (PPF) problem in a coordinated but decentralized way in the context of multi-area power systems. The purpose of the decomposition framework is to solve the problem through a process of solving smaller subproblems, associated with each area of the power system, iteratively. This strategy allows the probabilistic analysis of the variables of interest, in a particular area, without explicit knowledge of network data of the other interconnected areas, being only necessary to exchange border information related to the tie-lines between areas. An efficient method for probabilistic analysis, considering uncertainty in n system loads, is applied. The proposal is to use a particular case of the point estimate method, known as Two-Point Estimate Method (TPM), rather than the traditional approach based on Monte Carlo simulation. The main feature of the TPM is that it only requires resolve 2n power flows for to obtain the behavior of any random variable. An iterative coordination algorithm between areas is also presented. This algorithm solves the Multi-Area PPF problem in a decentralized way, ensures the independent operation of each area and integrates the decomposition framework and the TPM appropriately. The IEEE RTS-96 system is used in order to show the operation and effectiveness of the proposed approach and the Monte Carlo simulations are used to validation of the results. © 2011 IEEE.

On a control design to an AFM microcantilever beam, operating in a tapping-mode, with irregular behavior

In last decades, control of nonlinear dynamic systems became an important and interesting problem studied by many authors, what results the appearance of lots of works about this subject in the scientific literature. In this paper, an Atomic Force Microscope micro cantilever operating in tapping mode was modeled, and its behavior was studied using bifurcation diagrams, phase portraits, time history, Poincare maps and Lyapunov exponents. Chaos was detected in an interval of time; those phenomena undermine the achievement of accurate images by the sample surface. In the mathematical model, periodic and chaotic motion was obtained by changing parameters. To control the chaotic behavior of the system were implemented two control techniques. The SDRE control (State Dependent Riccati Equation) and Time-delayed feedback control. Simulation results show the feasibility of the bothmethods, for chaos control of an AFM system. Copyright © 2011 by ASME.

Error estimates for a neumann problem in highly oscillating thin domains

In this work we analyze the convergence of solutions of the Poisson equation with Neumann boundary conditions in a two-dimensional thin domain with highly oscillatory behavior. We consider the case where the height of the domain, amplitude and period of the oscillations are all of the same order, and given by a small parameter e > 0. Using an appropriate corrector approach, we show strong convergence and give error estimates when we replace the original solutions by the first-order expansion through the Multiple-Scale Method.

Cooperative RNA Polymerase Molecules Behavior on a Stochastic Sequence-Dependent Model for Transcription Elongation

The transcription process is crucial to life and the enzyme RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the major component of the transcription machinery. The development of single-molecule techniques, such as magnetic and optical tweezers, atomic-force microscopy and single-molecule fluorescence, increased our understanding of the transcription process and complements traditional biochemical studies. Based on these studies, theoretical models have been proposed to explain and predict the kinetics of the RNAP during the polymerization, highlighting the results achieved by models based on the thermodynamic stability of the transcription elongation complex. However, experiments showed that if more than one RNAP initiates from the same promoter, the transcription behavior slightly changes and new phenomenona are observed. We proposed and implemented a theoretical model that considers collisions between RNAPs and predicts their cooperative behavior during multi-round transcription generalizing the Bai et al. stochastic sequence-dependent model. In our approach, collisions between elongating enzymes modify their transcription rate values. We performed the simulations in Mathematica® and compared the results of the single and the multiple-molecule transcription with experimental results and other theoretical models. Our multi-round approach can recover several expected behaviors, showing that the transcription process for the studied sequences can be accelerated up to 48% when collisions are allowed: the dwell times on pause sites are reduced as well as the distance that the RNAPs backtracked from backtracking sites. © 2013 Costa et al.

On elimination of chaotic behavior in a non-ideal portal frame structural system, using both passive and active controls

In this paper, an application is considered of both active and passive controls, to suppression of chaotic behavior of a simple portal frame, under the excitation of an unbalanced DC motor, with limited power supply (non-ideal problem). The adopted active control strategy consists of two controls: the nonlinear (feedforward) in order to keep the controlled system in a desirable orbit, and the feedback control, which may be obtained by considering state-dependent Riccati equation control to bringing the system into the desired orbit using a magneto rheological (MR) damper. To control the electric current applied in control of the MR damper the Bouc-Wen mathematical model was used to the MR damper. The passive control was obtained by means of a nonlinear sub-structure with properties of nonlinear energy sink. Simulations showed the efficiency of both the passive control (energy pumping) and active control strategies in the suppression of the chaotic behavior. © The Author(s) 2012.

Effects of low doses of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the attention deficit/Hyperactivity disorder of children: A systematic review

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Qualidade de vida de crianças e adolescentes asmáticos: Sua relação com estratégias de enfrentamento materno

Objective: To evaluate the quality of life of asthmatic children and adolescents, its relation with sociodemographic and clinical variables, and maternal coping strategies. Methods: Cross-sectional study in which children and adolescents with asthma answered a quality of life questionnaire, and their mothers did the same with a coping scale. Results: Out of the 42 children and adolescents investigated, 74% were classified as having mild/severe persistent asthma; 19%, mild persistent asthma; and 7%, intermittent asthma. A total of 69% of the participants showed impaired quality of life with mean scores ranging between 4.7 and 3.5, with greater harm in the domain of symptoms (score=3.6). There was a significant association between maternal schooling and the general index of quality of life, whereas maternal coping strategies were not associated with the severity of asthma. A large number of strategies used by mothers to cope with their children's crises were related to the management of stressors or to religious practices, and the latter presented negative correlation with the children's quality of life general index, showing that mothers whose children had worse quality of life used more religious coping. Conclusions: Asthmatic children, particularly those with moderate/severe persistent asthma, showed significant alterations as to quality of life. The high percentage of mothers using religious strategies, particularly in face of more severe clinical conditions, seem to indicate that they feel powerless to act, thus requiring concrete and useful orientation to low income families.

Investigações sobre a adesão de bactérias a polímeros tratados a plasma

Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais - FC

Análise das práticas e das habilidades sociais educativas maternas na interação com os filhos adolescentes

Pós-graduação em Psicologia do Desenvolvimento e Aprendizagem - FC

A família e a questão da negligência: papéis atribuídos e relações estabelecidas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Adesão ao tratamento anti-retroviral por cuidadores de crianças e adolescentes soropositivos de uma Unidade de Saúde do Estado do Pará

O tema da adesão ao tratamento tem recebido muita atenção dentro da Psicologia da Saúde nos últimos anos. Estudos nessa área revelam que os pacientes que não aderem ao tratamento podem não se beneficiar dos ganhos trazidos pela intervenção terapêutica. A literatura sobre adesão ao tratamento anti-retroviral revela que é o cuidador que geralmente assume a responsabilidade pelo gerenciamento do tratamento de crianças e adolescentes soropositivos. O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi descrever o padrão de adesão ao tratamento de cuidadores de crianças e adolescentes soropositivos que vivem no Estado do Pará, identificando as variáveis que interferem na adesão. Buscou-se, ainda, revelar os tipos de estratégias de enfrentamento utilizadas para lidar com as condições adversas trazidas pela soropositividade. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo descritivo, de corte transversal, com 30 cuidadores, matriculados na Unidade de Referência Materno-Infantil e Adolescente do Estado do Pará (UREMIA), utilizando como instrumentos de coleta de dados, junto aos cuidadores, um roteiro de entrevista que investigava aspectos sociodemográficos, clínicos e psicossociais das crianças e adolescentes e a Escala Modos de Enfrentamento de Problemas (EMEP). Em relação à adesão pelos cuidadores, observou-se que algumas condições facilitaram o seguimento do tratamento. Essas condições estiveram relacionadas a variáveis de organização familiar (como o número de pessoas que moravam na residência), à história de interrupção do tratamento e ao auto-relato dos cuidadores sobre o padrão de desempenho a ser emitido mediante o sucesso (ou insucesso) da adesão. A influência dessas variáveis demonstrou a influência do controle do comportamento mediante regras, pois os cuidadores emitiram o desempenho classificado como adesão para evitar entrar em contato com as conseqüências aversivas do não seguimento do tratamento. Em relação às estratégias de enfrentamento, foi demonstrada maior média para o Fator 3, demonstrando a ênfase no uso de estratégias focalizadas em práticas religiosas e/ou pensamentos fantasiosos. Este trabalho propôs que os cuidadores da amostra lidaram com o problema da soropositividade de maneira a esquivar-se de pensar no problema do modo como ele realmente se constituiu diante dos mesmos, utilizando pensamentos religiosos ou mágicos para continuar lidando com a rotina diária de enfrentamento das questões que envolviam a condição de soropositividade da criança e/ou do adolescente. A partir dos dados encontrados, indica-se a realização de estudos que investiguem questões relacionadas ao papel exercido por contingências sociais sobre o comportamento dos cuidadores de crianças e adolescentes que vivem no Pará, bem como a investigação sobre aspectos relacionados à revelação do diagnóstico.

Orientação nutricional e alimentar dentro da escola: formação de conceitos e mudanças de comportamento

Pós-graduação em Alimentos e Nutrição - FCFAR

Avaliação do desenvolvimento de crianças em acolhimento institucional

O presente estudo aborda o desenvolvimento de crianças em instituição de acolhimento infantil (abrigo) a partir da utilização de escalas avaliativas. Destaca-se compreender o desenvolvimento, sob o enfoque de aspectos relacionados à comunicação, coordenação motora fina e grossa, resolução de problemas e comportamento pessoal-social. Participaram da pesquisa seis crianças com idades compreendidas entre 4 e 9 meses e as educadoras de referência dos dormitórios das crianças envolvidas no estudo. Para tanto, utilizou-se dados coletados da avaliação de crianças a partir da aplicação das escalas Ages and Stages Questionnaires third edition (ASQ- 3) e Bayley Scales of Infant Development second edition. As crianças selecionadas para o estudo também foram observadas através de um Roteiro de Observação Sistematizada, estruturado previamente com inspiração em três escalas de desenvolvimento para crianças de 1 a 12 meses. Dados referentes à história pregressa de todas as crianças envolvidas no estudo, também foram considerados e obtidos por meio de relatos informais da equipe da instituição de acolhimento e através de documentos (prontuários) junto à direção. A avaliação demonstrou que cinco das seis crianças avaliadas pela ASQ-3, tiveram seus resultados ratificados pelas escala Bayley II e destas, quatro estão em risco para o desenvolvimento e necessitariam de avaliação mais aprofundada nas áreas de coordenação motora ampla e resolução de problema. O estudo realizado, além de contribuir para a compreensão do desenvolvimento das crianças nessas instituições, principalmente, no sentido de prevenir os danos oriundos da ausência de atenção precoce, demonstra, ainda, que as educadoras presentes nesses locais podem ser capazes de avaliar alterações que possam surgir no curso do desenvolvimento das crianças sob sua responsabilidade, pois os resultados do instrumento de triagem utilizado pelas educadoras foram ratificados pela avaliação realizada por um profissional a partir da escala Bayley. Propõe-se que estudos futuros possam reconhecer a importância das educadoras neste processo.