Th1 cytokines in oral lichen planus

Background: Cell-mediated immune responses in oral lichen planus (OLP) may be regulated by cytokines and their receptors. Methods: In situ cytokine expression and in vitro cytokine secretion in OLP were determined by immunohistochemistry and ELISA. Resulults: The majority of subepithelial and intraepithelial mononuclear cells in OLP were CD8(+) . In some cases, intraepithelial CD8(+) cells were adjacent to degenerating keratinocytes. CD4(+) cells were observed mainly in the deep lamina propria with occasional CD4(+) cells close to basal keratinocytes. Mononuclear cells expressed IFN-gamma in the superficial lamina propria and TNF-alpha adjacent to basal keratinocytes. Basal keratinocytes expressed TNF-alpha as a continuous band. TNF R1 was expressed by mononuclear cells and basal and suprabasal keratinocytes. There was variable expression of TGF-beta1 in the subepithelial infiltrate while all intraepithelial mononuclear cells were TGF-beta1(-) . Keratinocytes in OLP stained weakly for TGF-beta1. Unstimulated OLP lesional T cells secreted IFN-gammain vitro . TNF-alpha stimulation down-regulated IFN-gamma secretion and up-regulated TNF-alpha secretion. IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-beta1 secretion were not detected. Conclusions: These data suggest the development of a T helper 1 immune response that may promote CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cell activity in OLP.

Perceived stress as a predictor of the self-reported new diagnosis of symptomatic CHD in older women

This article describes one aspect of a prospective cohort study of 10,432 women aged between 70 and 75 years. After a 3-year period, 503 women self-reported a new diagnosis by a doctor of angina or myocardial infarction (symptomatic coronary heart disease [CHD]). Time one psychosocial variables (Duke Social Support Index, time pressure, Perceived Stress Scale, Mental Health Index, having a partner, educational attainment, and location of residence) were analyzed using univariate binary logistic regression for their ability to predict subsequent symptomatic CHD. Of these variables, the Duke Social Support Index, Perceived Stress Scale and the Mental Health Index were found to be significant predictors of symptomatic CHID diagnosis. Only the Perceived Stress Scale, however, proved to be a significant independent predictor. After controlling for time one nonpsychosocial variables, as well as the frequency of family doctor visits, perceived stress remained a significant predictor of the new diagnosis of symptomatic CHD in this cohort of older women over a 3-year period.

Ozothamnus diosmifolius (Vent.) DC flower and leaf essential oils

Essential oils of rice flower, Ozothamnus diosmifolius, were analyzed by capillary gas chromatograplay-mass spectrometry. Flower oil contained beta-pinene (28.4%) and 1,8-cineole (28.2%), while the leaf oil contained a-pinene (26.0%), beta-pinene (11.6%) and 1,8-cineole (22.2%). Both oils had small amounts of spathulenol (4.1% and 5.2%, respectively).

The over-production of US sports and the new International Division of Cultural Labor

This article focuses on how US professional sports utilize the New International Division of Cultural Labor to supplement an overly costly local labor pool and over-supplied local market. We argue that while the classic problem of over-production is slowly eroding the sealed-off nature of US culture, the forces of its hyper-protectionist capitalism continue to characterize sports, precluding equal exchange.

Managing urinary incontinence across the lifespan

In the 1996 baseline surveys of the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health (ALSWH), 36.1% of mid-age women (45-50) and 35% of older women (70-75) reported leaking urine. This study aimed to investigate (a) the range of self-management strategies used to deal with urinary incontinence (UI); (b) the reasons why many women who report leaking urine do not seek help for UI; and (c) the types of health professionals consulted and treatment provided, and perceptions of satisfaction with these, among a sample of women in each age group who reported leaking urine often' at baseline. Five hundred participants were randomly selected from women in each of the mid-age and older cohorts of the ALSWH who had reported leaking urine often in a previous survey. Details about UI (frequency, severity, and situations), self-management behaviors and help-seeking for UI, types of health professional consulted, recommended treatment for the problem, and satisfaction with the service provided by health care professionals and the outcomes of recommended treatments were sought through a self-report mailed follow-up survey. Most respondents had leaked urine in the last month (94% and 91% of mid-age and older women, respectively), and 72.2% and 73. 1% of mid-aged and older women, respectively, had sought help or advice about their UI. In both age groups, the likelihood of having sought help significantly increased with severity of incontinence. The most common reasons for not seeking help were that the women felt they could manage the problem themselves or they did not consider it to be a problem.. Many women in both cohorts had employed avoidance techniques in an attempt to prevent leaking urine, including reducing their liquid consumption, going to the toilet just in case, and rushing to the toilet the minute they felt the need to. Strategies are needed to inform women who experience UI of more effective management techniques and the possible health risks associated with commonly used avoidance behaviors. There may be a need to better publicize existing incontinence services and improve access to these services for women of all ages.

A novel target-field method for magnetic resonance shim coils: III. Shielded zonal and tesseral coils

This paper continues the development of a new approach for the design of shim and gradient coils, used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications. A cylindrical primary coil of radius a and length 2L is placed inside a co-axial shield cylinder of radius b. An active shielding strategy is used to create a desired target field at an arbitrarily specified (cylindrical) location within the primary coil, and to annul the field at a certain radius outside the shield. The form of the interior target field may be chosen arbitrarily by the designer, although zonal and tesseral harmonics are typically used in MRI applications. The method presented here designs coil windings on both the primary and shielding cylinders, to produce fields that conform to the specified interior target field and the annulled field exterior to the shield. An additional feature of the method presented here is that the target field inside the primary coil is matched at two different radii, to improve overall accuracy. The method is illustrated by designing several shielded shim coils, for creating higher order tesseral fields located asymmetrically within the coil. The simpler case of pure zonal fields is discussed separately and applied to the design of some higher order shielded coils.

Environmental conditions and variation in levels of sun exposure among children in child care

Sun exposure in childhood is I of the risk factors for developing skin cancer, yet little is known about levels of exposure at this age. This is particularly important in countries with high levels of ultraviolet radiation. (UVR) such as Australia. Among 49 children 3 to 5 years of age attending child care centers, UVR exposure was studied under 4 conditions in a repeated measures design; sunny days, cloudy days, teacher's instruction to stay in the shade, and a health professionals instruction to apply sunscreen. Three different data collection methods were employed: (a) completion of questionnaire or diary by parents and researcher, (b) polysulphone dosimeter readings, and (c) observational audits (video recording). Results of this study indicated that more than half the children had been sunburnt (pink or red) and more than a third had experienced painful sunburn (sore or tender) in the last summer. Most wore short sleeve shirts, short skirts or shorts and cap, that do not provide optimal levels of skin protection. However, sunscreen was applied to all exposed parts before the children went out to the playground. Over the period of I hr (9-10 a.m.) the average amount of time children spent in full sun was 22 min. On sunny days there was more variation across children in the amount of sun exposure received. While the potential amount of UVR exposure for young children during the hour they were outside on a sunny day was 1.45 MED (Minimum Erythemal Dose), they received on average 0.35 MED, which is an insufficient amount to result in an erythemal response on fair skin even without the use of sunscreen.

A reduced load approximation accounting for link interactions in a loss network

This paper is concerned with evaluating the performance of loss networks. Accurate determination of loss network performance can assist in the design and dimen- sioning of telecommunications networks. However, exact determination can be difficult and generally cannot be done in reasonable time. For these reasons there is much interest in developing fast and accurate approximations. We develop a reduced load approximation that improves on the famous Erlang fixed point approximation (EFPA) in a variety of circumstances. We illustrate our results with reference to a range of networks for which the EFPA may be expected to perform badly.

Structural characterization of respiratory syncytial virus fusion inhibitor escape mutants: homology model of the F protein and a syncytium formation assay

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen and the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants. Infection of cells and subsequent formation of syncytia occur through membrane fusion mediated by the RSV fusion protein (RSV-F). A novel in vitro assay of recombinant RSV-F function has been devised and used to characterize a number of escape mutants for three known inhibitors of RSV-F that have been isolated. Homology modeling of the RSV-F structure has been carried out on the basis of a chimera derived from the crystal structures of the RSV-F core and a fragment from the orthologous fusion protein from Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The structure correlates well with the appearance of RSV-F in electron micrographs, and the residues identified as contributing to specific binding sites for several monoclonal antibodies are arranged in appropriate solvent-accessible clusters. The positions of the characterized resistance mutants in the model structure identify two promising regions for the design of fusion inhibitors. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.

Evaluation of an internet-based physical activity intervention: A preliminary investigation

The Internet has the potential for delivering innovative, interactive physical activity (PA) interventions to large numbers of people. This study was designed to test the efficacy. of ant Internet intervention that consisted of a Web site plus 12 weekly e-mail tip sheets, compared with a waiting list control group. The Internet intervention was theory based and emphasized clear, graphical presentation of PA information. Sixty-five (30 intervention and 35 control) sedentary adult employees of several large hospitals (9 men and 56 women) were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 study arms. Of the 65 participants, 57 completed the 1-month follow-up, and 52 completed the 3-month follow-up. At both 1 and 3 months, those in the intervention group were significantly more likely to have progressed, in stage of motivational readiness for PA than participants in the control group: 1 month, chi(2)(1, N = 52) = 4.05, p

Policies for decentralization and development of health education

How the policy of action and professional standards have influenced the development and decentralization of health education is discussed. It is concluded that a review of policies both of developing as well as of developed countries could help to put some observations into a perspective that is closer to the Brazilian reality.

A autodeterminação de jovens com necessidades educativas especiais

A Autodeterminação é considerada por alguns autores como um conjunto de atitudes que possibilitam que cada pessoa defina metas e seja capaz de, por iniciativa própria, alcançar os seus objectivos (Field & Hoffman, 1996; Poulsen, Rodger, & Ziviani, 2006; Wehmeyer, 1998, 2007; Wehmeyer & Metzler, 1995). No âmbito deste conceito é extremamente relevante identificar no indivíduo aspetos importantes, designadamente a autorrealização que permite alcançar todo o potencial, a assertividade para dizer de forma direta e clara quais as suas necessidades, a criatividade como apoio para ultrapassar os papéis estereotipados e expectativas, a crença para reconhecer as suas capacidades e contribuição para a sociedade e a autorrepresentação para garantir a viabilização dos serviços e concretização de todo o potencial (Field & Hoffman, 1996). Nesta lógica surge um outro conceito que também assume grande importância: o self-advocacy (autorrepresentação) (Santos & Morato, 2002). Brinckerhoff (1993) definiu a autorrepresentação como a habilidade para reconhecer e responder às necessidades específicas de uma dificuldade de aprendizagem, sem comprometer a dignidade de si mesmo e dos outros. Para Wehmeyer e Metzler (1995) a Autodeterminação num indivíduo, não é suscetível de ser diretamente avaliada, podendo apenas ser observada através das ações e comportamentos do próprio. Mediante a avaliação desses mesmos comportamentos podemos verificar se a pessoa desenvolveu competências para autodeterminar o seu projeto de vida. Estudos realizados com base na Autodeterminação da pessoa com deficiência mental (DM) (Houghton, Bronicki, & Guess, 1987; Kishi, Teelucksingh, Zollers, Park-Lee, & Meyer, 1988; Murtaugh & Zetlin, 1990), concluem que a população jovem adulta com DM não vivencia uma grande panóplia de experiências em que lhe seja proporcionada oportunidade de expressar preferências, fazer escolhas e tomar decisões (Wehmeyer & Metzler, 1995). Mesmo quando se vislumbra um novo paradigma face à DM em que se percebe a importância deste conceito (Autodeterminação) como fundamental para a realização pessoal desta população, nem sempre existe uma resposta coerente por parte da sociedade, pois uma grande parte mantêm-se obstinada e resistente, ignorando a idade cronológica dos indivíduos e focando-se na sua suposta idade mental, o que leva por vezes a interações enviesadas e inadequadas. Nesta lógica, é óbvio, que se é tratada como uma criança, irá de certeza assumir comportamentos como tal (Glat, 1999). Jovens com competências de Autodeterminação possuem maiores possibilidades de obter sucesso na transição para a vida adulta onde se inclui o emprego e a vida social (Agran & Wehmeyer, 2000). Constata-se que os jovens com DM podem enfrentar obstáculos que aparentemente lhes pareçam difíceis ou mesmo impossíveis de transpor, podendo apenas necessitar de apoio e intervenções específicas para os auxiliarem com as transições de papéis que experienciam. Estas transições de papéis são vividas de forma diferente de indivíduo para indivíduo e dependem do desenvolvimento de cada jovem, das suas capacidades e dificuldades e da existência de suporte familiar e ambiental (King, Baldwin, Currie, & Evans, 2005). Para que a transição de papéis possa ser vivida de forma harmoniosa e tendo em conta uma perspetiva de inclusão, a maioria das crianças e jovens com deficiência têm sido integradas no ensino regular e, nesse sentido, é de todo importante realçar a necessidade de apoio que permita uma participação efetiva dos mesmos no contexto escolar, orientando as suas atividades e integrando-as da forma mais completa possível (Loukas, 2007; Mu, Gabriel Franck, & Konz, 2007). A literatura aponta para um papel fundamental da Terapia Ocupacional no que diz respeito à escola inclusiva, cujo objetivo se foca em facilitar o envolvimento ativo dos jovens, tendo em conta que estes experimentam as mudanças inerentes à adolescência que associadas ao processo de transição resultam num percurso difícil, principalmente para jovens com deficiência (Loukas, 2007; Michaels & Orentlicher, 2004; J. Spencer, Emery, & Schneck, 2003). A Terapia Ocupacional assume um papel importante em todo o processo de envolvimento e na intervenção nas escolas, apoiando a transição e potenciando o desenvolvimento de competências de desempenho (físicas, cognitivas, emocionais e sociais), a adaptação de contextos e a participação efetiva da criança ou jovem nas atividades educativas e na vida na comunidade (Conaboy et al., 2008b; Mu et al., 2007; K. C. Spencer & O'Daniel, 2005). É relevante o desenvolvimento e manutenção de hábitos e rotinas adequadas de forma a alcançar o sucesso escolar e a aprendizagem de estratégias para a vida na comunidade, bem como conseguir que o indivíduo seja capaz de autodeterminar os seus projetos de vida para uma participação efetiva (Chambers et al., 2007; Conaboy et al., 2008a, 2008b; Poulsen et al., 2006). Realça-se que a Autodeterminação tem por base componentes como a autonomia comportamental, na qual o indivíduo vai-se desenvolvendo no sentido da autoproteção e auto-orientação; o Empowerment Psicológico, em que se parte para a ação convicto de que se é capaz de aplicar as competências que são exigidas para alcançar os resultados desejados; o autocontrolo e a autorrealização (Wehmeyer, 1998). Promover a Autodeterminação é, sem dúvida, um aspeto crucial dos projetos educativos dos alunos com DM (Agran & Wehmeyer, 2000; Black & Ornelles, 2001; Mancini & Coster, 2004; Wehmeyer, 1998; Wehmeyer & Schwartz, 1998), onde se enfatizam as competências e a preparação para o emprego e para uma vida o mais independente possível (Conaboy et al., 2008a, 2008b). Em Portugal, na legislação, vigora que as escolas que comportam o funcionamento do Ensino Especial devem contemplar os projetos educativos, visto que estes assumem importância tanto para os alunos integrados que deles beneficiam, como para toda a comunidade educativa. Deve-se documentar a avaliação dos alunos e as respostas educativas específicas para cada caso, promovendo a aprendizagem, a capacitação e a aquisição de competências para a inserção comunitária (por exemplo a nível laboral), tendo em conta o projeto de vida do aluno em questão (Chambers et al., 2007; Michaels & Orentlicher, 2004; Williams-Diehm & Lynch, 2007). O envolvimento da criança ou jovem e da sua família como membros da equipa em todo o processo de transição é um aspeto valioso (Wehmeyer, 1998; Wehmeyer & Schwartz, 1998).De forma a compreender a vantagem da Autodeterminação para o sucesso destes alunos, em contexto escolar e na vida adulta, é pertinente referir os Programas Individuais de Transição (PIT) (Fingles, Hinkle, & Van Horn, 2004). Estes surgem da necessidade de incluir as pessoas com deficiência, visando a máxima independência, o envolvimento a nível comunitário e a manutenção e criação de relações pessoais e sociais (Black & Ornelles, 2001; Fingles et al., 2004; Sitlington, 1996; Wehmeyer, Garner, Yeager, & Lawrence, 2006). Aos PIT está fortemente aliada a Autodeterminação para promover a participação dos jovens em todo o processo. Alguns estudos revelam que jovens mais autodeterminados colaboram continuamente nas reuniões de planeamento e fundamentam as questões que são do seu interesse (Sitlington, 1996). Neste momento, permanece ainda incerto até que ponto a inclusão escolar dos jovens com Necessidades Educativas Especiais (NEE) em Portugal se encontra a promover a sua Autodeterminação. De facto, são poucos os estudos que indicam até que ponto os PIT’s estão concebidos para o estabelecimento de uma Autodeterminação elevada nestes jovens. Foi nesse sentido que realizamos um estudo de desenho observacional descritivo, com os objetivos de analisar o nível de Autodeterminação de jovens que frequentam o 2º e 3º ciclos do ensino básico e secundário sinalizados como tendo NEE e de comparar os níveis de Autodeterminação entre um grupo de jovens com NEE e um grupo de jovens sem NEE.

As escolas como espaços de investigação e desenvolvimento : questões emergentes em duas escolas açorianas

II Workshop "Professores Investigadores", Angra do Heroísmo, 10 e 11 de Outubro de 2014.

Telling stories of culture through literature

Grounded on Raymond Williams‘s definition of knowable community as a cultural tool to analyse literary texts, the essay reads the texts D.H.Lawrence wrote while travelling in the Mediterranean (Twilight in Italy, Sea and Sardinia and Etruscan Places) as knowable communities, bringing to the discussion the wide importance of literature not only as an object for aesthetic or textual readings, but also as a signifying practice which tells stories of culture. Departing from some considerations regarding the historical development of the relationship between literature and culture, the essay analyses the ways D. H. Lawrence constructed maps of meaning, where the readers, in a dynamic relation with the texts, apprehend experiences, structures and feelings; putting into perspective Williams‘s theory of culture as a whole way of life, it also analyses the ways the author communicates and organizes these experiences, creating a space of communication and operating at different levels of reality: on the one hand, the reality of the whole way of Italian life, and, on the other hand, the reality of the reader who aspires to make sense and to create an interpretative context where all the information is put, and, also, the reality of the writer in the poetic act of writing. To read these travel writings as knowable communities is to understand them as a form that invents a community with no other existence but that of the literary text. The cultural construction we find in these texts is the result of the selection, and interpretation done by D.H.Lawrence, as well as the product of the author‘s enunciative positions, and of his epistemological and ontological filigrees of existence, structured by the conditions of possibility. In the rearticulation of the text, of the writer and of the reader, in a dynamic and shared process of discursive alliances, we understand that Lawrence tells stories of the Mediterranean through his literary art.