Evolution of the Southern Kenya Rift from Miocene to present with a focus on the Magadi area

The Kenya (a.k.a., Gregory) Rift is a geologically active area located within the eastern branch of the larger East African Rift System (EARS). The study area is located in the southern Kenya Rift between 1° South and the Kenya-Tanzania border (covering approximately 1.5 square degrees, semi-centered on Lake Magadi) and is predominantly filled with extrusive igneous rocks (mostly basalts, phonolites and trachytes) of Miocene age or younger. Sediments are thin, less than 1.5Ma, and are confined to small grabens. The EARS can serve both as an analogue for ancient continental rifting and as a modern laboratory to observe the geologic processes responsible for rifting. This study demonstrates that vintage (as in older, quality maps published by the Kenya Geological Survey, that may be outdated based on newer findings) quarter-degree maps can be successfully combined with recently published data, and used to interpret satellite (mainly Landsat 7) images to produce versatile, updated digital maps. The study area has been remapped using this procedure and although it covers a large area, the mapping retains a quadrangle level of detail. Additionally, all geologic mapping elements (formations, faults, etc.) have been correlated across older map boundaries so that geologic units don't end artificially at degree boundaries within the study area. These elements have also been saved as individual digital files to facilitate future analysis. A series of maps showing the evolution of the southern Kenya rift from the Miocene to the present was created by combining the updated geologic map with age dates for geologic formations and fault displacements. Over 200 age dates covering the entire length of the Kenya Rift have been compiled for this study, and 6 paleo-maps were constructed to demonstrate the evolution of the area, starting with the eruption of the Kishalduga and Lisudwa melanephelinites onto the metamorphic basement around 15Ma. These eruptions occurred before the initial rift faulting and were followed by a massive eruption of phonolites between 13-10 Ma that covered most of the Kenya dome. This was followed by a period of relative quiescence, until the initial faulting defined the western boundary of the rift around 7Ma. The resulting graben was asymmetrical until corresponding faults to the east developed around 3Ma. The rift valley was flooded by basalts and trachytes between 3Ma and 700ka, after which the volcanic activity slowed to a near halt. Since 700ka most of the deposition has been comprised of sediments, mainly from lakes occupying the various basins in the area. The main results of this study are, in addition to a detailed interpretation of the rift development, a new geologic map that correlates dozens of formations across old map boundaries and a compilation of over 300 age dates. Specific products include paleomaps, tables of fault timing and displacement, and volume estimates of volcanic formations. The study concludes with a generalization of the present environment at Magadi including discussions of lagoon chemistry, mantle gases in relation to the trona deposit, and biology of the hot springs. Several biologic samples were collected during the 2006 field season in an attempt to characterize the organisms that are commonly seen in the present Lake Magadi environment. Samples were selected to represent the different, distinctive forms that are found in the hotsprings. Each sample had it own distinctive growth habit, and analysis showed that each was formed by a different cyanobacterial. Actual algae was rare in the collected samples, and represented by a few scattered diatoms.

A comparison of pixel and object-based land cover classification. A case study of the Asmara region, Eritrea

In this paper we compare the performance of two image classification paradigms (object- and pixel-based) for creating a land cover map of Asmara, the capital of Eritrea and its surrounding areas using a Landsat ETM+ imagery acquired in January 2000. The image classification methods used were maximum likelihood for the pixel-based approach and Bhattacharyya distance for the object-oriented approach available in, respectively, ArcGIS and SPRING software packages. Advantages and limitations of both approaches are presented and discussed. Classifications outputs were assessed using overall accuracy and Kappa indices. Pixel- and object-based classification methods result in an overall accuracy of 78% and 85%, respectively. The Kappa coefficient for pixel- and object-based approaches was 0.74 and 0.82, respectively. Although pixel-based approach is the most commonly used method, assessment and visual interpretation of the results clearly reveal that the object-oriented approach has advantages for this specific case-study.

A systematized workflow for assessing land resources using readily available spatial datasets

Land degradation as well as land conservation maps at a (sub-) national scale are critical for pro-ject planning for sustainable land management. It has long been recognized that online accessible and low-cost raster data sets (e.g. Landsat imagery, SRTM-DEM’s) provide a readily available basis for land resource assessments for developing countries. However, choice of spatial, tempo-ral and spectral resolution of such data is often limited. Furthermore, while local expert knowl-edge on land degradation processes is abundant, difficulties are often encountered when linking existing knowledge with modern approaches including GIS and RS. The aim of this study was to develop an easily applicable, standardized workflow for preliminary spatial assessments of land degradation and conservation, which also allows the integration of existing expert knowledge. The core of the developed method consists of a workflow for rule-based land resource assess-ment. In a systematic way, this workflow leads from predefined land degradation and conserva-tion classes to field indicators, to suitable spatial proxy data, and finally to a set of rules for clas-sification of spatial datasets. Pre-conditions are used to narrow the area of interest. Decision tree models are used for integrating the different rules. It can be concluded that the workflow presented assists experts from different disciplines in col-laboration GIS/RS specialists in establishing a preliminary model for assessing land degradation and conservation in a spatially explicit manner. The workflow provides support when linking field indicators and spatial datasets, and when determining field indicators for groundtruthing.

Central Darfur

The present map sheet is one of two overview maps of the Darfur Map Series Release II (1:500'000). Map features, composed of six field maps 1:250'000, were slightly generalised and referenced to Landsat ETM+ data. The maps and the geodatabase were preparded by the Centre for Development and Environment (CDE) of the University of Berne with funding from the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. The map is being released as a technical contribution to support the humanitarian, peace-keeping and reconstruction efforts in Darfur, Western Sudan.

Mangrove cover in the Red Sea (1972-2013)

Across the Earth, mangroves play an important role in coastal protection, both as nurseries and carbon sinks. However, due to various human and environmental impacts, the coverage of mangroves is declining on a global scale. The Red Sea is in the northern-most area of the distribution range of mangroves. Little is known about the surface covered by mangroves at this northern limit or about the changes experienced by Red Sea mangroves. We sought to study changes in the coverage of Red Sea mangroves by using multi-temporal Landsat data (1972, 2000 and 2013). Interestingly, our results show that there has been no decline in mangrove stands in the Red Sea but rather a slight increase. The area covered by mangroves is about 69 km**2 along the African shore and 51 km**2 along the Arabian Peninsula shore. From 1972 to 2013, the area covered by mangroves increased by about 0.29%/y. We conclude that the trend exhibited by Red Sea mangroves departs from the general global decline of mangroves. Along the Red Sea, mangroves expanded by 12% over the 41 years from 1972 to 2013. Losses to Red Sea mangroves, mostly due to coastal development, have been compensated by afforestation projects.

Relación precipitación-escorrentía y número de curva bajo diferentes condiciones de uso del suelo: : cuenca modal del sistema serrano de La Ventana, Argentina

La metodología del número de la curva (NC) es la más empleada para transformar la precipitación total en precipitación efectiva. De esta manera se constituye en una herramienta de gran valor para realizar estudios hidrológicos en cuencas hidrográficas, fundamentalmente cuando hay una deficiencia de registros extensos y confiables. Esta metodología requiere del conocimiento del tipo y uso de suelo de la cuenca en estudio y registros pluviográficos. En el presente trabajo se aplicó el procesamiento de imágenes LANDSAT para la zonificación de la vegetación y uso del suelo en la cuenca del Arroyo Pillahuinco Grande (38° LS y 61° 15' LW), ubicada sobre el sistema serrano de La Ventana, en el sudoeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. El análisis de su interrelación generó los valores de NC y coeficiente de escorrentía (CE). El procesamiento digital de la base de datos raster georreferenciada se realizó con aplicación de herramientas de sistema de información geográfica (Idrisi Kilimanjaro). El análisis de regresión múltiple efectuado a las variables generó un R2 que explica el 89,77 % de la variabilidad de CE (a < 0,01). Los resultados se exponen a nivel diagnóstico y zonificación del NC, donde la mayor influencia de la escorrentía se relaciona con las variables cobertura vegetal y uso del suelo.

Propuesta metodológica para la evaluación de tierras periféricas al oasis irrigado de Lavalle, Mendoza (Argentina)

La factibilidad de obtener productos agrícolas de calidad, irrigados con agua salina, hace necesario evaluar áreas periféricas al oasis irrigado para determinar su aptitud para el cultivo. El objetivo es articular diversas metodologías para cartografiar y evaluar unidades ecológicamente homogéneas en tierras marginales de Mendoza utilizando las comunidades vegetales como indicador. Se relevó un área piloto mediante procesamiento de imagen LANDSAT/TM y se analizó la vegetación, suelo y freática. Las unidades evaluadas y sus respectivos rangos de salinidad, en dS m-1, hasta 50 cm fueron: estepa de Heterostachys ritteriana, 91-83; matorral de Allenrolfea vaginata con H. ritteriana, 83-48; matorral abierto de A.vaginata con Prosopis strombulifera, 62-55; estepa abierta de Suaeda divaricata con Atriplex argentina, 52-83; matorral de S. divaricata con Lycium tenuispinosum, 40-43; bosquecillo abierto de Prosopis flexuosa, 37-26; matorral denso de Prosopis alpataco, 7-6. La concentración de sales solubles sobrepasa los niveles críticos tolerados por las plantas cultivadas. No se detectaron niveles freáticos en los primeros 15 m de profundidad. Se considera que los suelos tienen buen drenaje interno, por lo que pueden ser recuperados sin inversiones elevadas. Este enfoque metodológico mostró una buena correspondencia entre las comunidades vegetales, su expresión espectral y las condiciones de salinidad y drenaje del suelo.

El CIFOT como apoyo a la tarea empresarial : the CIFOT as support to the business task

Empresas como HEXA S.A. desean introducir SIG como elemento para incrementar el valor agregado de los proyectos de consultoría que realizan. Tal es el caso del trabajo encomendado por ellos al CIFOT titulado Esquema hidromorfológico de la cuenca del río Tunuyán Superior y clasificación de Usos del Suelo del Oasis Centro Oeste; Provincia de Mendoza. Se unifica en un único modelo digital una serie de cartas topográficas (IGM) digitalizan diversos niveles de información (curvas de nivel, hidrografía de la cuenca del río Tunuyán), red de caminos y su jerarquía. A partir de la base de datos lograda, se generan mapas temáticos de cada cuenca, apoyados con imágenes satelitales Landsat TM, que permiten identificar cobertura nivo- glacial y usos del suelo en el Oasis. Con esta información la empresa obtiene un modelo de simulación del Río Tunuyán para predecir el caudal que conduciría el río ante determinadas nevadas, por ejemplo. Se propone además un modelo de SIG para el monitoreo de la zona.

Modelo de organización de la información territorial : observatorio ambiental

La gestión del territorio no cuenta hasta el presente con una respuesta clara en cuanto a acciones a desarrollar para una concreta toma de decisiones. Para ello es necesario contar con información precisa y oportuna. Aquí los SIG se presentan como verdaderos sistemas de gestión en los que interactúan los componentes tecnológicos, organizacionales, metodológicos y estadísticos, que permiten elaborar planes de ordenamiento territorial y de manejo ambiental, monitorear la biodiversidad y construir indicadores ambientales. Su organización se basa en subsistemas tales como: • modelo de organización de la información espacial (que sustenta la plataforma SIG y de la Teledetección ), el que genera una base de datos relacional asociada a información contenida en el observatorio, representa cartográficamente los inicadores ambientales y el monitoreo de los mismos; • la metadata que incorpora las fuentes y datos vinculados a la documentación de datos geoespaciales digitales estandarizados y, por ultimo, • el modelo de monitoreo de la biodiversidad que conlleva a una serie de procesos tendientes especializar y analizar la dinámica presente en la cobertura vegetal a partir de imágenes del programa Landsat. El modelo involucra una integración de procesos apoyados en métodos científicos de teledetección y Sistemas de Información geográfica, permitiendo así el monitoreo para el diagnostico de estado actual de la cobertura marítima y terrestre, el análisis multitemporal, la espacialización y la transferencia de resultados. Un resultado directo de esta metodología es la detección de alertas tempranas.

Estructura forestal y estado de conservación de los bosques de Prosopis chilensis y Prosopis flexuosa (algarrobales) de la Depresión del Río Bermejo, noreste de San Juan

El ordenamiento forestal de los bosques del país es esencial para el manejo sostenible de los mismos. Para que esto sea posible, es necesario inventariar y conocer las características de los bosques nativos. En zonas áridas, donde las tasas de regeneración de los bosques son lentas, es necesario conocer la estructura forestal, estado sanitario, estado de conservación, etc. a la hora de proponer pautas de manejo. Bajo este marco se están llevando a cabo importantes estudios sobre los algarrobales del Monte, con resultados significativos para su conservación y ordenamiento. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo principal conocer la estructura y estado de conservación de los algarrobales de Prosopis chilensis y Prosopis flexuosa de la depresión del Río Bermejo, en el departamento de Jáchal (San Juan), aportando información de base para la conservación y manejo de estos bosques. Se efectuó un inventario que tuvo en cuenta parámetros dasonómicos, el estado de conservación y la forma de los árboles. Además, se generó un mapa de bosques, a través del procesamiento y clasificación de una imagen LANDSAT TM 5 (14/03/2005). A partir del mapeo, se obtuvieron cuatro tipos de bosques. Se realizó un Análisis de Componentes Principales, para verificar la separación entre sitios pertenecientes a los diferentes tipos de bosques y justificar dicha clasificación. Se describieron dos algarrobales de Prosopis chilensis (La Ciénaga y Cauces) y dos algarrobales de P. flexuosa (Huaco y Monte Grande). Los bosques de P. chilensis, presentaron mayor diversidad de especies que los de P. flexuosa y se encontraron sobre los cauces de ríos temporales. El Bosque La Ciénaga (93,1 árboles ha-1) presentó mayor densidad que el Bosque Cauces (30,6 árboles ha-1), y mayor cantidad de renovales (clase de regeneración). La densidad del total del Bosque Huaco fue considerablemente mayor (420,1 árboles ha-1) que el Bosque Monte Grande (82,5 árboles ha-1). Estos dos, presentaron diferencias en densidad de renovales, porcentaje de cobertura de Prosopis, y demás parámetros analizados, siendo el Bosque Huaco un bosque con buen estado sanitario, buena regeneración y mayor porcentaje de cobertura, a diferencia del Bosque Monte Grande, un bosque con un estado sanitario pobre, muy baja regeneración y alto grado de disturbio. Los datos analizados en este estudio sugieren que debido a la estructura forestal de los bosques, no es posible la extracción de productos forestales de alto valor económico. En todos los bosques se encontraron signos de uso por parte de los pobladores locales, siendo el Bosque Monte Grande el de mayor presión de uso. Conocer la estructura forestal y demás variables es indispensable a la hora de proponer pautas de manejo. En base a los resultados obtenidos, se revisaron las categorías de conservación del inventario de Bosques Nativos de San Juan. Se propone recategorizar los Bosques La Ciénaga y Huaco.

Updated bathymetric chart of the East Aral Sea

The Aral Sea is located in an arid region with much sand and salt deposits in the surrounding barren open land. Hence, significant displacements of sediments into the lakebed by the action of wind, water, gravity, or snow are likely. The bathymetry of the lake was last observed in the 1960s, and within the last half century, the structure of the lakebed has changed. Based on satellite observations of the temporal changes of shoreline (Landsat optical remote sensing) and water level (multi-mission satellite altimetry) over more than one decade an updated bathymetric chart for the East Basin of the Aral Sea has been generated. During this time, the geometry of the shallow East Basin experienced strong fluctuations due to the occurrence of periods of drying and strong inflow. By the year 2014 the East Basin fell dry. The dynamic behavior of the basin allowed for estimating the lake's bathymetry from a series of satellite-based information. The river mouth made its impression in the present East Aral Sea, because its shrinking led to the inflow of much sediment into the lake's interior. In addition, salt deposits along the shorelines increased the corresponding elevation, a phenomenon that is more pronounced in the reduced lakebed because of increased salinity. It must be noted that height estimates from satellite altimetry were only possible down to a minimum elevation of 27 m above sea level due to a lack of reliable altimetry data over the largely reduced water surface. In order to construct a complete bathymetric chart of the lakebed of the East Aral Sea heights below 27 m were obtained solely from Landsat optical images following the SRB (Selected Region Boundary) approach as described by Singh et al. (2015).

Seagrass time-series analysis products, in Moreton Bay, Australia, with links to GeoTIFFs

The spatial and temporal dynamics of seagrasses have been well studied at the leaf to patch scales, however, the link to large spatial extent landscape and population dynamics is still unresolved in seagrass ecology. Traditional remote sensing approaches have lacked the temporal resolution and consistency to appropriately address this issue. This study uses two high temporal resolution time-series of thematic seagrass cover maps to examine the spatial and temporal dynamics of seagrass at both an inter- and intra-annual time scales, one of the first globally to do so at this scale. Previous work by the authors developed an object-based approach to map seagrass cover level distribution from a long term archive of Landsat TM and ETM+ images on the Eastern Banks (~200 km**2), Moreton Bay, Australia. In this work a range of trend and time-series analysis methods are demonstrated for a time-series of 23 annual maps from 1988 to 2010 and a time-series of 16 monthly maps during 2008-2010. Significant new insight was presented regarding the inter- and intra-annual dynamics of seagrass persistence over time, seagrass cover level variability, seagrass cover level trajectory, and change in area of seagrass and cover levels over time. Overall we found that there was no significant decline in total seagrass area on the Eastern Banks, but there was a significant decline in seagrass cover level condition. A case study of two smaller communities within the Eastern Banks that experienced a decline in both overall seagrass area and condition are examined in detail, highlighting possible differences in environmental and process drivers. We demonstrate how trend and time-series analysis enabled seagrass distribution to be appropriately assessed in context of its spatial and temporal history and provides the ability to not only quantify change, but also describe the type of change. We also demonstrate the potential use of time-series analysis products to investigate seagrass growth and decline as well as the processes that drive it. This study demonstrates clear benefits over traditional seagrass mapping and monitoring approaches, and provides a proof of concept for the use of trend and time-series analysis of remotely sensed seagrass products to benefit current endeavours in seagrass ecology.

Mapped distribution of tidal flats across China, Manchuria and Korea (1952-1964)

A map of the tidal flats of China, Manchuria and Korea depicted in US Army Map Service Series L500, L542 and L552 topographic maps (compiled between 1950 and 1964). The topographic maps were georeferenced against prominent topographical features in L1T processed Landsat imagery and the foreshore flat class was manually delineated. For further information refer to Murray et. al. (2014).

Improved digital elevation model (DEM) for Lake Eyre, Australia

Here we demonstrate the applicability of using altimetry data and Landsat imagery to provide the most accurate digital elevation model (DEM) of Australia's largest playa lake - Lake Eyre. We demonstrate through the use of geospatial techniques a robust assessment of lake area and volume of recent lake-filling episodes whilst also providing the most accurate estimates of area and volume for larger lake filling episodes that occurred throughout the last glacial cycle. We highlight that at a depth of 25 m Lake Mega-Eyre would merge with the adjacent Lake Mega-Frome to form an immense waterbody with a combined area of almost 35,000 km**2 and a combined volume of ~520 km**3. This would represent a vast water body in what is now the arid interior of the Australian continent. The improved DEM is more reliable from a geomorphological and hydrological perspective and allows a more accurate assessment of water balance under the modern hydrological regime. The results presented using GLAS/ICESat data suggest that earlier historical soundings were correct and the actual lowest topographic point in Australia is -15.6 m below sea level. The results also contrast nicely the different basin characteristics of two adjacent lake systems; Lake Eyre and Lake Frome.

Time-series of seagrass and land cover maps from 1972 to 2010, in South East Queensland, Australia, with links to GeoTIFFs

Long term global archives of high-moderate spatial resolution, multi-spectral satellite imagery are now readily accessible, but are not being fully utilised by management agencies due to the lack of appropriate methods to consistently produce accurate and timely management ready information. This work developed an object-based remote sensing approach to map land cover and seagrass distribution in an Australian coastal environment for a 38 year Landsat image time-series archive (1972-2010). Landsat Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS), Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) imagery were used without in situ field data input (but still using field knowledge) to produce land and seagrass cover maps every year data were available, resulting in over 60 map products over the 38 year archive. Land cover was mapped annually using vegetation, bare ground, urban and agricultural classes. Seagrass distribution was also mapped annually, and in some years monthly, via horizontal projected foliage cover classes, sand and deep water. Land cover products were validated using aerial photography and seagrass maps were validated with field survey data, producing several measures of accuracy. An average overall accuracy of 65% and 80% was reported for seagrass and land cover products respectively, which is consistent with other studies in the area. This study is the first to show moderate spatial resolution, long term annual changes in land cover and seagrass in an Australian environment, created without the use of in situ data; and only one of a few similar studies globally. The land cover products identify several long term trends; such as significant increases in South East Queensland's urban density and extent, vegetation clearing in rural and rural-residential areas, and inter-annual variation in dry vegetation types in western South East Queensland. The seagrass cover products show that there has been a minimal overall change in seagrass extent, but that seagrass cover level distribution is extremely dynamic; evidenced by large scale migrations of higher seagrass cover levels and several sudden and significant changes in cover level. These mapping products will allow management agencies to build a baseline assessment of their resources, understand past changes and help inform implementation and planning of management policy to address potential future changes.