Can moral potency and psychological risk close the gap between ethical beliefs and unacceptable consumer behavior?

Depending on how they perceive risk, consumers may not always act according to their ethical beliefs, exposing a gap between beliefs and behavior. We investigate the effect of moral potency on perceived psychological risk of committing an unacceptable behavior. The results suggest that perceived risk is triggered by moral ownership.

The entitled tourist: The influence of psychological entitlement and cultural distance on tourist judgments in a hotel context

This research examines how a tourist’s degree of psychological entitlement (sense of deservingness) influences their responses to hotels that differ in cultural distance. Using a visit to China by Western tourists as a context, an experiment shows that entitled tourists respond more negatively to high cultural distance hotel environments compared with low cultural distance environments. Results are mediated by tourist irritation. Research contributions include demonstrating how entitlement moderates cultural distance effects, revealing tourist irritation as a mechanism that explains these effects, and showing how psychological entitlement influences how tourists react to hotel environments when visiting a foreign destination.

Boosting morale and improving performance in the nursing setting

AIM AND BACKGROUND: While the importance of morale is well researched in the nursing literature, strategies and interventions are not so prolific. The complexities of interpersonal relationships within the clinical domain, and the critical issues faced by nurses on a daily basis, indicate that morale, job satisfaction and motivation are essential components in improving workplace efficiency, output and communication amongst staff. Drawing on educational, organizational and psychological literature, this paper argues that the ability to inspire morale in staff is a fundamental indicator of sound leadership and managerial characteristics. EVALUATION AND KEY ISSUES: Four practical concepts that could be implemented in the clinical setting are proposed. These include: role preparation for managers, understanding internal and external motivation, fostering internal motivation in nursing staff, and the importance of attitude when investing in relationships.

Disarming identities : Ethnic identities in conflict resolution: Hindrance or helpful resource?

This thesis proposes that national or ethnic identity is an important and overlooked resource in conflict resolution. Usually ethnic identity is seen both in international relations and in social psychology as something that fuels the conflict. Using grounded theory to analyze data from interactive problem-solving workshops between Palestinians and Israelis a theory about the role of national identity in turning conflict into protracted conflict is developed. Drawing upon research from, among others, social identity theory, just world theory and prejudice it is argued that national identity is a prime candidate to provide the justification of a conflict party’s goals and the dehumanization of the other necessary to make a conflict protracted. It is not the nature of national identity itself that lets it perform this role but rather the ability to mobilize a constituency for social action (see Stürmer, Simon, Loewy, & Jörger, 2003). Reicher & Hopkins (1996) have demonstrated that national identity is constructed by political entrepreneurs to further their cause, even if this construction is not a conscious one. Data from interactive problem-solving workshops suggest that the possibility of conflict resolution is actually seen by participants as a direct threat of annihilation. Understanding the investment necessary to make conflict protracted this reaction seems plausible. The justification for ones actions provided by national identity makes the conflict an integral part of a conflict party’s identity. Conflict resolution, it is argued, is therefore a threat to the very core of the current national identity. This may explain why so many peace agreements have failed to provide the hoped for resolution of conflict. But if national identity is being used in a constructionist way to attain political goals, a political project of conflict resolution, if it is conscious of the constructionist process, needs to develop a national identity that is independent of conflict and therefore able to accommodate conflict resolution. From this understanding it becomes clear why national identity needs to change, i.e. be disarmed, if conflict resolution is to be successful. This process of disarmament is theorized to be similar to the process of creating and sustaining protracted conflict. What shape and function this change should have is explored from the understanding of the role of national identity in supporting conflict. Ideas how track-two diplomacy efforts, such as the interactive problem-solving workshop, could integrate a process by both conflict parties to disarm their respective identities are developed.

Control aspects in proportionality Markov manpower systems

In this paper, the control aspects of a hierarchical organization under the influence of "proportionality" policies are analyzed. Proportionality policies are those that restrict the recruitment to every level of the hierarchy (except the bottom most level or base level) to be in strict proportion to the promotions into that level. Both long term and short term control analysis have been discussed. In long term control the specific roles of the parameters of the system with regard to control of the shape and size of the system have been analyzed and yield suitable control strategies. In short term control, the attainability of a target or goal structure within a specific time from a given initial structure has been analyzed and yields the required recruitment strategies. The theoretical analyses have been illustrated with computational examples and also with real world data. The control of such proportionality systems is then compared with that of the general systems (which do not follow such policies) with some significant conclusions. The control relations of such proportionality systems are found to be simpler and more practically feasible than those of general Markov systems, which do not have such restrictions. Such proportionality systems thus not only retain and match the flexibility of general Markov systems but also have the added advantage of simpler and more practically feasible controls. The proportionality policies hence act as an alternative and more practicably feasible means of control. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Very Low Birth Weight Infants as Young Adults : Focus on aspects of cognition, behavior and sleep

Major advances in the treatment of preterm infants have occurred during the last three decades. Survival rates have increased, and the first generations of preterm infants born at very low birth weight (VLBW; less than 1500 g) who profited from modern neonatal intensive care are now in young adulthood. The literature shows that VLBW children achieve on average lower scores on cognitive tests, even after exclusion of individuals with obvious neurosensory deficits. Evidence also exists for an increased risk in VLBW children for various neuropsychiatric disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and related behavioral symptoms. Up till now, studies extending into adulthood are sparse, and it remains to be seen whether these problems persist into adulthood. The aim of this thesis was to study ADHD-related symptoms and cognitive and executive functioning in young adults born at VLBW. In addition, we aimed to study sleep disturbances, known to adversely affect both cognition and attention. We hypothesized that preterm birth at VLBW interferes with early brain development in a way that alters the neuropsychological phenotype; this may manifest itself as ADHD symptoms and impaired cognitive abilities in young adulthood. In this cohort study from a geographically defined region, we studied 166 VLBW adults and 172 term-born controls born from 1978 through 1985. At ages 18 to 27 years, the study participants took part in a clinic study during which their physical and psychological health was assessed in detail. Three years later, 213 of these individuals participated in a follow-up. The current study is part of a larger research project (The Helsinki Study of Very Low Birth Weight Adults), and the measurements of interest for this particular study include the following: 1) The Adult Problem Questionnaire (APQ), a self-rating scale of ADHD-related symptoms in adults; 2) A computerized cognitive test battery designed for population studies (CogState®) which measures core cognitive abilities such as reaction time, working memory, and visual learning; 3) Sleep assessment by actigraphy, the Basic Nordic Sleep Questionnaire, and the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. Actigraphs are wrist-worn accelerometers that separate sleep from wakefulness by registering body movements. Contrary to expectations, VLBW adults as a group reported no more ADHD-related behavioral symptoms than did controls. Further subdivision of the VLBW group into SGA (small for gestational age) and AGA (appropriate for gestational age) subgroups, however, revealed more symptoms on ADHD subscales pertaining to executive dysfunction and emotional instability among those born SGA. Thus, it seems that intrauterine growth retardation (for which SGA served as a proxy) is a more essential predictor for self-perceived ADHD symptoms in adulthood than is VLBW birth as such. In line with observations from other cohorts, the VLBW adults reported less risk-taking behavior in terms of substance use (alcohol, smoking, and recreational drugs), a finding reassuring for the VLBW individuals and their families. On the cognitive test, VLBW adults free from neurosensory deficits had longer reaction times than did term-born peers on all tasks included in the test battery, and lower accuracy on the learning task, with no discernible effect of SGA status over and above the effect of VLBW. Altogether, on a group level, even high-functioning VLBW adults show subtle deficits in psychomotor processing speed, visual working memory, and learning abilities. The sleep studies provided no evidence for differences in sleep quality or duration between the two groups. The VLBW adults were, however, at more than two-fold higher risk for sleep-disordered breathing (in terms of chronic snoring). Given the link between sleep-disordered breathing and health sequelae, these results suggest that VLBW individuals may benefit from an increased awareness among clinicians of this potential problem area. An unexpected finding from the sleep studies was the suggestion of an advanced sleep phase: The VLBW adults went to bed earlier according to the actigraphy registrations and also reported earlier wake-up times on the questionnaire. In further study of this issue in conjunction with the follow-up three years later, the VLBW group reported higher levels of morningness propensity, further corroborating the preliminary findings of an advanced sleep phase. Although the clinical implications are not entirely clear, the issue may be worth further study, since circadian rhythms are closely related to health and well-being. In sum, we believe that increased understanding of long-term outcomes after VLBW, and identification of areas and subgroups that are particularly vulnerable, will allow earlier recognition of potential problems and ultimately lead to improved prevention strategies.

Nature-based entrepreneurship in private forests – The preconditions for the sustainable co-operation between private forest owners and entrepreneurs

Nature-based tourism is one of the fastest growing tourism sectors at the moment. It is also the form of tourism that often benefits the economy of rural areas. In addition to state owned forests, nature-based tourism is in many countries situated in private forests, which are not owned by entrepreneurs themselves. Therefore, the ownership issues and property rights form central challenges for the business activities. The maintenance of good relationships between private forest owners and entrepreneurs, as well as combining their interests, becomes vital. These relationships are typically exceptionally asymmetrical, granting the forest owner unilateral rights regulating the business activities in their forests. Despite this, the co-operation is typically very informal and the existing economic compensation models do not necessarily cover all the forest owners’ costs. The ownership issues bring their own characteristics to the relationship. Therefore, we argue that different aspects of ownership, especially psychological ones, have to be more critically examined and taken into consideration in order to build truly successful relations between these parties. This is crucial for sustaining the business activities. The core of psychological ownership is the sense of possession. Psychological ownership can be defined as a state, in which individuals perceive the target of ownership, the object or idea, as “theirs”. The concept of psychological ownership has so far been mainly used in the context of professional organizations. In this research, it has been used to explain the relationships between private forest owners and nature-based entrepreneurs. The aim of this study is to provide new information concerning the effect of psychological ownership on the collaboration and to highlight the good practices. To address the complexity of the phenomenon, qualitative case study methods were adopted to understand the role of ownership at the level of subjective experience. The empirical data was based on 27 in-depth interviews with private forest owners and nature-based tourism entrepreneurs. The data was analysed by using the methods of qualitative analysis to construct different typologies to describe the essence of successful collaboration. As a result of the study, the special characteristics and the practical level expressions of the psychological ownership in the privately owned forest context were analysed. Four different strategies to perceive these ownership characteristics in co-operation relationships were found. By taking the psychological ownership into consideration via these strategies, the nature-based entrepreneurs aim to balance the co-operation relationship and minimise the risks in long term activities based on privately owned forests.

Mihin ryhmään itse haluat kuulua? : Kahdessa yläkoulun terveystiedon oppikirjassa rakentuvien terveysdiskurssien ja subjektipositioiden diskurssianalyyttistä tarkastelua

In the study, two upper elementary school health education textbooks were investigated. The purpose of the study was to examine the health discourses and subject- and reader positions constructed in text. Theoretically, the study is based on poststructuralist thought and critical sociology of health promotion. Methodologically, it draws mainly on critical lingvistics and new rhetorics. Textbooks were understood as informative, argumentative and persuasive texts in which different lexical and grammatical methods to secure the readers´ responsiveness were utilized. Also, the relations of the text to wider genres, social situations, structures, institutions and practices were investigated. The interpersonal and ideational dimensions of the texts were analysed with the aim of finding out the kinds of identities for and relations between the speaker and the ideal reader were constructed and the kinds of representations of health and the world around were produced in the textbooks. Multiple discourses of health, and genres and styles characteristic for many kinds of contexts and situations were found. The identities of and the relationships between the speaker and the ideal reader of the text were also multiple and changing. The text echoes both biomedical health discourse emphasizing prevention of illness and holistic discourse emphasizing personal welfare, fulfillment and happiness. Furthermore, traces for example from development psychological, ecological and civilization critical discourses were perceived. Formal scientific genre was found to be mixed with informal chatting imitating close and equal relationship between participants characteristic for advertisements and other persuasive texts, and obliging and ordering expression typical for school context and other situations where the relationship between participants is unequal and distant. The ideal reader of the text can be characterized as adolescent living in the world saturated by advertising and media. He or she is interested in the life of the celebrities, and is interested rather in her or his appearance, image and short-term enjoyment than health and long-term welfare. In the textbooks, healthy way of life is attempted to create a product which appeals to the values and interests of the imaginary public, the ideal reader of the text. Marketing healthy choices tend to reproduce stereotyped ideas of happiness, good life, youth and sex. Furthermore, individualizing approach mixed with wide definition of health legitimizes easily an erraneous impression of health, beauty and success being personal achievements dependent only on attitudes and competences.

Constructing and negotiating entrepreneurial agency : A social psychological approach to entrepreneurship discourse in the farm context

Entrepreneurship, understood as the autonomous, effective pursuit of opportunities regardless of resources, is currently subject to a multitude of interests, expectations, and facilitation efforts. On the one hand, such entrepreneurial agency has broad appeal to individuals in Western market democracies and resonates with their longing for an autonomous, personally tailored, meaningful, and materially rewarding way of life. On the other hand, entrepreneurship represents a tempting and increasingly popular means of governance and policy making, and thus a model for the re-organization of a variety of societal sectors. This study focuses on the diffusion and reception of entrepreneurship discourse in the context of farming and agriculture, where pressures to adopt entrepreneurial orientations have been increasingly pronounced while, on the other hand, the context of farming has historically enjoyed state protection and adhered to principles that seem at odds with aspects of individualistic entrepreneurship discourse . The study presents an interpretation of the psychologically and politically appealing uses of the notion of entrepreneurial agency , reviews the historical and political background of the current situation of farming and agriculture with regard to entrepreneurship, and examines their relationships in four empirical studies. The study follows and develops a social psychological, situated relational approach that guides the qualitative analyses and interpretations of the empirical studies. Interviews with agents from the farm sector aim to stimulate evaluative responses and comments on the idea of entrepreneurship on farms. Analysis of the interview talk, in turn, detects the variety of evaluative responses and argumentative contexts with which the interviewees relate themselves to the entrepreneurship discourse and adopt, use, resist, or reject it. The study shows that despite the pressures towards entrepreneurialism, the diffusion of entrepreneurship discourse and the construction of entrepreneurial agency in farm context encounter many obstacles. These obstacles can be variably related to aspects dealing with the individual agent, the action situation, the characteristics of the action itself, or to the broader social, institutional and cultural context. Many aspects of entrepreneurial agency, such as autonomy, personal initiative and achievement orientation, are nevertheless familiar to farmers and are eagerly related to one s own farming activities. The idea of entrepreneurship is thus rarely rejected outright. The findings highlight the relational and situational preconditions for the construction of entrepreneurial agency in the farm context: When agents demonstrate entrepreneurial agency, they do so by drawing on available and accessed relational resources characteristic of their action context. Likewise, when agents fail or are reluctant to demonstrate entrepreneurial agency, they nevertheless actively account for their situation and demonstrate personal agency by drawing on the relational resources available to them.

Student Engagement in the School: Interpersonal and Inter-Center Differences

Traducido al castellano e inglés

Investigations on saprolegniosis. II. Study on the process of penetrations showing evidence of a proteolytic enzyme and histopathological aspects [Translation from: Riv.ital.Piscicolt.Ittiopatol. 11(4), 109-117, 1976]

The study of enzymatic activity is of great importance in the immunology of fungi. Indeed, knowledge of biological activity of antigenic structures is important for the elucidation of host-parasite relations as well as in the search for a taxonomic factor permitting differential diagnoses. The authors used Saprolegnia cultures to analyse soluble antigenic fractions arising from the mycelium of cultures of 4 species of Saprolegnia, which are found most frequently in the parasitic state on fish: S. parasitica, S. ferax, S. delica, S. diclina. The authors conclude that in the study of saprolegniasis, the enzymatic approach affords new elements for the examination of the etiology of fungi as well as an element of gravity concerning the biochemical modifications necessary to the change of saprophytism to parasitism.

Information processing and higher psychological functions in the disconnected hemispheres of human commissurotomy patients

Several patients of P. J. Vogel who had undergone cerebral commissurotomy for the control of intractable epilepsy were tested on a variety of tasks to measure aspects of cerebral organization concerned with lateralization in hemispheric function. From tests involving identification of shapes it was inferred that in the absence of the neocortical commissures, the left hemisphere still has access to certain types of information from the ipsilateral field. The major hemisphere can still make crude differentiations between various left-field stimuli, but is unable to specify exact stimulus properties. Most of the time the major hemisphere, having access to some ipsilateral stimuli, dominated the minor hemisphere in control of the body.

Competition for control of the body between the hemispheres is seen most clearly in tests of minor hemisphere language competency, in which it was determined that though the minor hemisphere does possess some minimal ability to express language, the major hemisphere prevented its expression much of the time. The right hemisphere was superior to the left in tests of perceptual visualization, and the two hemispheres appeared to use different strategies in attempting to solve the problems, namely, analysis for the left hemisphere and synthesis for the right hemisphere.

Analysis of the patients' verbal and performance I.Q.'s, as well as observations made throughout testing, suggest that the corpus callosum plays a critical role in activities that involve functions in which the minor hemisphere normally excels, that the motor expression of these functions may normally come through the major hemisphere by way of the corpus callosum.

Lateral specialization is thought to be an evolutionary adaptation which overcame problems of a functional antagonism between the abilities normally associated with the two hemispheres. The tests of perception suggested that this function lateralized into the mute hemisphere because of an active counteraction by language. This latter idea was confirmed by the finding that left-handers, in whom there is likely to be bilateral language centers, are greatly deficient on tests of perception.

Aspectos psicossociais do impedimento laboral por motivos de saúde em trabalhadores de cozinhas industriais

Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar a relação trabalho / saúde em trabalhadores de cozinhas industriais, focalizando o aspecto socioeconômico e outras dimensões da vida social (estresse no trabalho e eventos de vida produtores de estresse), incluindo-se morbidade (obesidade, doenças crônicas e transtornos mentais comuns), condição laboral (incômodos ambientais e acidentes de trabalho) e comportamentos relacionados à saúde (consumo alimentar, tabagismo e álcool). Utilizando dados coletados nos nove Restaurantes Populares do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, apresentam-se três artigos. O primeiro descreve a população de estudo, considerando três grupos ocupacionais: Administrativos, Cozinheiros e Copeiros, e os Auxiliares de Serviços Gerais. O segundo artigo investiga a associação entre as características psicossociais e o impedimento laboral por motivos de saúde, considerando uma análise hierarquizada e, finalmente, o terceiro artigo discute a certificação da reprodutibilidade, na população de estudo, do questionário sueco da versão para o português do Demand-Control Questionnaire (DCQ), utilizado para avaliar estresse no ambiente de trabalho. Os homens representaram 62,7% do total de trabalhadores. A idade média dos funcionários foi de 35,1 anos, (DP=10,3). A renda familiar líquida foi de até dois salários mínimos para 60% dos trabalhadores. Obteve-se para o tempo de trabalho em cozinhas, uma média de 59,8 meses, tendo variado de um mínimo de 2 meses e máximo de 30 anos. A prevalência de doenças que tinham diagnóstico médico foi de 15,0% para Doença Osteomusculares Relacionadas ao Trabalho (DORT); 14,3% para Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica; 12,7% para Gastrite; e, 2,1% para Diabete Mellitus tipo II. O acidente de trabalho corte foi relatado por 20,2% dos trabalhadores, seguido de contusão com 16,0%. A prevalência de acidentes de trabalho foi mais expressiva entre os ASG. A prevalência de impedimento laboral por motivos de saúde foi de 10,8%. Os modelos resultantes das análises multivariadas de associação entre impedimentos das atividades laborais e as variáveis que permaneceram no modelo final após o ajustes das variáveis indicaram que aqueles que referiram estado geral de saúde regular e ruim tiveram uma razão de prevalência de três para impedimento das atividades laborais comparados aos de muito bom e bom estado geral de saúde (RP: 3,59; IC:1,44-8,97). Os trabalhadores que exerciam suas atividades nos restaurante localizados na área 2 (Bangu, Central do Brasil, Maracanã e Niterói) apresentaram RP:2,38; IC:1,15-4,91) para ausências no trabalho quando comparados aos da área 1 (Barra Mansa, Campos, Itaboraí, Duque de Caxias e Nova Iguaçu). A confiabilidade da escala do DCQ, teste-reteste, produziu um Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse para as dimensões: demanda psicológica, controle do trabalho e apoio social no trabalho de 0,70, 0,68 e 0,80, respectivamente, sendo considerados bom. Este estudo reforça a importância dos aspectos psicossociais na ocorrência do impedimento por motivos de saúde e contribui para o conhecimento dessas relações. Sugere-se realizar estudos com desenho longitudinal, que permitam aprofundar o conhecimento sobre os determinantes psicossociais do trabalho e o absenteísmo.

Diasporization and family relations in Nella Larsens Quicksand and Jamaica Kincaids Lucy: the construction of female identity

O principal objetivo desta dissertação é investigar e analisar como os movimentos diaspóricos e as relações familiares exercem influência na construção das identidades das mulheres em Quicksand, de Nella Larsen, e Lucy, de Jamaica Kincaid. As questões a que pretendo responder são: Como as personagens principais, Helga Crane e Lucy, lidam com as diferentes culturas que encontram nas suas trajetórias ? ; Como essas diferentes culturas lidam com essas mesmas personagens?; e Como o encontro entre essas diferentes culturas e as relações familiares são descritos e influenciam na construção da identidade feminina nessas obras?. Minha hipótese é que encontraremos nas obras selecionadas duas jornadas, portadoras tanto de aspectos comuns quanto distintos, que começam com o desejo das personagens principais de escapar da opressão patriarcal. Isto é, Helga Crane e Lucy passam por um período de muitas descobertas sobre elas mesmas e as sociedades com que têm que lidar, o que determina dois produtos diferentes: a construção das identidades híbridas de Lucy, em meio a sua solidão, na obra de Kincaid, e a construção e o sufocamento das identidades de Helga pela religião, o patriarcado e as relações familiares, na obra de Larsen

A influência da habilidade empática sobre o perdão interpessoal

Diversos estudos têm apontado os benefícios da habilidade empática. Ela está associada à saúde e bem-estar psicológicos, a relacionamentos mais satisfatórios, a comportamentos pró-sociais e morais, à resiliência etc., ao passo que sua ausência está associada a diversos prejuízos pessoais e interpessoais. Como habilidade social, entende-se que a empatia é um fenômeno multidimensional, com aspectos cognitivos, afetivos e comportamentais. Respectivamente, envolve a capacidade de compreender o ponto de vista do outro, de se interessar genuinamente pelo seu bem-estar, e de expressar, por meio de comportamentos verbais e/ou não verbais, sua compreensão e interesse ao interlocutor, permitindo a este se sentir entendido e validado em suas experiências. Esta habilidade tem sido associada, mais recentemente, por diversos estudos internacionais, à capacidade de perdoar um ofensor por suas transgressões. Com isso, o propósito do presente trabalho foi investigar a influência da habilidade empática sobre o perdão interpessoal, em uma amostra brasileira. O perdão também vem sendo considerado uma experiência multifatorial, com domínios cognitivos, afetivos e comportamentais, que abrangem os pensamentos, as emoções e os comportamentos em relação a um ofensor. Para a realização desta investigação, 172 participantes responderam o Inventário de Empatia (IE), a Escala de Atitudes (o Enright Forgiveness Inventory EFI) e uma ficha sobre dados socidemográficos. O IE apresenta quatro subescalas: Tomada de Perspectiva, Sensibilidade Afetiva, Flexibilidade Interpessoal e Altruísmo. O EFI apresenta uma Escala Global de perdão e três Subescalas: Afetiva, Cognitiva e Comportamental. Testes correlacionais e de regressão foram processados a fim de investigar as relações entre os fatores do IE e do EFI, bem como a predição da empatia sobre o perdão. Os resultados indicaram diversas relações positivas e significativas estatisticamente: a Tomada de Perspectiva se relacionou à Escala Global do perdão e às Subescalas Afetiva e Comportamental; a Sensibilidade Afetiva e o Altruísmo se relacionaram à Escala Global e à Comportamental do perdão; a Flexibilidade Interpessoal foi o único fator empático que não apresentou correlações significativas com o perdão. Com a regressão, constatou-se que: Altruísmo e Tomada de Perspectiva, combinados, ou Tomada de Perspectiva, sozinha, predisseram o Perdão Global; Sensibilidade Afetiva, Tomada de Perspectiva e Altruísmo, combinados ou individualmente, tiveram valor preditivo sobre a Subescala Comportamental do perdão; e apenas a Tomada de Perspectiva, sozinha, predisse a Subescala Afetiva do perdão. Nenhum fator do IE teve valor preditivo sobre a Subescala Cognitiva do perdão e a Flexibilidade Interpessoal não predisse qualquer dimensão do EFI. Os resultados encontrados apoiam pesquisas anteriores, confirmando a importância da empatia para a ocorrência do perdão interpessoal. Contudo, ressalta-se que a Tomada de Perspectiva se destacou como a dimensão empática mais importante, sugerindo a relevância que a capacidade de adotar o ponto de vista do outro tem para que o perdão seja alcançado.