Social and traditional entrepreneurial intention : what is the difference?

The concept of entrepreneurship has developed during the past decades and has a long history in the business sector. Miller et al. (2009) refer that entrepreneurship is an important part of the economic scenery, providing opportunities and jobs for substantial numbers of people. Audresch et al. (2002) clarify how the positive and statistically robust link between entrepreneurship and economic growth has been indisputably verified across a wide spectrum of units and observation, spanning the establishment, the enterprise, the industry, the region and the country. In the literature there has been an evolution and intense debate about the role of entrepreneurship as a field of research and about the creation of a conceptual framework for the entrepreneurship field as a whole. Shane and Venkataraman (2000) define the field of entrepreneurship as the scholarly examination of how, by whom, and with what effects opportunities to create future goods and services are discovered, evaluated, and exploited. For this reason the field involves the study of sources of opportunities; the processes of discovery, evaluation, and exploitation of opportunities; and the set of individuals who discover, evaluate, and exploit them.

A vibrational spectroscopic study of the phosphate mineral whiteite CaMn++Mg2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2·8(H2O)

Vibrational spectroscopy enables subtle details of the molecular structure of whiteite to be determined. Single crystals of a pure phase from a Brazilian pegmatite were used. The infrared and Raman spectroscopy were applied to compare the molecular structure of whiteite with that of other phosphate minerals. The Raman spectrum of whiteite shows an intense band at 972 cm-1 assigned to the m1 PO3- 4 symmetric stretching vibrations. The low intensity Raman bands at 1076 and 1173 cm-1 are assigned to the m3 PO3- 4 antisymmetric stretching modes. The Raman bands at 1266, 1334 and 1368 cm-1 are assigned to AlOH deformation modes. The infrared band at 967 cm-1 is ascribed to the PO3- 4 m1 symmetric stretching vibrational mode. The infrared bands at 1024, 1072, 1089 and 1126 cm-1 are attributed to the PO3-4 m3 antisymmetric stretching vibrations. Raman bands at 553, 571 and 586 cm-1 are assigned to the m4 out of plane bending modes of the PO3- 4 unit. Raman bands at 432, 457, 479 and 500 cm-1 are attributed to the m2 PO4 and H2PO4 bending modes. In the 2600 to 3800 cm-1 spectral range, Raman bands for whiteite are found 3426, 3496 and 3552 cm-1 are assigned to AlOH stretching vibrations. Broad infrared bands are also found at 3186 cm-1. Raman bands at 2939 and 3220 cm-1 are assigned to water stretching vibrations. Raman spectroscopy complimented with infrared spectroscopy has enabled aspects of the structure of whiteite to be ascertained and compared with that of other phosphate minerals.

Efficacy of a children's procedural preparation and distraction device on healing in acute burn wound care procedures : study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: The intense pain and anxiety triggered by burns and their associated wound care procedures are well established in the literature. Non-pharmacological intervention is a critical component of total pain management protocols and is used as an adjunct to pharmacological analgesia. An example is virtual reality, which has been used effectively to dampen pain intensity and unpleasantness. Possible links or causal relationships between pain/anxiety/stress and burn wound healing have previously not been investigated. The purpose of this study is to investigate these relationships, specifically by determining if a newly developed multi-modal procedural preparation and distraction device (Ditto) used during acute burn wound care procedures will reduce the pain and anxiety of a child and increase the rate of re-epithelialization. METHODS/DESIGN: Children (4 to 12 years) with acute burn injuries presenting for their first dressing change will be randomly assigned to either the (1) Control group (standard distraction) or (2) Ditto intervention group (receiving Ditto, procedural preparation and Ditto distraction). It is intended that a minimum of 29 participants will be recruited for each treatment group. Repeated measures of pain intensity, anxiety, stress and healing will be taken at every dressing change until complete wound re-epithelialization. Further data collection will aid in determining patient satisfaction and cost effectiveness of the Ditto intervention, as well as its effect on speed of wound re-epithelialization. DISCUSSION: Results of this study will provide data on whether the disease process can be altered by reducing stress, pain and anxiety in the context of acute burn wounds. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ACTRN12611000913976.

Synthesis, photophysical and electrochemical properties of aza-boron-diquinomethene complexes

A series of aza-boron-diquinomethene (aza-BODIQU) complexes with different aryl-substituents (B1–B6) were synthesized and characterized. Their photophysical properties were investigated systematically via spectroscopic and theoretical methods. All complexes exhibit strong 1π–π* absorption bands and intense fluorescent emission bands in the visible spectral region at room temperature. The fluorescence spectra in solution show the mirror image features of the S0→S1 absorption bands, which can be assigned to the 1π–π*/1ICT (intramolecular charge transfer) emitting states. Except for B6, all complexes exhibit high photoluminescence quantum yields (ΦPL = 0.47–0.93). The spectroscopic studies and theoretical calculations indicate that the photophysical properties of these aza-BODIQUs can be tuned by the appended aryl-substituents, which would be useful for rational design of boron–fluorine complexes with high emission quantum yield for organic light-emitting applications.

Projecting future transmission of malaria under climate change scenarios : challenges and research needs

There has been an intense debate about climatic impacts on the transmission of malaria. It is vitally important to accurately project future impacts of climate change on malaria to support effective policy–making and intervention activity concerning malaria control and prevention. This paper critically reviewed the published literature and examined both key findings and methodological issues in projecting future impacts of climate change on malaria transmission. A literature search was conducted using the electronic databases MEDLINE, Web of Science and PubMed. The projected impacts of climate change on malaria transmission were spatially heterogeneous and somewhat inconsistent. The variation in results may be explained by the interaction of climatic factors and malaria transmission cycles, variations in projection frameworks and uncertainties of future socioecological (including climate) changes. Current knowledge gaps are identified, future research directions are proposed and public health implications are assessed. Improving the understanding of the dynamic effects of climate on malaria transmission cycles, the advancement of modelling techniques and the incorporation of uncertainties in future socioecological changes are critical factors for projecting the impact of climate change on malaria transmission.

The mirror manoeuvre : telling the same story twice

The emerging field of ecopsychology is marked by two theoretical concerns which can be seen as mirror images of each other. One is the concern with what humans need, psychologically, from the non-human natural world (e.g. Wolsko & Lindberg 2013). The other is what nature needs from us (e.g. Swim 2013). Ecocriticism has been exploring these questions for at least two decades, but ecocritical theory examines ways of reading texts rather than ways of writing them (Bate 2000; Buell 2001; Garrard 2012). Undertaking theoretically-informed “creative manoeuvres”, and reflecting and reporting on the results, is one way for practice-led researchers in the field of creative writing to progress the knowledge claims of our discipline. This paper describes an ecowriting practice experiment based on the premise that specific techniques of narrative fiction writing can deepen reader engagement with ecopsychology’s twin concerns, and help motivate ecological action. Exploring this premise is time-critical given the current environmental crisis (Rust & Totton 2012), and emerging evidence that contemporary modes of representing the non-human natural world fail to elicit activist responses (Crompton & Kasser 2009; Joffe 2008). In the practice experiment reported here, a unique reading experience has been constructed such that the reader encounters from two different perspectives, through two different novels, a single story of humans benefiting from non-destructive interactions with non-human nature. This paper argues that the two novels create a complex and intense relationship between reader and story which generates specific psychological effects, and ultimately demands an activist response.

Terrorism risk, resilience and volatility : a comparison of terrorism patterns in three Southeast Asian countries

Objective This article explores patterns of terrorist activity over the period from 2000 through 2010 across three target countries: Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand. Methods We use self-exciting point process models to create interpretable and replicable metrics for three key terrorism concepts: risk, resilience and volatility, as defined in the context of terrorist activity. Results Analysis of the data shows significant and important differences in the risk, volatility and resilience metrics over time across the three countries. For the three countries analysed, we show that risk varied on a scale from 0.005 to 1.61 “expected terrorist attacks per day”, volatility ranged from 0.820 to 0.994 “additional attacks caused by each attack”, and resilience, as measured by the number of days until risk subsides to a pre-attack level, ranged from 19 to 39 days. We find that of the three countries, Indonesia had the lowest average risk and volatility, and the highest level of resilience, indicative of the relatively sporadic nature of terrorist activity in Indonesia. The high terrorism risk and low resilience in the Philippines was a function of the more intense, less clustered pattern of terrorism than what was evident in Indonesia. Conclusions Mathematical models hold great promise for creating replicable, reliable and interpretable “metrics” to key terrorism concepts such as risk, resilience and volatility.

Reflexive Dwelling: The body as representation of wall

In a play-within-a-play, the Mechanicals' production within William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, the character Snout announces his transformation to play the character of Wall. Snout's portrayal of Wall is both comical and menacing as he represents the forces that separate the lovers Pyramus and Thisbe. Wall becomes a subject in a manner no different from the lovers that he separates; his influence on their situation is brought to life. The unbecoming nature of walls to demarcate, separate, intimidate, influence and control is a relationship most can relate to in their experiences with architecture. It is in these moments that architecture leaps from the sphere of object into the realm of subject; where we might be involved in some intense struggle with the placement of a wall, the wall that might separate us from a lover, justice, freedom, power or privacy. This study investigates how this struggle is portrayed through the human body as representation of walls in performance.

Climate change and children’s health : a call for research on what works to protect children

Climate change is affecting and will increasingly influence human health and wellbeing. Children are particularly vulnerable to the impact of climate change. An extensive literature review regarding the impact of climate change on children’s health was conducted in April 2012 by searching electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science, as well as relevant websites, such as IPCC and WHO. Climate change affects children’s health through increased air pollution, more weather-related disasters, more frequent and intense heat waves, decreased water quality and quantity, food shortage and greater exposure to toxicants. As a result, children experience greater risk of mental disorders, malnutrition, infectious diseases, allergic diseases and respiratory diseases. Mitigation measures like reducing carbon pollution emissions, and adaptation measures such as early warning systems and post-disaster counseling are strongly needed. Future health research directions should focus on: (1) identifying whether climate change impacts on children will be modified by gender, age and socioeconomic status; (2) refining outcome measures of children’s vulnerability to climate change; (3) projecting children’s disease burden under climate change scenarios; (4) exploring children’s disease burden related to climate change in low-income countries, and ; (5) identifying the most cost-effective mitigation and adaptation actions from a children’s health perspective.

Raman spectroscopy of the arsenate minerals maxwellite and in comparison with tilasite

Maxwellite NaFe3+(AsO4)F is an arsenate mineral containing fluoride and forms a continuous series with tilasite CaMg(AsO4)F. Both maxwellite and tilasite form a continuous series with durangite NaAl3+(AsO4)-F. We have used the combination of scanning electron microscopy with EDS and vibrational spectroscopy to chemically analyse the mineral maxwellite and make an assessment of the molecular structure. Chemical analysis shows that maxwellite is composed of Fe, Na and Ca with minor amounts of Mn and Al. Raman bands for tilasite at 851 and 831 cm�1 are assigned to the Raman active m1 symmetric stretching vibration (A1) and the Raman active triply degenerate m3 antisymmetric stretching vibration (F2). The Raman band of maxwellite at 871 cm�1 is assigned to the m1 symmetric stretching vibration and the Raman band at 812 cm�1 is assigned to the m3 antisymmetric stretching vibration. The intense Raman band of tilasite at 467 cm�1 is assigned to the Raman active triply degenerate m4 bending vibration (F2). Raman band at 331 cm�1 for tilasite is assigned to the Raman active doubly degenerate m2 symmetric bending vibration (E). Both Raman and infrared spectroscopy do not identify any bands in the hydroxyl stretching region as is expected.

A vibrational spectroscopic study of the phosphate mineral lulzacite Sr2Fe2+(Fe2+,Mg)2Al4(PO4)4(OH)10

The mineral lulzacite from Saint-Aubin des Chateaux mine, France, with theoretical formula Sr2Fe2+(Fe2+,Mg)2Al4(PO4)4(OH)10 has been studied using a combination of electron microscopy with EDX and vibrational spectroscopic techniques. Chemical analysis shows a Sr, Fe, Al phosphate with minor amounts of Ga, Ba and Mg. Raman spectroscopy identifies an intense band at 990 cm�1 with an additional band at 1011 cm�1. These bands are attributed to the PO3� 4 m1 symmetric stretching mode. The m3 antisymmetric stretching modes are observed by a large number of Raman bands. The Raman bands at 1034, 1051, 1058, 1069 and 1084 together with the Raman bands at 1098, 1116, 1133, 1155 and 1174 cm�1 are assigned to the m3 antisymmetric stretching vibrations of PO3� 4 and the HOPO2� 3 units. The observation of these multiple Raman bands in the symmetric and antisymmetric stretching region gives credence to the concept that both phosphate and hydrogen phosphate units exist in the structure of lulzacite. The series of Raman bands at 567, 582, 601, 644, 661, 673 and 687 cm�1 are assigned to the PO3� 4 m2 bending modes. The series of Raman bands at 437, 468, 478, 491, 503 cm�1 are attributed to the PO3� 4 and HOPO2� 3 m4 bending modes. No Raman bands of lulzacite which could be attributed to the hydroxyl stretching unit were observed. Infrared bands at 3511 and 3359 cm�1 are ascribed to the OH stretching vibration of the OH units. Very broad bands at 3022 and 3299 cm�1 are attributed to the OH stretching vibrations of water. Vibrational spectroscopy offers insights into the molecular structure of the phosphate mineral lulzacite.

Vibrational spectroscopic study of the sulphate mineral glaucocerinite (Zn,Cu)10Al6(SO4)3(OH)32⋅18H2O – a natural layered double hydroxide

We have studied the molecular structure of the mineral glaucocerinite (Zn,Cu)5Al3(SO4)1.5(OH)16�9(H2O) using a combination of Raman and infrared spectroscopy. The mineral is one of the hydrotalcite supergroup of natural layered double hydroxides. The Raman spectrum is characterised by an intense Raman band at 982 cm�1 with a low intensity band at 1083 cm�1. These bands are attributed to the sulphate symmetric and antisymmetric stretching mode. The infrared spectrum is quite broad with a peak at 1020 cm�1. A series of Raman bands at 546, 584, 602, 625 and 651 cm�1 are assigned to the m4 (SO4)2� bending modes. The observation of multiple bands provides evidence for the reduction in symmetry of the sulphate anion from Td to C2v or even lower symmetry. The Raman band at 762 cm�1 is attributed to a hydroxyl deformation mode associated with AlOH units. Vibrational spectroscopy enables aspects of the molecular structure of glaucocerinite to be determined.

A vibrational spectroscopic study of the phosphate mineral churchite (REE)(PO4)⋅2H2O

Vibrational spectroscopy has been used to study the rare earth mineral churchite of formula (REE)(PO4)-⋅2H2O. The mineral contains a range of rare earth metals including yttrium depending on the locality. The Raman spectra of churchite-(REE) are characterized by an intense sharp band at 984 cm-1 assigned to the v1 (PO¾-) symmetric stretching mode. A lower intensity band observed at around 1067 cm-1 is attributed to the v3 (PO¾-) antisymmetric stretching mode. The (PO¾-) bending modes are observed at 497 cm-1 (v2) and 565 cm-1(v4). Raman bands at 649 and 681 cm-1 are assigned to water librational modes. Vibrational spectroscopy enables aspects of the structure of churchite to be ascertained.

A vibrational spectroscopic study of the silicate mineral inesite Ca2(Mn,Fe)₇Si10O28(OH)⋅5H2O

We have studied the hydrated hydroxyl silicate mineral inesite of formula Ca2(Mn,Fe)7Si10O28(OH)⋅5H2O using a combination of scanning electron microscopy with EDX and Raman and infrared spectroscopy. SEM analysis shows the mineral to be a pure monomineral with no impurities. Semiquantitative analysis shows a homogeneous phase, composed by Ca, Mn2+, Si and P, with minor amounts of Mg and Fe. Raman spectrum shows well resolved component bands at 997, 1031, 1051, and 1067 cm-1 attributed to a range of SiO symmetric stretching vibrations of [Si10O28] units. Infrared bands found at 896, 928, 959 and 985 cm-1 are attributed to the OSiO antisymmetric stretching vibrations. An intense broad band at 653 cm-1 with shoulder bands at 608, 631 and 684 cm-1 are associated with the bending modes of the OSiO units of the 6- and 8-membered rings of the [Si10O28] units. The sharp band at 3642 cm-1 with shoulder bands at 3612 and 3662 cm-1 are assigned to the OH stretching vibrations of the hydroxyl units. The broad Raman band at 3420 cm-1 with shoulder bands at 3362 and 3496 cm-1 are assigned to the water stretching vibrations. The application of vibrational spectroscopy has enabled an assessment of the molecular structure of inesite to be undertaken.

The molecular structure of the phosphate mineral beraunite Fe2+Fe⅗+(PO4)4(OH)5⋅4H2O– A vibrational spectroscopic study

The mineral beraunite from Boca Rica pegmatite in Minas Gerais with theoretical formula Fe2+Fe5 3+(PO4)4(OH)5⋅4H2O has been studied using a combination of electron microscopy with EDX and vibrational spectroscopic techniques. Raman spectroscopy identifies an intense band at 990 cm-1 and 1011 cm-1. These bands are attributed to the PO4 3- v, symmetric stretching mode. The m3 antisymmetric stretching modes are observed by a large number of Raman bands. The Raman bands at 1034, 1051, 1058, 1069 and 1084 together with the Raman bands at 1098, 1116, 1133, 1155 and 1174 cm-1 are assigned to the m3 antisymmetric stretching vibrations of PO4 3- and the HOPO3 2- units. The observation of these multiple Raman bands in the symmetric and antisymmetric stretching region gives credence to the concept that both phosphate and hydrogen phosphate units exist in the structure of beraunite. The series of Raman bands at 567, 582,601, 644, 661, 673, and 687 cm-1 are assigned to the PO4 3- v2 bending modes. The series of Raman bands at 437, 468, 478, 491, 503 cm-1 are attributed to the PO4 3- and OPO3 2- v4 bending modes. No Raman bands of beraunite which could be attributed to the hydroxyl stretching unit were observed. Infrared bands at 3511 and 3359 cm-1 are ascribed to the OH stretching vibration of the OH units. Very broad bands at 3022 and 3299 cm-1 are attributed to the OH stretching vibrations of water. Vibrational spectroscopy offers insights into the molecular structure of the phosphate mineral beraunite.