Androgen responsiveness to competition in humans: the role of cognitive variables

Although androgens are commonly seen as male sex hormones, it has been established over the years that in both sexes, androgens also respond to social challenges. To explain the socially driven changes in androgens, two theoretical models have been proposed: the biosocial model and the challenge hypothesis. These models are typically seen as partly overlapping; however, they generate different predictions that are clarified here. In humans, sports competition and nonmetabolic competitive tasks have been used in the laboratory setting, as a proxy for agonistic interactions in animals. The results reviewed here show that the testosterone (T) response to competition in humans is highly variable – the studies present postcompetition T levels and changes in T that depend on the contest outcome and that cannot be predicted by the current theoretical models. These conflicting results bring to the foreground the importance of considering cognitive factors that could moderate the androgen response to competition. Among these variables, we elect cognitive appraisal and its components as a key candidate modulating factor. It is known that T also modulates the cognitive processes that are relevant to performance in competition. In this article, we reviewed the evidence arising from studies investigating the effect of administering exogenous T and compare those results with the findings from studies that measured endogenous T levels. Finally, we summarized the importance of also considering the interaction between androgens and other hormones, such as cortisol, when investigating the social modulation of T, as proposed by the dual-hormone hypothesis.

Twenty lessons in domestic science : a condensed home study course : marketing, food principals, functions of food, methods of cooking, glossary of usual culinary terms, pronunciations and definitions, etc. /

Some recipes use liquor as an ingredient.

Reorganization plan no. 16 of 1950 : transferring the functions of the General Services Administration relating to assistance to local school districts and water pollution control to the Federal Security Agency : report.

Also in Congressional serial volume 11368.

Road tests of alertness variables. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Storage of analog variables in delay lines,

Issued also as thesis, University of Illinois.

Policy and functions of the Office of Extension Studies.

Mode of access: Internet.

The structuring and analysis of complex system problems.

"A paper presented at the Operations Research Society of America, Nineteenth National Meeting, Chicago, Illinois, May 25-26, 1961."

Simple models for computing dynamic responses of complex frame structures /

"NSF/RA-780529."

I. The equilibrium in liquid mixtures of ammonia and xylene. II. The molecular weight of complex sodium tellurides in liquid ammonia,

Reprinted from articles by Charles A. Kraus and Edward H. Zeitfuchs in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, v. 44, no. 6, June, 1922 and v. 44, no. 12, December, 1922.

List of technical workers in the Department of agriculture and outline of functions of main branches of the department.

1927- compiled in the Office of personnel and business administration.

Tables of Bessel functions of fractional order.

Mode of access: Internet.

The functions of experimental participatory experiences in the learning-teaching process /

Mode of access: Internet.

Sitting in with the supervisory committee : a series of conversations on the powers, duties and functions of the supervisory committees of federal credit unions /

Cover title.

The Michigan township : an outline of the structure and functions of township government /

Mode of access: Internet.

Reports on the constitution and functions of ministers of commerce or analogous branches of foreign administrations. Presented to both houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty. April 1889.

At head of title: Commercial. No. 12 (1889)