Madera termo-tratada de frondosas para uso estructural

La madera termotratada es madera modificada mediante un proceso térmico a elevadas temperaturas que le proporciona mayor estabilidad dimensional y durabilidad sin incorporar productos químicos perjudiciales para el medio ambiente. Hasta el momento se ha aplicado fundamentalmente a madera de coniferas por motivos económicos, siendo su uso más habitual en ambientes exteriores o de elevada humedad, como elementos de revestimiento no estructurales, carpinterías, mobiliario de jardín, etc. En la presente tesis se estudia la viabilidad de la madera termotratada de frondosas para uso estructural, en particular fresno (Fraxinus excelsior L) y haya (Fagus sylvatica L). Con este fin, y considerando que el termotratamiento modifica la estructura interna de la madera resultando en un nuevo material, se realizan estudios experimentales y numéricos para su caracterización. Estos trabajos se desarrollan bajo el enfoque de la Mecánica de Fractura debido a la pérdida de resistencia y aumento de fragilidad que presenta el material, especialmente a tracción perpendicular a las fibras. Así mismo, se lleva a cabo una recopilación de las bases, fundamentos y metodologías de esta teoría aplicados a madera sin tratar y otros materiales debido a la inexistencia de este tipo de estudios en madera termotratada. De igual manera se realiza un programa de caracterización mecánica del material para determinar sus propiedades elásticas considerando un modelo ortótropo, necesarios en la investigación del comportamiento a fractura. El trabajo derivó en el desarrollo de un nuevo método de ensayo para la determinación multiparamétrica a partir de un sólo espécimen, proporcionando resultados mucho más robustos que los obtenidos con la metodología convencional de ensayos. En base a los trabajos realizados, considerando las limitaciones de resistencia y fragilidad, así como la dudosa aplicabilidad de las normativas existentes en madera sin tratar, se aconseja no utilizar tratamientos térmicos intensos en elementos estructurales primarios. Se propone su aplicación en elementos secundarios, de manera que un posible colapso no implique una pérdida de fiabilidad global de la estructura. Se estudia la viabilidad de un panel sandwich innovador y ecológico para fachadas expuesto a cargas de viento, compuesto de madera termotratada en las caras y panel aislante de fibras de madera con función estructural en el alma. Esta investigación se desarrolló dentro del proyecto de investigación Europeo "Holiwood", Holistic implementation of European thermal treated hardwood (TMT) in the sector of construction industry and noise protection by sustainable, knowledge-based and value added products, perteneciente al sexto Programa Marco. ABSTRACT Hcat-trcatcd wood is modified wood by a thermal process at high temperatures which provides greater dimensional stability and durability without adding harmful chemicals to the environment. It has been mainly applied to softwoods due mainly to economical reasons, being its most common use outdoors or in high humidity environments, as non-structural elements, furniture, etc. The present Thesis studies the feasibility of heat-treated hardwoods for structural uses, particularly ash (Fraxinus excelsior L) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L). To this end, and considering that heat treatment modifies the internal structure of the wood resulting in a new material, experimental and numerical studies are performed for its characterization. This investigation is developed under the approach of Fracture Mechanics due to the loss of strength and the increase in brittlcncss of the material, especially in tension perpendicular to the grain. Likewise, it holds a collection of the bases, foundations and methodologies of this theory applied to untreated wood and other materials due to the lack of such studies in heat-treated wood. In addition, studies for the mechanical characterization of the material are performed in order to determine the elastic properties considering an orthotropic model. This work is necessary in the investigation of the fracture behavior. It led to the development of a new test method for multiparameter determination by using just a single specimen, providing much more robust results than those obtained with conventional test methodology. Based on this investigation, and considering the limitations of strength and brittleness, and the questionable applicability of existing standards for untreated wood, it is advised not to use intense heat treatments in primary structural elements. It is proposed the application to secondary elements, so that a possible collapse does not involve a loss of overall reliability of the structure. It is studied the feasibility of an innovative and ecological sandwich panel for facades exposed to wind loads, composed by heat-treated wood faces and insulating wood fiberboard with structural function in the core. This investigación was developed within the European research project "Holiwood", Holistic implementation of European thermal treated hardwood (TMT) in the sector of construction industry and noise protection by sustainable, knowledge-based and value added products, of the Sixth Framework Program.

Ausmass und Auswirkungen der Waldbrände auf die Vegetation der Schweiz im Laufe der Jahrtausende

New palaeoecological investigations (pollen, macrofossil, and charcoal analyses) provide important evidence on the fire history and the long-term fire ecology of different regions of Switzerland. The results from the Swiss plateau, the Northern and Central Alps and Southern Switzerland suggest that fire played a different role for the long-term vegetational development in the different regions. In the Northern Alps and Southern Switzerland anthropogenic fires led to the disappearance of entire forest communities. These fires especially affected the fire-sensitive species Abies alba. On the Swiss Plateau fire frequencies were markedly lower than in the Southern Alps. Nevertheless, fires probably led to a decline in the occurrence of fire-sensitive taxa such as Ulmus, Fraxinus excelsior or Tilia at lower altitudes (Fagus silvatica-Quercus belt). First evidences from the Central Alps suggest that forest fires were naturally more frequent in this continental region and that the vegetation might be better fire-adapted than the original (partly or completely vanished) plant communities of the Swiss Plateau, the Northern Alps and Southern Switzerland.

Pollen profile from sediment core KB1, Holzminden, Northern Germany

The Nachtigall clay pit near Holzminden, northern Germany, is located in a subrosional basin filled with 43 m of interglacial, interstadial and stadial deposits adjacent to the Weser River. The succession separates the Older Middle Terrace from the Younger Middle Terrace of the Weser River. Nachtigall core KB1 (1998) mainly contains silt and clay with intercalated peat layers. The layers of fen peat and intercalated humic silt are between 36 and 22.5 m depth. According to palynological studies, the peat layers and some humic silts were deposited during interglacial and interstadial periods marked by forest vegetation, termed Nachtigall 1 and Nachtigall 2. They are subdivided by a stadial, termed Albaxen. The peat of Nachtigall 1 is interrupted twice by silt and clay strata (Allochthonous Unit I, II) which are reworked sediments of older glacial periods, possibly of late Elsterian or early Holsteinian age. The palynological sequences of Nachtigall and Göttingen/Ottostrasse show the same pattern. Moreover, the contemporaneous pollen profiles of Nachtigall and Göttingen/Ottostrasse can be compared with the Velay pollen sequence (France). The Nachtigall core section 36-26.02 m corresponds to Bouchet 2 - Bonnefond - Bouchet 3 in Velay. The profiles of Velay and Nachtigall are independently correlated to the MIS-timescale and correspond to MIS 7c, 7b, and 7a. TIMS 230Th/U-dating shows ages ranging from 227 + 9/-8 to 201 + 15/-13 ka, which are in good agreement with the inferred MIS 7 age.