Trypanocidal activity of Meliaceae and Rutaceae plant extracts

The in vitro trypanocidal activity of 22 extracts and 43 fractions of plants belonging to the families Meliaceae and Rutaceae was evaluated. The extracts from leaves of Conchocarphus heterophyllus and branches of Trichilia ramalhoi were the most active. The trypanocidal activity seems to be increased by fractionation of the extracts. Fractions from C. heterophyllus and Galipea carinata were the most active and a 100% lysis of the parasites was observed for five fractions. From one of them were isolated two flavonoids: flavone and 7-methoxyflavone, which showed weak trypanocidal activity. The results obtained from the extracts and fractions revealed that the order Rutales is a promising source for the search of new drugs for Chagas disease. Phytochemical studies with the other active fractions are underway in order to isolate compounds, which could be associated with observed activities.

In vitro activity of Etanidazole against the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi

We investigated the in vitro action of an hydrosoluble 2-nitroimidazole, Etanidazole (EZL), against Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease. EZL displayed lethal activity against isolated trypomastigotes as well as amastigotes of T. cruzi (RA strain) growing in Vero cells or J774 macrophages, without affecting host cell viability. Although not completely equivalent to Benznidazole (BZL), the reference drug for Chagas chemotherapy, EZL takes advantage in exertingits anti-T. cruzi activity for longer periods without serious toxic side effects, as those recorded in BZL-treated patients. Our present results encourage further experiments to study in depth the trypanocidal properties of this drug already licensed for use in human cancers.

Measuring health inequalities II

Exploring and using summary measures of inequality often used in economics such as Gini Coefficients and Theil Index to summarise and compare intra-PCT health inequalities

Learning Difficulties and Ethnicity

This framework is to help people and organisations (e.g. Learning Disability Partnership Boards) work towards ensuring that local services are culturally competent/appropriate.

Activ8: A children and obesity project

This project is a 6 x weekly food and activity programme using the local sports centre as a venue. Overweight/obese children, together with a parent / carer and sibling were recruited. A lifestyle pre-course assessment was made with each child, resulting in 5 individual goals. Evaluation was based on attendance; individual goals; post course questionnaire; anthropometric measurements and a food diary. Follow up at 4/52,3/12 and 6/12.

Respiratory responses during affective picture viewing

Previous research has demonstrated covariation of physiological responding with judgments of valence and arousal. However, until now links between these affective dimensions and respiratory measures have not been extensively investigated. In this study, eight picture series of different affective valence and arousal level were shown to 30 subjects, while respiration, skin conductance level (SCL), heart rate (HR) and affective judgments were measured. With increasing pleasantness, inspiratory time lengthened, mean inspiratory flow decreased and thoracic breathing increased. With increasing arousal, inspiratory time and total breath duration shortened and mean inspiratory flow, minute ventilation, thoracic breathing and electrodermal activity increased. These findings confirm the importance of arousal in respiratory responding, but also indicate a modulatory role of affective valence.We propose that the arousal effects reflect energy mobilization in preparation to act, and thatthe valence effects might be a manifestation of an attention bias toward negative stimuli. [Authors]

Peritalar dislocations: a retrospective study of 18 cases.

The purpose of this study is to retrospectively evaluate 18 consecutive cases of peritalar dislocations referred to our department during a period of 25 years and to delineate the factors influencing long-term prognosis. There were 13 (73%) medial and 5 (27%) lateral dislocations. Six patients (33%) suffered an open injury, including 2 of 13 (15%) medial and 4 of 5 (80%) lateral dislocations. Associated fractures involving the hindfoot or forefoot were noted in 7 feet, including 3 of 5 lateral dislocation cases. Reduction was accomplished under general anesthesia; in no case was open reduction necessary. In 4 of 6 open injuries with associated fractures, temporary fixation with Kirschner wires was performed. Patients were immobilized in a plaster cast for 4 weeks, or for 6 weeks in the presence of fracture, followed by weightbearing as tolerated. At a mean follow-up of 10.2 years (range, 4 to 26 years), 10 patients (56%) showed excellent results; all had sustained a closed medial low-energy dislocation. There were 3 cases (17%) with fair results and 5 cases (28%) with poor results. Forty-five percent of patients showed a restriction of activity, a reduction of subtalar range of motion, and moderate or severe radiographic signs of hindfoot degenerative arthritis. There were no cases of talar avascular necrosis, and in no case was secondary surgery necessary. Lateral dislocation and open medial dislocations with concomitant fractures showed a greater potential for poor prognosis. The results were independent from period of cast immobilization, suggesting that 4 to 6 weeks of immobilization provides acceptable long-term results.

Coherencia y Política de Cooperación para el Desarrollo de la Unión Europea

En la actualidad resulta complicado encontrar algún documento (legislación, artículo académico o demanda proveniente de las ONG's) en que los términos coherencia y cooperación para el desarrollo no aparezcan relacionados. Sin embargo ésta concurrencia no era común hasta que a principios de la década de los noventa tanto el Comité de Ayuda al Desarrollo de la OCDE como la Unión Europea incluyeron la coherencia como una de las directrices de las políticas de cooperación para el desarrollo. Precisamente la Unión, y sus diferentes políticas de acción exterior, han sido el objeto de análisis predilecto de aquellos que han tratado de examinar la coherencia. Indudablemente la obligación jurídica, contenida en los artículos C y 130V del Tratado de Maastricht,2 así como el proceso político europeo, complejo y fragmentado, han supuesto un fructífero caldo de cultivo para estos estudios. No obstante irrupciones tan violentas tienen sus costes, descontando algunas notables excepciones3 diversos análisis se desarrollaron sin haber realizado una previa, y necesaria, clarificación del concepto. El previsible resultado ha sido la pluralidad de análisis aplicados a una pluralidad de coherencias. A fin de superar este escollo inicial la primera sección del presente trabajo tratará de definir y establecer una tipología de los análisis de coherencia, es decir ¿Qué es exactamente coherencia? ¿Cómo podemos aplicar este concepto al análisis de políticas?. Posteriormente repasaré los recientes cambios en la política de cooperación para el desarrollo, entre los cuales destaca la inclusión, de forma generalizada, de la coherencia entre las prioridades de los donantes. La cuarta sección tiene como objeto la aplicación de la tipología de coherencia a la política de cooperación para el desarrollo de la Unión Europea. Para finalizar trataré de extraer algunas conclusiones

The Decision on Turkish EU accession in December 2002: The logic of anarchy, collective action problems and rhetorical action

Studies of the EU accession of the East and Central European Countries have stressed the importance of neo-liberal institutionalism as an explanation for Member State preferences. In this paper it is argued that Member States’ preferences over Turkish EU accession are better explained by power politics and neo-realism. It seems therefore that Turkey’s way to the EU follows another path than the East and Central Countries. Turkish accession raises the question of the EU’s role in a uni-polar world order – whether the EU should develop into an independent actor on the world stage or not. However, when it comes to the interaction among the Member States in order to decide on when to open accession negotiations with Turkey the constitutive values of the EU seriously modify the outcome that pure power politics would have let to.

A dimensão subjetiva do profissional na humanização da assistência à saúde: uma reflexão

Este artigo faz uma reflexão sobre a humanização da assistência à saúde, que é uma demanda crescente da atualidade. Ela envolve inúmeras dimensões que são complexas e mutuamente influenciáveis. Aspectos relativos à esfera subjetiva do profissional e do relacionamento interpessoal são discutidos e evidenciados como componentes essenciais da humanização do cuidado. São ressaltadas as necessidades de auto-conhecimento dos profissionais e de consciência de suas resistências pois estas são importantes para a efetivação do verdadeiro encontro dos profissionais com seus clientes.

A redescoberta da ética do cuidado: o foco e a ênfase nas relações

Este artigo tem por objetivo resgatar os sentidos, os aspectos históricos e as distintas estruturas explicativas da ética do cuidado, a fim de contribuir para o debate acerca do cuidar como bem interno e razão de ser da enfermagem. Também introduz o contraponto da ética de cunho feminino e da abordagem feminista da ética, explorando as possíveis motivações para o lugar periférico que tem cabido à ética do cuidado.

Ética no processo ensino-aprendizagem em enfermagem obstétrica

O estudo objetivou evidenciar ética e solidariedade no processo de ensinar-cuidar da mulher no pré-natal e parto. Adotou-se estudo de caso centrado na pedagogia crítica-reflexiva. Foram entrevistados 39 alunos do curso de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Ceará e seis docentes que ministraram aulas teórico-práticas. Os resultados mostraram que alunos e professores têm consciência da necessidade da competência ética e sua aplicabilidade no cuidar e que há necessidade de novas estratégias de ensino para o aluno desenvolver ações interativas, humanas e solidárias. O cuidar carece de metodologias atualizadas que envolvam a mulher como participante do processo e possibilitem o respeito à sua dignidade.