Caractérisation des processus moléculaires impliqués dans l’activation de la protéine IKKbeta par l'angiotensine II et son rôle dans la réponse phénotypique des CMLV.

Le système rénine-angiotensine-aldostérone (SRAA) régule l’homéostasie de la contraction des artères. Or, suivant la liaison de l’angiotensine II (Ang II) à son récepteur AT1, le SRAA est également impliqué dans l’activation de voies de signalisation à l’origine de l’inflammation et de l’hypertrophie des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (CMLV), soit deux processus participant au remodelage vasculaire caractéristique de diverses maladies cardiovasculaires, telles l’hypertension et l’athérosclérose. Ces pathologies sont les premières causes de mortalité naturelle en Amérique et les traitements les ciblant ne sont pas optimaux puisqu’ils visent seulement quelques facteurs de risque qui leur sont associés. Ainsi, la détermination des effecteurs intracellulaires régulant ces voies délétères est nécessaire à l'identification de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. L’inflammation Ang II-dépendante dans les CMLV est attribuée au facteur de transcription nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Cependant, les processus moléculaires couplant le récepteur AT1 à son activation sont peu caractérisés. L’étude abordant cette question démontre in vitro que NF-κB est activé par la protéine IκB kinase β (IKKβ) dans les CMLV exposées à l’Ang II et que cette kinase est régulée par deux voies de signalisation indépendantes, mais complémentaires afin d’assurer son activation rigoureuse et soutenue. L’une des voies est précoce et dépend des seconds messagers ainsi que de deux nouveaux effecteurs sous-jacents au récepteur AT1, soit la E3 ligase TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) et la IKK kinase transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) tandis que la seconde est tardive et résulte de la signalisation mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) - extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) - ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK). L’inhibition conjointe de ces voies abroge complètement la réponse inflammatoire, ce qui indique qu’elles en sont la seule source. Ainsi, l’inhibition d’IKKβ pourrait suffire à contrer l’inflammation impliquée dans le remodelage vasculaire associé à une suractivation du SRAA. Une découverte des plus novatrices découle de cette étude, qui veut que la E3 ligase TRAF6 est un nouvel effecteur des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G et est à l’origine de la formation d’un nouveau type de second messager, soit des chaînes libres de poly-ubiquitines. Les mécanismes moléculaires à la base de l’hypertrophie Ang II-dépendante dans les CMLV sont également peu définis. Or, suivant la parution d’un article démontrant qu’IKKβ dans les cellules cancéreuses participe aux mécanismes d’initiation de la traduction en réponse au facteur de nécrose tumorale α (TNFα) via la phosphorylation de la protéine Tuberous sclerosis 1 (TSC1) et donc l’activation du complexe mammalian target of rapamycin (mTORC1), une hypothèse a été émise selon laquelle cette kinase serait impliquée dans la synthèse protéique Ang II-dépendante dans les CMLV. Les expériences effectuées in vitro dans des CMLV exposées à l’Ang II démontrent qu’IKKβ induit la phosphorylation de TSC1 ainsi que l’activation de mTORC1 et de ses substrats S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) et translational regulators eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein (4E-BP1), deux protéines impliquées directement dans l’hypertrophie. Par ailleurs, la synthèse protéique au niveau des CMLV exposées à l’Ang II est réduite de 75% suivant la diminution de l’expression d’IKKβ et suivant la surexpression d’un mutant de TSC1 dont le site consensus d’IKKβ a été modifié, faisant de cette kinase un médiateur majeur au niveau de ce processus. Ainsi, in vitro IKKβ en réponse à l’Ang II est en amont de deux processus impliqués dans un remodelage vasculaire à l’origine de maladies cardiovasculaires. De plus, plusieurs facteurs de risque de ces pathologies convergent à l’activation d’IKKβ, ce qui en fait une cible thérapeutique particulièrement attrayante. Qui plus est, l’administration d’un inhibiteur d’IKKβ à des rats diminue non seulement la synthèse protéique dépendante de l’Ang II au niveau de l’aorte et des artères mésentériques, mais également la synthèse de la protéine pro-inflammatoire VCAM-1 par les cellules composant l’aorte, ce qui confirme son envergure en tant que cible.

Les azasulfurylpeptides : synthèse, analyse conformationnelle et applications biologiques

Les azasulfurylpeptides sont des mimes peptidiques auxquels le carbone en position alpha et le carbonyle d’un acide aminé sont respectivement remplacés par un atome d’azote et un groupement sulfonyle (SO2). Le but premier de ce projet a été de développer une nouvelle méthode de synthèse de ces motifs, également appelés N-aminosulfamides. À cette fin, l’utilisation de sulfamidates de 4-nitrophénol s’est avérée importante dans la synthèse des azasulfuryltripeptides, permettant le couplage d’hydrazides avec l’aide d’irradiation aux micro-ondes (Chapitre 2). Par la suite, en quantité stoechiométrique d’une base et d’un halogénure d’alkyle, les azasulfurylglycines (AsG) formés peuvent être chimiosélectivement alkylés afin d’y insérer diverses chaînes latérales. Les propriétés conformationnelles des N-aminosulfamides à l’état solide ont été élucidées grâce à des études cristallographiques par rayons X : elles possèdent une structure tétraédrique autour de l’atome de soufre, des traits caractéristiques des azapeptides et des sulfonamides, ainsi que du potentiel à favoriser la formation de tours gamma (Chapitre 3). Après le développement d’une méthode de synthèse des N-aminosulfamides en solution, une approche combinatoire sur support solide a également été élaborée sur la résine amide de Rink afin de faciliter la génération d’une librairie d’azasulfurylpeptides. Cette étude a été réalisée en employant le growth hormone releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6, His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2). Ce dernier est un hexapeptide possédant une affinité pour deux récepteurs, le growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a) et le récepteur cluster of differenciation 36 (CD36). Une affinité sélective envers le récepteur CD36 confère des propriétés thérapeutiques dans le traitement de la dégénérescence maculaire liée à l’âge (DMLA). Six analogues d’azasulfurylpeptides de GHRP-6 utilisés comme ligands du CD36 ont été synthétisés sur support solide, mettant en évidence le remplacement du tryptophane à la position 4 de GHRP-6 (Chapitre 4). Les analogues de GHRP-6 ont été ensuite analysés pour leur capacité à moduler les effets de la fonction et de la cascade de signalisation des ligands spécifiques au Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), en collaboration avec le Professeur Huy Ong du département de Pharmacologie à la Faculté de Pharmacie de l’Université de Montréal. Le complexe TLR2-TLR6 est reconnu pour être co-exprimé et modulé par CD36. En se liant au CD36, certains ligands de GHRP-6 ont eu un effet sur la signalisation du TLR2. Par exemple, les azasulfurylpeptides [AsF(4-F)4]- et [AsF(4-MeO)4]-GHRP-6 ont démontré une capacité à empêcher la surproduction du monoxyde d’azote (NO), un sous-produit réactif formé suite à l’induction d’un signal dans les macrophages par des ligands spécifiques liés au TLR2, tel le fibroblast-stimulating lipopeptide 1 (R-FSL-1) et l’acide lipotéichoïque (LTA). En addition, la sécrétion du tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) et du monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), ainsi que l’activation du nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), ont été réduites. Ces résultats démontrent le potentiel de ces azasulfurylpeptides à pouvoir réguler le rôle du TLR2 qui déclenche des réponses inflammatoires et immunitaires innées (Perspectives). Finalement, le potentiel des azasulfurylpeptides d’inhiber des métallo-bêta-lactamases, tels le New-Delhi Metallo-bêta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1), IMP-1 et le Verona Integron-encoded Metallo-bêta-lactamase 2 (VIM-2), a été étudié en collaboration avec le Professeur James Spencer de l’Université de Bristol (Royaumes-Unis). Certains analogues ont été des inhibiteurs micromolaires du IMP-1 (Perspectives). Ces nouvelles voies de synthèse des azasulfurylpeptides en solution et sur support solide devraient donc permettre leur utilisation dans des études de relations structure-activité avec différents peptides biologiquement actifs. En plus d'expandre l'application des azasulfurylpeptides comme inhibiteurs d'enzymes, cette thèse a révélé le potentiel de ces N-aminosulfamides à mimer les structures secondaires peptidiques, tels que les tours gamma. À cet égard, l’application des azasulfurylpeptides a été démontrée par la synthèse de ligands du CD36 présentant des effets modulateurs sur le TLR2. Compte tenu de leur synthèse efficace et de leur potentiel en tant qu’inhibiteurs, les azasulfurylpeptides devraient trouver une large utilisation dans les sciences de peptides pour des applications dans la médecine et de la chimie biologique.

Differential regulation of Krüppel-like factor family transcription factor expression in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes: effects of endothelin-1, oxidative stress and cytokines

Krüppel-like transcription factors (Klfs) modulate fundamental cell processes. Cardiac myocytes are terminally-differentiated, but hypertrophy in response to stimuli such as endothelin-1. H2O2 or cytokines promote myocyte apoptosis. Microarray studies of neonatal rat myocytes identified several Klfs as endothelin-1-responsive genes. We used quantitative PCR for further analysis of Klf expression in neonatal rat myocytes. In response to endothelin-1, Klf2 mRNA expression was rapidly increased ( approximately 9-fold; 15-30 min) with later increases in expression of Klf4 and Klf6 ( approximately 5-fold; 30-60 min). All were regulated as immediate early genes (cycloheximide did not inhibit the increases in expression). Klf5 expression was increased at 1-2 h ( approximately 13-fold) as a second phase response (cycloheximide inhibited the increase). These increases were transient and attenuated by U0126. H2O2 increased expression of Klf2, Klf4 and Klf6, but interleukin-1beta or tumor necrosis factor alpha downregulated Klf2 expression with no effect on Klf4 or Klf6. Of the Klfs which repress transcription, endothelin-1 rapidly downregulated expression of Klf3, Klf11 and Klf15. The dynamic regulation of expression of multiple Klf family members in cardiac myocytes suggests that, as a family, they are actively involved in regulating phenotypic responses (hypertrophy and apoptosis) to extracellular stimuli.

The effect of a single episode of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the treatment of experimental periodontitis. Microbiological profile and cytokine pattern in the dog mandible

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a single application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on microbiological profile and cytokine pattern in dogs. Periodontal disease was induced by placing 3.0 silk ligatures around the mandibular pre-molars bilaterally during 8 weeks. The dogs were randomly treated with aPDT using a dye/laser system, scaling and root planning (SRP), or with the association of treatments (SRP + aPDT). Plaque samples were collected at baseline, 1, 3, and 4 weeks, and the mean counts of 40 species were determined using DNA-DNA hybridization. Gingival biopsies were removed and the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1), interleukin (IL) 6, IL-10 and total bacterial load by analysis of 16 S rRNA gene were evaluated through real-time PCR. The results shows that the levels of the majority of the species were reduced 1 week post-therapy for all treatments, however, an increase in counts of Prevotella intermedia (p = 0.00), Prevotella. nigrescens (p = 0.00) and Tannerella forsythia (p = 0.00) was observed for aPDT and SRP + aPDT. After 4 weeks, a regrowth of Porphyromonas gingivalis (p = 0.00) and Treponema denticola (p = 0.00), was observed for all treatments. Also, a strikingly reduction of counts on counts of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was observed for the aPDT (p = 0.00). For the cytokine pattern, the results were similar for all treatments, and a reduction in the expression of cytokines and bacterial load was observed throughout the study. Our results suggest that SRP, aPDT in a single application, and SRP + aPDT affects different bacterial species and have similar effects on the expression of cytokines evaluated during the treatment of ligature-induced periodontitis.

Reduced cytokine production by glycogen-elicited peritoneal cells from diabetic rats

IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-2 alpha/beta, and IL-10 measurements were performed in elicited peritoneal cells from control, diabetic, and insulin-treated diabetic rats. Production/liberation of these cytokines was decreased in elicited peritoneal cells from diabetic rats. These changes were abolished by insulin treatment of diabetic rats. The alterations observed might be involved in the impaired inflammatory response and high occurrence of apoptosis observed in neutrophils under diabetic states.

Intermittent Therapy with 1,25 Vitamin D and Calcitonin Prevents Cyclosporin-Induced Alveolar Bone Loss in Rats

Bone loss associated with cyclosporin A (CsA) therapy can result in serious morbidity to patients. Intermittent administration of 1,25 Vitamin D and calcitonin reduces osteopenia in a murine model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of this therapeutic approach on CsA-induced alveolar bone loss in rats. Forty male Wistar rats were allocated to four experimental groups according to the treatment received during 8 weeks: (1) CsA (10 mg/kg/day, s.c.); (2) 1,25 Vitamin D (2 mu g/kg, p.o.; in weeks 1, 3, 5, and 7) plus calcitonin (2 mu g/kg, i.p.; in weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8); (3) CsA concurrently with intermittent 1,25 Vitamin D and calcitonin administration; and (4) the control treatment group (vehicle). At the end of the 8-week treatment period, serum concentrations of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP-5b), osteocalcin, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were measured and an analysis of bone volume, bone surface, number of osteoblasts, and osteoclasts was performed. CsA administration resulted in significant alveolar bone resorption, as assessed by a lower bone volume and an increased number of osteoclasts, and increased serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, TRAP-5b, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha concentrations. The intermittent administration of calcitriol and calcitonin prevented the CsA-induced osteopenic changes and the increased serum concentrations of TRAP-5b and inflammatory cytokines. Intermittent calcitriol/calcitonin therapy prevents CsA-induced alveolar bone loss in rats and normalizes the production of associated inflammatory mediators.

Insulin inhibits LPS-induced signaling pathways in alveolar macrophages

The systemic inflammatory response syndrome ( SIRS) is triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria. Insulin was shown to have a protective role in SIRS related to sepsis. Lungs are particularly affected in this condition and provide a second wave of mediators/cytokines which amplifies SIRS. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of insulin on the signaling pathways elicited by LPS in alveolar macrophages (AMs) and its consequence in cellular response to LPS measured as production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). To this purpose, resident AMs from male Wistar rats were obtained by lung lavage and stimulated by LPS ( 100 ng/mL). Insulin ( 1 mU/mL) was added 10 min before LPS. Activation ( phosphorylation) of signaling molecules by LPS was analyzed by western blot, 30 min after LPS stimulation. TNF was measured in the AMs culture supernatants by bioassay using L-929 tumor cells. Relative to controls, LPS induced a significant increase in the activation of ERK (3.6-fold), p38 (4.4-fold), Tyr-326 Akt (4.7-fold), Ser-473 Akt (6.9-fold), PKCa (4.7-fold) and PKCd (2.3-fold). Treatment of AMs with insulin before LPS stimulation, significantly reduced the activation of ERK (54%), p38 (48%), Tyr-326 Akt (64%), Ser-473 Akt (41%), PKCa (62%) and PKCd (39%). LPS induced TNF production in AMs which was also inhibited by insulin (60%). These results show that insulin down-regulates MAPK, PI3K and PKCs and inhibits a downstream effect of LPS, TNF production, in rat AMs stimulated with LPS and suggest that the protective effect of insulin in sepsis could be through modulation of signal transduction pathways elicited by LPS in lung macrophages. Copyright (c) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Leads to Severe Fungal Infection Associated with Enhanced Proinflammatory Immunity and Impaired Expansion of Regulatory T Cells

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) present in innate immune cells recognize pathogen molecular patterns and influence immunity to control the host-parasite interaction. The objective of this study was to characterize the involvement of TLR4 in the innate and adaptive immunity to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the most important primary fungal pathogen of Latin America. We compared the responses of C3H/HeJ mice, which are naturally defective in TLR4 signaling, with those of C3H/HePas mice, which express functional receptors, after in vitro and in vivo infection with P. brasiliensis. Unexpectedly, we verified that TLR4-defective macrophages infected in vitro with P. brasiliensis presented decreased fungal loads associated with impaired synthesis of nitric oxide, interleukin-12 (IL-12), and macrophage chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1). After intratracheal infection with 1 million yeasts, TLR4-defective mice developed reduced fungal burdens and decreased levels of pulmonary nitric oxide, proinflammatory cytokines, and antibodies. TLR4-competent mice produced elevated levels of IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), besides cytokines of the Th17 pattern, indicating a proinflammatory role for TLR4 signaling. The more severe infection of TLR4-normal mice resulted in increased influx of activated macrophages and T cells to the lungs and progressive control of fungal burdens but impaired expansion of regulatory T cells (Treg cells). In contrast, TLR4-defective mice were not able to clear their diminished fungal burdens totally, a defect associated with deficient activation of T-cell immunity and enhanced development of Treg cells. These divergent patterns of immunity, however, resulted in equivalent mortality rates, indicating that control of elevated fungal growth mediated by vigorous inflammatory reactions is as deleterious to the hosts as low fungal loads inefficiently controlled by limited inflammatory reactions.

Apoptosis of macrophages during pulmonary Mycobacterium bovis infection: correlation with intracellular bacillary load and cytokine levels

P>Apoptosis of macrophages infected with pathogenic mycobacteria is an alternative host defence capable of removing the environment supporting bacterial growth. In this work the influence of virulence and bacterial load on apoptosis of alveolar macrophages during the initial phase of infection by Mycobacterium bovis was investigated. BALB/c mice were infected intratracheally with high or low doses of the virulent (ATCC19274) or attenuated (bacillus Calmette-Guerin Moreau) strains of M. bovis. The frequency of macrophage apoptosis, the growth of mycobacteria in macrophages, and the in situ levels of the cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-12 and of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 were measured at day 3 and day 7 post-infection. An increase of macrophage apoptosis was observed after infection with both strains but the virulent strain induced less apoptosis than the attenuated strain. On the 3rd day after infection with the virulent strain macrophage apoptosis was reduced in the high-dose group, while on the 7th day post-infection macrophage apoptosis was reduced in the low-dose group. Inhibition of apoptosis was correlated with increased production of IL-10, reduced production of TNF-alpha and increased production of Bcl-2. In addition, the production of IL-12 was reduced at points where the lowest levels of macrophage apoptosis were observed. Our results indicate that virulent mycobacteria are able to modulate macrophage apoptosis to an extent dependent on the intracellular bacterial burden, which benefits its intracellular growth and dissemination to adjacent cells.

Variants in the toll-like receptor signaling pathway and clinical outcomes of malaria

Background. Malaria is one of the most significant infectious diseases in the world and is responsible for a large proportion of infant deaths. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), key components of innate immunity, are central to countering infection. Variants in the TLR-signaling pathway are associated with susceptibility to infectious diseases. Methods. We genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs) of the genes associated with the TLR-signaling pathway in patients with mild malaria and individuals with asymptomatic Plasmodium infections by means of polymerase chain reaction. Results. Genotype distributions for the TLR-1 I602S differed significantly between patients with mild malaria and persons with asymptomatic infection. The TLR-1 602S allele was associated with an odds ratio ( OR) of 2.2 ( P = .003; P(corrected) = .015) for malaria among patients with mild malaria due to any Plasmodium species and 2.1 ( P = .015; P(corrected) = .75) among patients with mild malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum only. The TLR-6 S249P SNP showed an excess of homozygotes for the TLR-6 249P allele in asymptomatic persons, compared with patients with mild malaria due to any Plasmodium species (OR 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-4.2; P = .01; P(corrected) = .05), suggesting that the TLR-6 249S allele may be a risk factor for malaria ( OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.7; P = 0.01; P(corrected) = .05). The TLR-9-1486C allele showed a strong association with high parasitemia ( P < .001). Conclusions. Our findings indicate that the TLR-1 and TLR- 6 variants are significantly associated with mild malaria, whereas the TLR-9-1486C/T variants are associated with high parasitemia. These discoveries may bring additional understanding to the pathogenesis of malaria.

Inflammation of the Hypothalamus Leads to Defective Pancreatic Islet Function

Type 2 diabetes mellitus results from the complex association of insulin resistance and pancreatic beta-cell failure. Obesity is the main risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus, and recent studies have shown that, in diet-induced obesity, the hypothalamus becomes inflamed and dysfunctional, resulting in the loss of the perfect coupling between caloric intake and energy expenditure. Because pancreatic beta-cell function is, in part, under the control of the autonomic nervous system, we evaluated the role of hypothalamic inflammation in pancreatic islet function. In diet-induced obesity, the earliest markers of hypothalamic inflammation are present at 8 weeks after the beginning of the high fat diet; similarly, the loss of the first phase of insulin secretion is detected at the same time point and is restored following sympathectomy. Intracerebroventricular injection of a low dose of tumor necrosis factor a leads to a dysfunctional increase in insulin secretion and activates the expression of a number of markers of apoptosis in pancreatic islets. In addition, the injection of stearic acid intracerebroventricularly, which leads to hypothalamic inflammation through the activation of tau-like receptor-4 and endoplasmic reticulum stress, produces an impairment of insulin secretion, accompanied by increased expression of markers of apoptosis. The defective insulin secretion, in this case, is partially dependent on sympathetic signal-induced peroxisome proliferator receptor-gamma coactivator Delta a and uncoupling protein-2 expression and is restored after sympathectomy or following PGC1 alpha expression inhibition by an antisense oligonucleotide. Thus, the autonomic signals generated in concert with hypothalamic inflammation can impair pancreatic islet function, a phenomenon that may explain the early link between obesity and defective insulin secretion.

Bradykinin inducible receptor is essential to lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice

Lipopolysaccharides from gram-negative bacteria are amongst the most common causative agents of acute lung injury, which is characterized by an inflammatory response, with cellular infiltration and the release of mediators/cytokines. There is evidence that bradykinin plays a role in lung inflammation in asthma but in other types of lung inflammation its role is less clear. In the present study we evaluated the role of the bradykinin B(1) receptor in acute lung injury caused by lipopolysaccharide inhalation and the mechanisms behind bradykinin actions participating in the inflammatory response. We found that in C57BI/6 mice, the bradykinin B(1) receptor expression was up-regulated 24 h after lipopolysaccharide inhalation. At this time, the number of cells and protein concentration were significantly increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and the mice developed airway hyperreactivity to methacholine. In addition, there was an increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta and interferon-gamma and chemokines (monocytes chemotactic protein-1 and KC) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in the lung tissue. We then treated the mice with a bradykinin B, receptor antagonist, R-954 (Ac-Orn-[Oic(2), alpha-MePhe(5), D-beta Nal(7), Ile(8)]desArg(9)-bradykinin), 30 min after lipopolysaccharide administration. We observed that this treatment prevented the airway hyperreactivity as well as the increased cellular infiltration and protein content in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Moreover, R-954 inhibited the expression of cytokines/chemokines. These results implicate bradykinin, acting through B(1) receptor, in the development of acute lung injury caused by lipopolysaccharide inhalation. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Avaliação do efeito citotóxico da lectina da esponja marinha Cliona varians contra células de leucemia mielóide crônica

In this study, a BCR-ABL expressing human chronic myelogenous leukaemia cell line (K562) was used to investigate the antitumoral potential of a novel lectin (CvL) purified from the marine sponge Cliona varians. CvL inhibited the growth of K562 cells with an IC50 value of 70 g/ml, but was ineffective to normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes in the same range of concentrations tested (180 g/ml). Cell death occurred after 72 h of exposure to the lectin and with sign of apoptosis as analysed by DAPI staining. Investigation of the possible effectors of this process showed that cell death occurred in the presence of Bcl-2 and Bax expression, and involved a caspase-independent pathway. Confocal fluorescence microscopy indicated a major role for the lysosomal protease cathepsin B in mediating cell death. Accordingly, pre-incubation of K562 cells with the cathepsin inhibitor L-trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane (E-64) abolished the cytotoxic effect of CvL. Furthermore, we found upregulation of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) and down-modulation of p65 subunit of nuclear factor kappa B (NFB) expression in CvL-treated cells. These effects were accompanied by increased levels of p21 and downmodulation of pRb, suggesting that CvL is capable of cell cycle arrest. Collectively, these findings suggest that cathepsin B acts as death mediator in CvL-induced cytotoxicity possibly in a still uncharacterized connection with the membrane death receptor pathway

TRAIL-R3-related apoptosis: Epigenetic and expression analyses in women with ovarian neoplasia

Objective. To assess the expression of TRAIL-R3 and the methylation of a CpG island within the TRAIL-R3 promoter both in cystadenoma tumors and primary and metastatic epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC).Methods. RNA was obtained from women with normal ovarian (NO) tissues (n = 18), ovarian serous cystadenoma tumors (n = 11) and EOC (n = 16) using Trizol (R). Quantitative PCR (gRT-PCR) was performed to quantify the relative levels of TRAIL-R3. The methylation frequency of the CpG island in the TRAIL-R3 promoter was assessed using the methylation-specific PCR (MSP) assay after DNA bisulfite conversion. The differences between the groups were evaluated using the chi-square, Student's t, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon or Kruskal-Wallis tests as indicated. The survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method.Results. Cystadenoma and metastatic EOC tumors expressed significantly more TRAIL-R3 mRNA than primary EOC tumors. Methylation of the TRAIL-R3 promoter was absent in NO tissues, while hemimethylation of the TRAIL-R3 promoter was frequently found in the neoplasia samples with 45.4% of the cystadenoma tumors, 8.3% of the primary EOC samples and 11.1% of the metastatic EOC samples showing at least partial methylation (p = 0.018). Neither the expression of TRAIL-R3 nor alterations in the methylation profile were associated to cumulative progression-free survival or the overall survival in EOC patients.Conclusions. Primary EOC is associated to a lower TRAIL-R3 expression, which leads to a better understanding of the complex disease and highlighting potential therapeutic targets. Promoter DNA methylation was not related to this finding, suggesting the presence of other mechanisms to transcriptional control. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

MKK3/6-p38 MAPK signaling is required for IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha-induced RANKL expression in bone marrow stromal cells

Coupled bone turnover is directed by the expression of receptor-activated NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL) and its decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin (OPG). Proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induce RANKL expression in bone marrow stromal cells. Here, we report that IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha-induced RANKL requires p38 mitogen-activating protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation for maximal expression. Real-time PCR was used to assess the p38 contribution toward IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha-induced RANKL mRNA expression. Steady-state RANKL RNA levels were increased approximately 17-fold by IL-1 beta treatment and subsequently reduced similar to 70%-90% when p38 MAPK was inhibited with SB203580. RANKL mRNA stability data indicated that p38 MAPK did not alter the rate of mRNA decay in IL-1 beta-induced cells. Using a RANKL-luciferase cell line receptor containing a 120-kB segment of the 5' flanking region of the RANKL gene, reporter expression was stimulated 4-5-fold by IL-1 beta or TNF-alpha treatment. IL-1 beta-induced RANKL reporter expression was completely blocked with specific p38 inhibitors as well as dominant negative mutant constructs of MAPK kinase-3 and -6. In addition, blocking p38 signaling in bone marrow stromal cells partially inhibited IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Results from these studies indicate that p38 MAPK is a major signaling pathway involved in IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha-induced RANKL expression in bone marrow stromal cells.