GLP, une nouvelle protéine associée au récepteur AT1, induit de l'hypertrophie dans les cellules du tubule proximal du rein du rat

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Le phénomène d'escalier mesuré par phonomyographie : réaction musculaire et influence du type de contraction en anesthésie

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Bioengineered Approaches to Prevent Hypertrophic Scar Contraction

Burn injuries in the United States account for over one million hospital admissions per year, with treatment estimated at four billion dollars. Of severe burn patients, 30-90% will develop hypertrophic scars (HSc). Current burn therapies rely upon the use of bioengineered skin equivalents (BSEs), which assist in wound healing but do not prevent HSc. HSc contraction occurs of 6-18 months and results in the formation of a fixed, inelastic skin deformity, with 60% of cases occurring across a joint. HSc contraction is characterized by abnormally high presence of contractile myofibroblasts which normally apoptose at the completion of the proliferative phase of wound healing. Additionally, clinical observation suggests that the likelihood of HSc is increased in injuries with a prolonged immune response. Given the pathogenesis of HSc, we hypothesize that BSEs should be designed with two key anti-scarring characterizes: (1) 3D architecture and surface chemistry to mitigate the inflammatory microenvironment and decrease myofibroblast transition; and (2) using materials which persist in the wound bed throughout the remodeling phase of repair. We employed electrospinning and 3D printing to generate scaffolds with well-controlled degradation rate, surface coatings, and 3D architecture to explore our hypothesis through four aims.

In the first aim, we evaluate the impact of elastomeric, randomly-oriented biostable polyurethane (PU) scaffold on HSc-related outcomes. In unwounded skin, native collagen is arranged randomly, elastin fibers are abundant, and myofibroblasts are absent. Conversely, in scar contractures, collagen is arranged in linear arrays and elastin fibers are few, while myofibroblast density is high. Randomly oriented collagen fibers native to the uninjured dermis encourage random cell alignment through contact guidance and do not transmit as much force as aligned collagen fibers. However, the linear ECM serves as a system for mechanotransduction between cells in a feed-forward mechanism, which perpetuates ECM remodeling and myofibroblast contraction. The electrospinning process allowed us to create scaffolds with randomly-oriented fibers that promote random collagen deposition and decrease myofibroblast formation. Compared to an in vitro HSc contraction model, fibroblast-seeded PU scaffolds significantly decreased matrix and myofibroblast formation. In a murine HSc model, collagen coated PU (ccPU) scaffolds significantly reduced HSc contraction as compared to untreated control wounds and wounds treated with the clinical standard of care. The data from this study suggest that electrospun ccPU scaffolds meet the requirements to mitigate HSc contraction including: reduction of in vitro HSc related outcomes, diminished scar stiffness, and reduced scar contraction. While clinical dogma suggests treating severe burn patients with rapidly biodegrading skin equivalents, these data suggest that a more long-term scaffold may possess merit in reducing HSc.

In the second aim, we further investigate the impact of scaffold longevity on HSc contraction by studying a degradable, elastomeric, randomly oriented, electrospun micro-fibrous scaffold fabricated from the copolymer poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL). PLCL scaffolds displayed appropriate elastomeric and tensile characteristics for implantation beneath a human skin graft. In vitro analysis using normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) demonstrated that PLCL scaffolds decreased myofibroblast formation as compared to an in vitro HSc contraction model. Using our murine HSc contraction model, we found that HSc contraction was significantly greater in animals treated with standard of care, Integra, as compared to those treated with collagen coated-PLCL (ccPLCL) scaffolds at d 56 following implantation. Finally, wounds treated with ccPLCL were significantly less stiff than control wounds at d 56 in vivo. Together, these data further solidify our hypothesis that scaffolds which persist throughout the remodeling phase of repair represent a clinically translatable method to prevent HSc contraction.

In the third aim, we attempt to optimize cell-scaffold interactions by employing an anti-inflammatory coating on electrospun PLCL scaffolds. The anti-inflammatory sub-epidermal glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronic acid (HA) was used as a coating material for PLCL scaffolds to encourage a regenerative healing phenotype. To minimize local inflammation, an anti-TNFα monoclonal antibody (mAB) was conjugated to the HA backbone prior to PLCL coating. ELISA analysis confirmed mAB activity following conjugation to HA (HA+mAB), and following adsorption of HA+mAB to the PLCL backbone [(HA+mAB)PLCL]. Alican blue staining demonstrated thorough HA coating of PLCL scaffolds using pressure-driven adsorption. In vitro studies demonstrated that treatment with (HA+mAB)PLCL prevented downstream inflammatory events in mouse macrophages treated with soluble TNFα. In vivo studies using our murine HSc contraction model suggested positive impact of HA coating, which was partiall impeded by the inclusion of the TNFα mAB. Further characterization of the inflammatory microenvironment of our murine model is required prior to conclusions regarding the potential for anti-TNFα therapeutics for HSc. Together, our data demonstrate the development of a complex anti-inflammatory coating for PLCL scaffolds, and the potential impact of altering the ECM coating material on HSc contraction.

In the fourth aim, we investigate how scaffold design, specifically pore dimensions, can influence myofibroblast interactions and subsequent formation of OB-cadherin positive adherens junctions in vitro. We collaborated with Wake Forest University to produce 3D printed (3DP) scaffolds with well-controlled pore sizes we hypothesized that decreasing pore size would mitigate intra-cellular communication via OB-cadherin-positive adherens junctions. PU was 3D printed via pressure extrusion in basket-weave design with feature diameter of ~70 µm and pore sizes of 50, 100, or 150 µm. Tensile elastic moduli of 3DP scaffolds were similar to Integra; however, flexural moduli of 3DP were significantly greater than Integra. 3DP scaffolds demonstrated ~50% porosity. 24 h and 5 d western blot data demonstrated significant increases in OB-cadherin expression in 100 µm pores relative to 50 µm pores, suggesting that pore size may play a role in regulating cell-cell communication. To analyze the impact of pore size in these scaffolds on scarring in vivo, scaffolds were implanted beneath skin graft in a murine HSc model. While flexural stiffness resulted in graft necrosis by d 14, cellular and blood vessel integration into scaffolds was evident, suggesting potential for this design if employed in a less stiff material. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that pore size alone impacts OB-cadherin protein expression in vitro, suggesting that pore size may play a role on adherens junction formation affiliated with the fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition. Overall, this work introduces a new bioengineered scaffold design to both study the mechanism behind HSc and prevent the clinical burden of this contractile disease.

Together, these studies inform the field of critical design parameters in scaffold design for the prevention of HSc contraction. We propose that scaffold 3D architectural design, surface chemistry, and longevity can be employed as key design parameters during the development of next generation, low-cost scaffolds to mitigate post-burn hypertrophic scar contraction. The lessening of post-burn scarring and scar contraction would improve clinical practice by reducing medical expenditures, increasing patient survival, and dramatically improving quality of life for millions of patients worldwide.

Contraction et filamentation des décharges micro-ondes entretenues à la pression atmosphérique : application à la détoxication des gaz à effet de serre

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

GLP, une nouvelle protéine associée au récepteur AT1, induit de l'hypertrophie dans les cellules du tubule proximal du rein du rat

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Le phénomène d'escalier mesuré par phonomyographie : réaction musculaire et influence du type de contraction en anesthésie

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Fracturas de extremo proximal y diafisarias de húmero: relación con osteoporosis y resultados funcionales tras tratamiento rehabilitador

Programa de doctorado: Avances en Traumatología. La fecha de publicación es la fecha de lectura

Determinación de análisis bromatológico proximal y calidad culinaria de Phaseolus vulgaris L. (frijol común) grano negro criollo cultivado en la zona occidental de El Salvador

Esta investigación apuesta a la utilización del Phaseolus vulgaris L. (frijol común) grano negro criollo como un recurso que aumente el acceso alimenticio de las familias salvadoreñas. Para ello se estudió la calidad culinaria y bromatológica de tres variedades de Phaseolus vulgaris L. (frijol común) grano negro criollo que respalde el fomento del consumo de esta leguminosa. Los análisis realizados comprende la calidad culinaria que consiste en la determinación del coeficiente de hidratación, tiempo de cocción, densidad del caldo y las dimensiones del grano; y el análisis bromatológico proximal que consiste en la determinación de cenizas, humedad, proteína cruda, fibra cruda, extracto étereo, extracto libre de nitrógeno y minerales de importancia tales como: hierro, calcio, magnesio y zinc. Las muestras son variedades de Phaseolus vulgaris L. (frijol común) grano negro criollo (Cuarentín, Tamazulapa y El Porvenir) cultivadas en la zona occidental de El Salvador. Los resultados se compararon con los valores de referencia de frijol grano negro seco presentados en las tablas de composición de alimentos del Instituto de Nutrición de Centroamérica y Panamá (INCAP), y se evaluaron estadísticamente a través del análisis de varianza de un factor, análisis de diferencia significativa honesta de Tukey y representación gráfica Biplot. La variedad de frijol común grano negro criollo con mejores resultados en cuanto a calidad culinaria fue la variedad Cuarentín, en cambio en calidad bromatológica y cuantificación de micronutrientes los mejores resultados fueron para las variedades Cuarentín y Tamazulapa; sin embargo, la variedad con mayor cantidad proteica fue la variedad El Porvenir.

Las variaciones en colesterol-HDL tras bypass gástrico proximal son independientes de la evolución ponderal

Fundamento. La cirugía bariátrica posee efectos beneficiosos sobre el perfil lipídico en pacientes con obesidad mórbida que pueden atenuarse con la recuperación ponderal. El presente estudio se ha llevado a cabo para evaluar el perfil lipídico antes y a lo largo de los seis años consiguientes a la realización de bypass gástrico proximal (BPG). Material y métodos. Se han estudiado 177 pacientes (135 mujeres) con obesidad mórbida (IMC 44,2+0,4 kg/m²) de 42,4+0,9 años de edad antes, 3,6,9, 12,24,36,48,60 y 72 meses después de realizar BPG. En todas las revisiones se evaluó el tratamiento hipolipemiante, antropometría (IMC, cintura), composición corporal (Bod-Pod) y determinaciones de colesterol total (CT), colesterol-LDL (LDL-C), colesterol-HDL (HDL-C), triglicéridos (TG), glucosa e insulina. Resultados. El BPG indujo marcada reducción de IMC (nadir IMC a 18 meses 28,3+0,4 kg/m² p<0,001) y grasa corporal consiguiendo una pérdida de exceso IMC del 84,1% y del exceso de porcentaje de grasa del 87% que disminuyó al 65,6 y 38,3% (ambos p<0,005 respecto a nadir) respectivamente a los 6 años del BPG, indicando recuperación de peso y grasa corporal. Los valores de TG alcanzaron el 70% a los 60 meses, los de LDL-C el 70,6% a los 18 meses y los de HDL-C el 197% del valor pre-intervención a los 48 meses. La elevación de HDL-C aumentó durante la fase de recuperación ponderal de forma continuada (p<0,001). Tanto los cocientes CT/HDL-C como TG/HDL-C se normalizaron de forma mantenida durante los 6 años de seguimiento. Conclusiones. Estos resultados confirman la mejoría de todas las fracciones lipídicas 6 años después del BPG, con especial mención a HDL-C, que mantuvo progresión creciente incluso durante la recuperación ponderal, reduciendo la tasa de dislipemia a los 6 años del BPG.

Early Adaptation of Small Intestine After Massive Small Bowel Resection in Rats

Background: It is important that the residual bowel adapts after massive resection. The necessary intestinal adaptation is a progressive recovery from intestinal failure through increase in absorptive surface area and functional capacity and includes both morphological and functional adaptations. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate intestinal morphological and functional adaptations of small bowel syndrome (SBS) model rats (SBS1W) 7 days after bowel resection. Materials and Methods: Male sprague–dawley rats (n = 20/group) underwent either a 75% proximal small bowel resection (SBS1W group) or a control operation (control group). Markers of morphological adaptation were revealed by TEM analysis of H&E-stained tissue samples. The intestinal barrier condition was assessed by BT, and sIgA concentration in intestinal mucus was measured by ELISA. Contractility and the slow wave rhythm of the entire intestinal remnant were measured and recorded. Results: The SBS1W group experienced more weight loss than control group and had a clearly different intestinal morphology as revealed in TEM images. Compared with control rats, the SBS1W group had a lower sIgA concentration in intestinal mucus and higher BT to lymph nodes (70% vs 40%; level I), portal blood (40% vs 10%; level II), and peripheral blood (60% vs 30%; level III). Disorder of spontaneous rhythmic contraction, irregular amplitude, and slow frequency were detected in the SBS1W group by a muscle strips test. Similarly, the slow wave of the entire intestinal remnant in the SBS1W group was irregular and uncoordinated. Conclusions: The finding of intestinal adaptation following massive SBR in SBS1W rats provides more understanding of the mechanisms of progressive recovery from the intestinal failure that underlies SBS. The mechanical, chemical, immunological, and biological barriers were all impaired at 7 days following bowel resection, indicating that the SBS model rats were still in the intestinal adaptation phase.

Composição proximal e características físico-químicas de novos genótipos de açaí (Euterpe oleracea).

2016

Minimal Invasive Ostheosintesis For Treatment Of Diaphiseal Transverse Humeral Shaft Fractures.

To evaluate patients with transverse fractures of the shaft of the humerus treated with indirect reduction and internal fixation with plate and screws through minimally invasive technique. Inclusion criteria were adult patients with transverse diaphyseal fractures of the humerus closed, isolated or not occurring within 15 days of the initial trauma. Exclusion criteria were patients with compound fractures. In two patients, proximal screw loosening occurred, however, the fractures consolidated in the same mean time as the rest of the series. Consolidation with up to 5 degrees of varus occurred in five cases and extension deficit was observed in the patient with olecranon fracture treated with tension band, which was not considered as a complication. There was no recurrence of infection or iatrogenic radial nerve injury. It can be concluded that minimally invasive osteosynthesis with bridge plate can be considered a safe and effective option for the treatment of transverse fractures of the humeral shaft. Level of Evidence III, Therapeutic Study.

Association Between Prehypertension, Metabolic And Inflammatory Markers, Decreased Adiponectin And Enhanced Insulinemia In Obese Subjects.

Obesity is associated with development of the cardiorenal metabolic syndrome, which is a constellation of risk factors, such as insulin resistance, inflammatory response, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure that predispose affected individuals to well-characterized medical conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular and kidney chronic disease. The study was designed to establish relationship between metabolic and inflammatory disorder, renal sodium retention and enhanced blood pressure in a group of obese subjects compared with age-matched, lean volunteers. The study was performed after 14 h overnight fast after and before OGTT in 13 lean (BMI 22.92 ± 2.03 kg/m(2)) and, 27 obese (BMI 36.15 ± 3.84 kg/m(2)) volunteers. Assessment of HOMA-IR and QUICKI index were calculated and circulating concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6 and C-reactive protein, measured by immunoassay. THE STUDY SHOWS THAT A HYPERINSULINEMIC (HI: 10.85 ± 4.09 μg/ml) subgroup of well-characterized metabolic syndrome bearers-obese subjects show higher glycemic and elevated blood pressure levels when compared to lean and normoinsulinemic (NI: 5.51 ± 1.18 μg/ml, P < 0.027) subjects. Here, the combination of hyperinsulinemia, higher HOMA-IR (HI: 2.19 ± 0.70 (n = 12) vs. LS: 0.83 ± 0.23 (n = 12) and NI: 0.98 ± 0.22 (n = 15), P < 0.0001) associated with lower QUICKI in HI obese when compared with LS and NI volunteers (P < 0.0001), suggests the occurrence of insulin resistance and a defect in insulin-stimulated peripheral action. Otherwise, the adiponectin measured in basal period was significantly enhanced in NI subjects when compared to HI groups (P < 0.04). The report also showed a similar insulin-mediated reduction of post-proximal urinary sodium excretion in lean (LS: 9.41 ± 0.68% vs. 6.38 ± 0.92%, P = 0.086), and normoinsulinemic (NI: 8.41 ± 0.72% vs. 5.66 ± 0.53%, P = 0.0025) and hyperinsulinemic obese subjects (HI: 8.82 ± 0.98% vs. 6.32 ± 0.67%, P = 0.0264), after oral glucose load, despite elevated insulinemic levels in hyperinsulinemic obeses. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of adiponectin levels and dysfunctional inflammatory modulation associated with hyperinsulinemia and peripheral insulin resistance, high blood pressure, and renal dysfunction in a particular subgroup of obeses.