New methodology for describing the equilibrium beach profile applied to the Valencia's beaches

Mathematical models used for the understanding of coastal seabed morphology play a key role in beach nourishment projects. These projects have become the fundamental strategy for coastal maintenance during the last few years. Accordingly, the accuracy of these models is vital to optimize the costs of coastal regeneration projects. Planning of such interventions requires methodologies that do not generate uncertainties in their interpretation. A study and comparison of mathematical simulation models of the coastline is carried out in this paper, as well as elements that are part of the model that are a source of uncertainty. The equilibrium profile (EP) and the offshore limit corresponding to the depth of closure (DoC) have been analyzed taking into account different timescale ranges. The results have thus been compared using data sets from three different periods which are identified as present, past and future. Accuracy in data collection for the beach profiles and the definition of the median grain size calculation using collected samples are the two main factors that have been taken into account in this paper. These data can generate high uncertainties and can produce a lack of accuracy in nourishment projects. Together they can generate excessive costs due to possible excess or shortage of sand used for the nourishment. The main goal of this paper is the development of a new methodology to increase the accuracy of the existing equilibrium beach profile models, providing an improvement to the inputs used in such models and in the fitting of the formulae used to obtain seabed shape. This new methodology has been applied and tested on Valencia's beaches.

A simple method to predict elastic settlements in foundations resting on two soils of differing deformability

This paper shows the analysis results obtained from more than 200 finite element method (FEM) models used to calculate the settlement of a foundation resting on two soils of differing deformability. The analysis considers such different parameters as the foundation geometry, the percentage of each soil in contact with the foundation base and the ratio of the soils’ elastic moduli. From the described analysis, it is concluded that the maximum settlement of the foundation, calculated by assuming that the foundation is completely resting on the most deformable soil, can be correlated with the settlement calculated by FEM models through a correction coefficient named “settlement reduction factor” (α). As a consequence, a novel expression is proposed for calculating the real settlement of a foundation resting on two soils of different deformability with maximum errors lower than 1.57%, as demonstrated by the statistical analysis carried out. A guide for the application of the proposed simple method is also explained in the paper. Finally, the proposed methodology has been validated using settlement data from an instrumented foundation, indicating that this is a simple, reliable and quick method which allows the computation of the maximum elastic settlement of a raft foundation, evaluates its suitability and optimises its selection process.

Highly Conductive Carbon Fiber Reinforced Concrete for Icing Prevention and Curing

This paper aims to study the feasibility of highly conductive carbon fiber reinforced concrete (CFRC) as a self-heating material for ice formation prevention and curing in pavements. Tests were carried out in lab ambient conditions at different fixed voltages and then introduced in a freezer at −15 °C. The specimens inside the freezer were exposed to different fixed voltages when reaching +5 °C for prevention of icing and when reaching the temperature inside the freezer, i.e., −15 °C, for curing of icing. Results show that this concrete could act as a heating element in pavements with risk of ice formation, consuming a reasonable amount of energy for both anti-icing (prevention) and deicing (curing), which could turn into an environmentally friendly and cost-effective deicing method.

Subsidence damage assessment of a Gothic church using differential interferometry and field data

The Santas Justa and Rufina Gothic church (fourteenth century) has suffered several physical, mechanical, chemical, and biochemical types of pathologies along its history: rock alveolization, efflorescence, biological activity, and capillary ascent of groundwater. However, during the last two decades, a new phenomenon has seriously affected the church: ground subsidence caused by aquifer overexploitation. Subsidence is a process that affects the whole Vega Baja of the Segura River basin and consists of gradual sinking in the ground surface caused by soil consolidation due to a pore pressure decrease. This phenomenon has been studied by differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry techniques, which illustrate settlements up to 100 mm for the 1993–2009 period for the whole Orihuela city. Although no differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry information is available for the church due to the loss of interferometric coherence, the spatial analysis of nearby deformation combined with fieldwork has advanced the current understanding on the mechanisms that affect the Santas Justa and Rufina church. These results show the potential interest and the limitations of using this remote sensing technique as a complementary tool for the forensic analysis of building structures.

Imaging Land Subsidence Induced by Groundwater Extraction in Beijing (China) Using Satellite Radar Interferometry

Beijing is one of the most water-stressed cities in the world. Due to over-exploitation of groundwater, the Beijing region has been suffering from land subsidence since 1935. In this study, the Small Baseline InSAR technique has been employed to process Envisat ASAR images acquired between 2003 and 2010 and TerraSAR-X stripmap images collected from 2010 to 2011 to investigate land subsidence in the Beijing region. The maximum subsidence is seen in the eastern part of Beijing with a rate greater than 100 mm/year. Comparisons between InSAR and GPS derived subsidence rates show an RMS difference of 2.94 mm/year with a mean of 2.41 ± 1.84 mm/year. In addition, a high correlation was observed between InSAR subsidence rate maps derived from two different datasets (i.e., Envisat and TerraSAR-X). These demonstrate once again that InSAR is a powerful tool for monitoring land subsidence. InSAR derived subsidence rate maps have allowed for a comprehensive spatio-temporal analysis to identify the main triggering factors of land subsidence. Some interesting relationships in terms of land subsidence were found with groundwater level, active faults, accumulated soft soil thickness and different aquifer types. Furthermore, a relationship with the distances to pumping wells was also recognized in this work.

El Clot de Galvany a Elx: dades per a un debat

En este artículo se trata de la historia reciente y de la situación a principio de los años noventa del siglo XX del Clot de Galvany, un paraje natural, entonces de propiedad privada, situado en el municipio de Elche, junto al límite del término municipal de Santa Pola, en un entorno urbanizado y construido de gran agresividad turística y especulativa. Morfológicamente se trata de una depresión del terreno inundada de forma periódica con agua dulce, lo que origina desde tiempos inmemoriales una zona húmeda de características muy particulares, con gran riqueza de fauna y flora. A principio de los años ochenta todo el paraje fue declarado edificable por el ayuntamiento, pero hubo una importante contestación popular que obligó al municipio a realizar actuaciones urbanísticas, políticas y sociales que condujeron finalmente a su regeneración y a su uso y gestión públicos.

DESARROLLO DE APLICACIONES ESTADÍSTICAS PARA LA AGRICULTURA DE PRECISIÓN

A partir de las últimas décadas se ha impulsado el desarrollo y la utilización de los Sistemas de Información Geográficos (SIG) y los Sistemas de Posicionamiento Satelital (GPS) orientados a mejorar la eficiencia productiva de distintos sistemas de cultivos extensivos en términos agronómicos, económicos y ambientales. Estas nuevas tecnologías permiten medir variabilidad espacial de propiedades del sitio como conductividad eléctrica aparente y otros atributos del terreno así como el efecto de las mismas sobre la distribución espacial de los rendimientos. Luego, es posible aplicar el manejo sitio-específico en los lotes para mejorar la eficiencia en el uso de los insumos agroquímicos, la protección del medio ambiente y la sustentabilidad de la vida rural. En la actualidad, existe una oferta amplia de recursos tecnológicos propios de la agricultura de precisión para capturar variación espacial a través de los sitios dentro del terreno. El óptimo uso del gran volumen de datos derivado de maquinarias de agricultura de precisión depende fuertemente de las capacidades para explorar la información relativa a las complejas interacciones que subyacen los resultados productivos. La covariación espacial de las propiedades del sitio y el rendimiento de los cultivos ha sido estudiada a través de modelos geoestadísticos clásicos que se basan en la teoría de variables regionalizadas. Nuevos desarrollos de modelos estadísticos contemporáneos, entre los que se destacan los modelos lineales mixtos, constituyen herramientas prometedoras para el tratamiento de datos correlacionados espacialmente. Más aún, debido a la naturaleza multivariada de las múltiples variables registradas en cada sitio, las técnicas de análisis multivariado podrían aportar valiosa información para la visualización y explotación de datos georreferenciados. La comprensión de las bases agronómicas de las complejas interacciones que se producen a la escala de lotes en producción, es hoy posible con el uso de éstas nuevas tecnologías. Los objetivos del presente proyecto son: (l) desarrollar estrategias metodológicas basadas en la complementación de técnicas de análisis multivariados y geoestadísticas, para la clasificación de sitios intralotes y el estudio de interdependencias entre variables de sitio y rendimiento; (ll) proponer modelos mixtos alternativos, basados en funciones de correlación espacial de los términos de error que permitan explorar patrones de correlación espacial de los rendimientos intralotes y las propiedades del suelo en los sitios delimitados.

Fossil associations from the middle and upper Eocene strata of the Pamplona Basin and surrounding areas (Navarre, western Pyrenees)

Fossil associations from the middle and upper Eocene (Bartonian and Priabonian) sedimentary succession of the Pamplona Basin are described. This succession was accumulated in the western part of the South Pyrenean peripheral foreland basin and extends from deep-marine turbiditic (Ezkaba Sandstone Formation) to deltaic (Pamplona Marl, Ardanatz Sandstone and Ilundain Marl formations) and marginal marine deposits (Gendulain Formation). The micropalaeontological content is high. It is dominated by foraminifera, and common ostracods and other microfossils are also present. The fossil ichnoasssemblages include at least 23 ichnogenera and 28 ichnospecies indicative of Nereites, Cruziana, Glossifungites and ?Scoyenia-Mermia ichnofacies. Body macrofossils of 78 taxa corresponding to macroforaminifera, sponges, corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, annelids, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms and vertebrates have been identified. Both the number of ichnotaxa and of species (e. g. bryozoans, molluscs and condrichthyans) may be considerably higher. Body fossil assemblages are comparable to those from the Eocene of the Nord Pyrenean area (Basque Coast), and also to those from the Eocene of the west-central and eastern part of South Pyrenean area (Aragon and Catalonia). At the European scale, the molluscs assemblages seem endemic from the Pyrenean area, although several Tethyan (Italy and Alps) and Northern elements (Paris basin and Normandy) have been recorded. Palaeontological data of studied sedimentary units fit well with the shallowing process that throughout the middle and late Eocene occurs in the area, according to the sedimentological and stratigraphical data.

Pianificazione di coperture fotogrammetriche mediante RPAS

Il seguente elaborato di tesi tratta il problema della pianificazione di voli fotogrammetrici a bassa quota mediante l’uso di SAPR, in particolare è presentata una disamina delle principali applicazioni che permettono di programmare una copertura fotogrammetrica trasversale e longitudinale di un certo poligono con un drone commerciale. Il tema principale sviluppato è la gestione di un volo fotogrammetrico UAV mediante l’uso di applicativi software che permettono all’utente di inserire i parametri di volo in base alla tipologia di rilievo che vuole effettuare. L’obbiettivo finale è quello di ottenere una corretta presa fotogrammetrica da utilizzare per la creazione di un modello digitale del terreno o di un oggetto attraverso elaborazione dati in post-processing. La perfetta configurazione del volo non può prescindere dalle conoscenze base di fotogrammetria e delle meccaniche di un veicolo UAV. I capitoli introduttivi tratteranno infatti i principi della fotogrammetria analogica e digitale soffermandosi su temi utili alla comprensione delle problematiche relative al progetto di rilievo fotogrammetrico aereo. Una particolare attenzione è stata posta sulle nozioni di fotogrammetria digitale che, insieme agli algoritmi di Imagine Matching derivanti dalla Computer Vision, permette di definire il ramo della Fotogrammetria Moderna. Nei capitoli centrali verranno esaminate e confrontate una serie di applicazioni commerciali per smartphone e tablet, disponibili per sistemi Apple e Android, per trarne un breve resoconto conclusivo che le compari in termini di accessibilità, potenzialità e destinazione d’uso. Per una maggiore comprensione si determinano univocamente gli acronimi con cui i droni vengono chiamati nei diversi contesti: UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), SAPR (Sistemi Aeromobili a Pilotaggio Remoto), RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aicraft System), ARP (Aeromobili a Pilotaggio Remoto).

La vegetación de El Salvador

La densa población de El Salvador tiene como consecuencia una extensión fuerte del terreno cultivado, en la región caliente de los terrenos bajos hoy se propagan en lugar de los bosques y sabanas antiguas, los pastos extensamente usados de las haciendas y además las plantaciones de la caña de azúcar, algodón y árboles de frutas. La zona templada donde existían densos encinares está ocupada por cultivos de maíz y maicillo y sobre todo por plantaciones de café, etc. De la orientación del país, únicamente al Pacifico resultan condiciones climáticas que se manifiestan en un cambio permanente de temporada seca y de estación lluviosa durante el año. Otra característica del país es el volcanismo aun hoy activo, entre los cuales se encuentra el Izalco, que es el más activo de América Central, todos los volcanes a excepción de los de Santa Ana y San Miguel, como también las elevaciones mayores de la región de la cordillera fronteriza, están cubiertos con un capuchón de exuberantes bosques nebulosos. De conformidad con el cambio de estación lluviosa y temporada seca, la vegetación del país muestra cambios distintos, durante la temporada seca, la vegetación herbácea se deseca más, especialmente en las alturas menores. La vegetación de los paredones de los barrancos y los helechos de los bosques nebulosos muestran este aspecto, de conformidad con el ritmo climático de las estaciones.

Beach nourishment impact on Posidonia oceanica: Case study of Poniente Beach (Benidorm, Spain)

The importance of nourishment processes on the beaches of Mediterranean Sea has been increasing since the end of the 20th century due to its socio-economical awareness (tourismboost) and environmental implications (possible impact on Posidonia oceanica meadows and important processes of dredging and earth movements). However, in many cases, and especially in eastern Spain, relevant actions have been made which had caused that, after 20 years, the beaches in which these works were carried out will be in a similar situation with the original one. The present study analyzed the Poniente Beach (Benidorm, Spain), a beach where the nourishment works of 1991 have caused the disappearance of the Posidonia oceanica meadows and a regression process that will lead to the disappearance of the beach in a few years. To this end, data from bathymetry, georeferenced orthophotos, grain size analysis and swell study have been obtained and analyzed, understanding the importance of the works done to be consistent with the environment in which they were developed, and providing a work process which can ensure the existence of the nourished beach starting from the maintenance of Posidonia oceanica meadows.

Sistema electrónico de protección contra las heladas que afectan los cultivos de papa

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MODELO GEOMORFOMETRICO APLICADO AL ESTUDIO DE LA EROCION EN CARCAVAS

En la zona de Santiago de Puriscal, Costa Rica, se desarrollo un estudio de carácter geomorfológico, con el objetivo de obtener un modelo empírico que permitiera identificar las áreas más críticas que podrían ser afectados por procesos de erosión severa. A partir del análisis exhaustivo de fotografías aéreas, mapas topográficos, monitoreo de la erosión y trabajo de campo, se logro establecer una significativa correlación espacial entre la ocurrencia de cárcavas de laderas (valley-side gullies), pendiente del terreno y densidad de drenaje de primer orden (Dd1). Con estos resultados se ha propuesto el diseño de un modelo empírico, de fundamentos geomorfométricos, que facilita la zonificación, a nivel regional, de la susceptibilidad diferencial al desarrollo de formas erosivas severas como las cárcavas, terracetas y remoción en masa. La aplicación del modelo Geomorfométrico a otras zonas del país como Tilarán, Santa Cruz, Liberia, Hojancha y Buenos Aires brindó resultados semejantes a los de Puriscal, demostrándose con esto su calidad de modelo exportable La aplicación del sistema de información geográfica IDRISI, facilito enormemente al análisis espacial y estadístico de los datos generados y procesados en esta investigación.

CALLEJONES DE ACIDIFICACIÓN EN TRES VOLCANES ACTIVOS DE COSTA RICA.

La acidifcación producida por  los volcanes en su entorno, deja marcas  indelebles;  temporales y per-manentes. Tales huellas a veces se pueden  mantener por décadas, dejando callejones de acidifcación caracterizados por suelos desnudos y vegetación marchita o  totalmente quemada. En este artículo se revisarán las generalidades del proceso de acidifcación en los volcanes: Rincón de la Vieja, Poas y Tu-rrialba. La acidifcación de origen natural (lluvia, llovizna y neblina) es común a algunos de los volcanes activos como volcán Rincón de la Vieja, volcán Poás y más recientemente volcán Turrialba. En el pasa-do cercano, el volcán Arenal mantuvo una avenida de acidifcación la cual se ha venido regenerando en años recientes.  Algunas de las características comunes de estos callejones son: denudación del terreno, dimensiones variables, sustrato físico estéril, presencia de gases y condiciones climáticas específcas.

Modellamenti matematici per la diffusione e il controllo delle infezioni da virus: aspetti analitici e numerici

In questa tesi si affronta analiticamente il problema della stabilità di modelli a più specie interagenti, in campo epidemiologico, per la diffusione ed il controllo di infezioni da virus. Vengono considerati non solo modelli governati da Sistemi Dinamici, ma anche modelli parabolici del tipo Diffusione e Reazione. Partendo dal modello pioneristico SIR di Kermak-McKendrick si affrontano in modo approfondito tutti gli aspetti matematici che permettono di prevenire e controllare la formazione e la gravità di una possibile epidemia. Il modello viene poi articolato con l'aggiunta di considerazioni sulla variazione demografica della popolazione, indicato per questo motivo con il termine endemico. Si generalizza poi questo modello a due possibili applicazioni, includendo nella prima gli effetti della vaccinazione, ottenendo così il nuovo sistema dinamico SIRV. La seconda rappresenta invece uno studio avvenuto agli inizi dell'epidemia da COVID-19, quando i vaccini non erano ancora disponibili. Successivamente viene presentato il recente studio di Bellomo, estensione del modello prototipo per la diffusione di virus, un sistema di tipo Diffusione-Reazione con equazione di tipo diffusione-drift, in cui vengono connessi due aspetti importanti: la propagazione di virus e la chemotassi, in forte analogia con il modello SIR e derivante dalla logica del modello pioneristico di Keller-Segel. Infine, a completamento dello studio analitico, vengono proposti alcuni strumenti dell'analisi numerica, utilizzando l'ambiente MATLAB sul classico modello SIR e su altri due modelli che lo generalizzano per tener conto in un primo tempo della diffusione spaziale della coppia SI e poi solo di S, ma con effetto drift, guidato da I.