Der Mann mit dem Stiefel - oder Fotografie und touristisches Verhalten

Fotografie ist zu einem festen Bestandteil technisierter Kulturen geworden, zu so einem selbstverständlichen Segment unserer Gesellschaft, dass wir sie als solche oft gar nicht mehr wahrnehmen. Dabei haben die Bilder den Blick auf die Welt radikal verändert und neue Wirklichkeiten geschaffen. Die Durchdringung unserer Welt mit dieser visuellen Macht, erfordert die grundsätzliche Feststellung, dass fotografische Bilder nicht einfache Abbilder der Realität sind, sie dürfen nicht mit dieser verwechselt werden. Deshalb wird zunächst das Wesen der Fotografie thematisiert, um anschließend die Bildproduktion als zentrales Medium touristischer Aneignung zu illustrieren. Kernstück der Ausführungen bilden Reflexionen zu Motivationen und Funktionen des Fotografierens im Urlaub. An dieser Stelle findet dann eine Verknüpfung von Rassismus und Reisefotografie statt, wobei sich die geäußerten Denkmuster und beschriebenen Verhaltensweisen auf Touristen, die aus den westlichen Instudrienationen stammen und in die Länder des Südens reisen, beziehen. Die Ergebnisse werden mit empirisch gewonnenen Ausssagen von Urlaubern und mit Fotografien selbst belegt.

Biblische, mythische und fremde Frauen

In the texts and illustrations of medieval Mappae mundi, women are represented in three different roles: as biblical or Christian characters (such as Eve in the Garden of Eden, Lot's wife and female saints), as legendary or mythical figures (e.g. the Queen of Sheba, mermaids) and as 'other' creatures with a deviant behaviour from the European norm (e.g. Amazons). The principal goal of this study is to analyse the different strategies that were developed by male European observers to project a filtered image of woman in the selective medium of cartography from the tenth to the fifteenth century.

Reconfigurable Architectures for General-Purpose Computing

General-purpose computing devices allow us to (1) customize computation after fabrication and (2) conserve area by reusing expensive active circuitry for different functions in time. We define RP-space, a restricted domain of the general-purpose architectural space focussed on reconfigurable computing architectures. Two dominant features differentiate reconfigurable from special-purpose architectures and account for most of the area overhead associated with RP devices: (1) instructions which tell the device how to behave, and (2) flexible interconnect which supports task dependent dataflow between operations. We can characterize RP-space by the allocation and structure of these resources and compare the efficiencies of architectural points across broad application characteristics. Conventional FPGAs fall at one extreme end of this space and their efficiency ranges over two orders of magnitude across the space of application characteristics. Understanding RP-space and its consequences allows us to pick the best architecture for a task and to search for more robust design points in the space. Our DPGA, a fine- grained computing device which adds small, on-chip instruction memories to FPGAs is one such design point. For typical logic applications and finite- state machines, a DPGA can implement tasks in one-third the area of a traditional FPGA. TSFPGA, a variant of the DPGA which focuses on heavily time-switched interconnect, achieves circuit densities close to the DPGA, while reducing typical physical mapping times from hours to seconds. Rigid, fabrication-time organization of instruction resources significantly narrows the range of efficiency for conventional architectures. To avoid this performance brittleness, we developed MATRIX, the first architecture to defer the binding of instruction resources until run-time, allowing the application to organize resources according to its needs. Our focus MATRIX design point is based on an array of 8-bit ALU and register-file building blocks interconnected via a byte-wide network. With today's silicon, a single chip MATRIX array can deliver over 10 Gop/s (8-bit ops). On sample image processing tasks, we show that MATRIX yields 10-20x the computational density of conventional processors. Understanding the cost structure of RP-space helps us identify these intermediate architectural points and may provide useful insight more broadly in guiding our continual search for robust and efficient general-purpose computing structures.

Exposición acumulada de polvo respirable como predictor de enfermedad respiratoria

En la minería de carbón se presenta exposición prolongada a polvo de carbón y a polvo de sílice en diferentes porcentajes, encontrándose una asociación con las alteraciones obstructivas, bronquitis crónica, Neumoconiosis de los trabajadores de carbón y Silicosis. Se han establecido varias formas de estimar el riesgo de desarrollar dichas enfermedades respiratorias no malignas secundarias a la exposición a estos polvos (carbón y sílice) en el ámbito ocupacional, siendo el cálculo de la exposición acumulada, la que ha demostrado mayor utilidad. Con el fin de establecer el riesgo de desarrollar alteraciones funcionales, a partir de la exposición acumulada de polvo respirable - y en los trabajadores de una empresa de minería a cielo abierto en Colombia, se estructuró este estudio de cohorte. Se contó con el registro de 566 trabajadores distribuidos en 29 Grupos de Exposición Similar (GES). El cálculo de la dosis acumulada se realizó considerando las medianas de exposición para cada GES y el tiempo de exposición de cada trabajador. Y posteriormente se estimó el riesgo empleando una regresión de poisson con varianza robusta. Los resultados más importantes del estudio muestran la exposición acumulada en niveles inferiores a los reportados en la literatura, sin embargo se encuentra un riesgo ligeramente elevado, IRR 1.000124 (IC95% 1 - 1.000248) en los expuestos, estimando que por cada unidad de medición de la exposición acumulada que se incremente, el riesgo de que aparezca una alteración respiratoria funcional se incrementa en 1.000124 veces entre los trabajadores expuestos y los no expuestos.

Percepción de residentes de medicina de urgencias en Colombia del ambiente educativo en los servicios de urgencias

Introducción: La atención de calidad en urgencias sólo es posible si los médicos han recibido una enseñanza de alta calidad. La escala PHEEM (Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environment Measure) es un instrumento válido y fiable, utilizado internacionalmente para medir el entorno educativo, en la formación médica de posgrado. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte trasversal que utilizó la escala PHEEM versión en español para conocer el entorno educativo de los programas de urgencias. El coeficiente alfa de Cronbach se calculó para determinar la consistencia interna. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva a nivel global, por categorías e ítems de la escala PHEEM y se compararon resultados por sexo, año de residencia y programa. Resultados: 94 (94%) residentes llenaron el cuestionario. La puntuación media de la escala PHEEM fue 93,91 ± 23,71 (58,1% de la puntuación máxima) que se considera un ambiente educativo más positivo que negativo, pero con margen de mejora. Hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la percepción del ambiente educativo entre los programas de residencia (p =0,01). El instrumento es altamente confiable (alfa de Cronbach = 0,952). La barrera más frecuente en la enseñanza fue el hacinamiento y la evaluación fue percibida con el propósito de cumplir normas. Discusión: Los resultados de este estudio aportaron evidencia sobre la validez interna de la escala PHEEM en el contexto colombiano. Este estudio demostró cómo la medición del ambiente educativo en una especialidad médico-quirúrgica, con el uso de una herramienta cuantitativa, puede proporcionar información en relación a las fortalezas y debilidades de los programas.

Análisis de la competitividad del sub sector lechero de los pequeños y medianos productores frente al TLC con la Unión Europea

A través de los años y en busca de ser partícipes del fenómeno de la globalización y de la integración económica entre países, Colombia ha buscado establecer acuerdos comerciales estratégicamente adecuados para transformar la economía interna, expandirse a nivel internacional e intercambiar productos en los que no se es especializado. Ante esto, Colombia firmó el Tratado de Libre Comercio con la Unión Europea en Junio del 2012, que entró en vigencia en Agosto del 2013, y hasta el momento la situación del sector lechero ha sido crítica, pues carece del nivel de competitividad suficiente para garantizar la perdurabilidad de los pequeños y medianos productores de leche. El diagnóstico del sector lechero colombiano permite tener una visión más clara sobre las principales características de los sistemas de producción del país, es aquí donde se conocen las falencias que se presentan en el sector, pues la productividad es baja, los costos de producción son altos y los precios tienen una tendencia al alza, colocando a los productos nacionales en desventaja frente a la gran oferta internacional que invade el mercado interno con precios reducidos y con mejor calidad. Además, se identifica también que gran parte de los productores de leche son informales y por lo tanto es difícil consolidar la información referente al sector y convertirla en conocimiento para efectuar planes de cambio y transformación para mejorar la situación. Del lado contrario y actuando como principal competidor en este caso de estudio, se encuentra la Unión Europea. Su diagnóstico ubica esta zona geográfica en una posición indudablemente privilegiada: precios bajos, mejor calidad, alta productividad, entre otras características que hacen de la UE una verdadera amenaza para los pequeños y medianos productores colombianos. La sobreproducción que se presencia en esta asociación económica y política crea la necesidad de explorar otros mercados para poner a disposición dicha producción, y el Tratado de Libre Comercio con Colombia es una opción para compensar esa oferta con una demanda insatisfecha. Con el fin de conocer profundamente las implicaciones del TLC con la Unión Europea y cómo afecta este acuerdo a los pequeños y medianos productores de leche en Colombia, fue necesario abordar algunos puntos clave en la negociación establecida y a partir de estos determinar si este tratado es realmente una oportunidad para el campesino informal que se dedica a la producción de leche para el autoconsumo y/o la comercialización en veredas y pueblos, o por el contrario, es una plataforma que afecta negativamente a las 450 mil familias que viven de este oficio y que no tienen los niveles de competitividad exigidos para enfrentar una competencia extranjera tan fuerte como lo es la Unión Europea. Por último, el análisis DOFA permite crear estrategias coherentes y viables relacionando las fortalezas y debilidades de Colombia con las oportunidades y amenazas que implica tener un acuerdo de libre comercio con la Unión Europea. Estas estrategias contribuyen a mejorar la competitividad del sector en busca de garantizar una mayor perdurabilidad de los pequeños y medianos productores de leche, y de esta manera se logrará no sólo aprovechar este acuerdo comercial, si no también conquistar otros mercados internacionales con un producto de mejor calidad.

Education and literacy. 'Educación y alfabetización'.

Resumen tomado de la publicación.Monográfico : las condiciones de aprendizaje de la lengua escrita

Aplicações do marketing na cultura: estratégias de captação e fidelização de públicos: o caso do cinema-Teatro Joaquim d'Almeida (Montijo)

RESUMO: O presente trabalho salienta a importância da aplicação do Marketing às instituições culturais, nomeadamente como veículo de captação e fidelização de públicos. Nesse sentido, foi estudado o Cinema-Teatro Joaquim d’Almeida, no Montijo, tendo sido realizada uma análise mais geral da programação, comunicação e públicos desde a sua reabertura em 2005 como equipamento cultural municipal e uma análise mais aprofundada da última temporada do mesmo, correspondente ao ano de 2009-2010. Pretende-se assim com este trabalho salientar a importância da aplicação do marketing à cultura através da investigação do objecto de estudo supracitado e consequente análise e sugestão de estratégias para melhoria da relação entre a referida instituição e os seus públicos. O marketing revela-se assim essencial para a construção desse relacionamento, satisfazendo cada vez mais os consumidores e simultaneamente beneficiando a instituição. ABSTRACT: This thesis intends to point out the importance of the use of marketing in cultural institutions, particularly as a medium of audiences’ attraction and loyalty building. In that sense, we studied Cinema-Teatro Joaquim d’Almeida, in Montijo. We proceeded at a general analysis of the programming, communication and audiences since it opened to public as a municipal cultural infrastructure. We proceeded at a more detailed analysis of the last season, in the year 2009-2010. Then it was elaborated a theoretical investigation about Portugal’s cultural environment and the general applications of marketing at culture and services. Later we continued the analysis of the case study, regarding the documentation supplied by this cultural institution. It was also developed a marketing research about the audiences of the Theater in order to understand their general opinion about its offers and services. With this procedure, we intended to suggest a set of marketing strategies to improve the relationship between the institution and its audiences, in order to delight even more the consumers and simultaneously to benefit the institution.

As bibliotecas na I República : do discurso político à visão dos intelectuais

Este trabalho visa contribuir para uma melhor compreensão da problemática das bibliotecas públicas durante o período da I República (1910-1926). Pretende-se, assim, apreender à luz do ideário educativo republicano, qual foi a visão doutrinária e as propostas para a criação e/ou reorganização das bibliotecas públicas apresentadas por parte do poder político e de distintos eruditos que pensaram e escreveram sobre esta temática. Neste sentido, a análise documental privilegiou como fontes principais, os diplomas legais considerados mais significativos e estruturantes para o sector bibliotecário, promulgados pelos governos republicanos, bem como os textos doutrinários versados em artigos e ensaios escritos por Raul Proença, António de Bettencourt Ataíde e António Ferrão, os quais deram um importante contributo para a dinamização desta área. O trabalho está organizado em três capítulos: no primeiro, procedemos a uma breve abordagem do contexto político e histórico que favoreceu o desenvolvimento das bibliotecas públicas; no segundo, centramo-nos na análise de legislação referente às bibliotecas Eruditas, Populares e Móveis e, no terceiro, procuramos sinalizar as principais temáticas que mobilizaram os autores acima referidos em torno das Bibliotecas. As bibliotecas públicas, nas suas diferentes tipologias, deveriam constituir-se como espaços complementares à escola, ao serviço da instrução e da cultura, facilitando o acesso ao livro, ao saber, à informação e ao conhecimento e, deste modo, contribuírem para elevar o nível de Educação de todos os cidadãos.

Intellectual property law on architectural design in collaborative design communication as digital assets

Digital Economy is one of the crucial elements promoted by the Digital Britain Report June 2009 and its Implementation Plan August 2009 in order to maintain and further the UK’s position as one of the world’s leading digital knowledge economies. Therefore, the application of Digital Technologies is high in the agenda. As pervasive digital technologies become more widely available, it becomes increasingly important to understand the legal implications of digital assets produced via digital technologies in collaborative design communication. Architects and engineers depend on intellectual property law to protect their original works. Copyright protection is automatic once a tangible medium of expression in any form of an innovative material, conforming the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, is created. Although copyright law provides automatic protection to all original architectural plans, the limitation is that it only protects the expression of ideas but not the ideas themselves. The purpose of this research is to explore how effective the UK’s copyright law regime is for protecting the rights and interests of architects and engineers in their works as digital assets. The UK’s copyright law is ripe for modernisation not only to protect the rights of designers but also to further UK’s position in digital economy.

Root pruning as a means to encourage root growth in two ornamental shrubs, Buddleja davidii ‘Summer Beauty’ and Cistus ‘Snow Fire'

The inability of a plant to grow roots rapidly upon transplanting is one of the main factors contributing to poor establishment. In bare-rooted trees, treatments such as root pruning or application of the plant hormone auxin [e.g., indole butyric acid (IBA)] can promote root growth and aid long-term establishment. There is little information on ornamental containerised plants, however, other than the anecdotal notion that 'teasing' the roots out of the rootsoil mass before transplanting can be beneficial. In the present study we tested the ability of various root-pruning treatments and application of IBA to encourage new root and shoot growth in two shrub species, commonly produced in containers - Buddleja davidii 'Summer Beauty' and Cistus 'Snow Fire'. In a number of experiments, young plants were exposed to root manipulation (teasing, light pruning, or two types of heavy pruning) and/or treatment with IBA (at 500 or 1,000 mg l-1) before being transplanted into larger containers containing a medium of 1:1:1 (v/v/v) fine bark, sand and loam. Leaf stomatal conductance (gl) was measured 20 min, and 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after root manipulation. Net leaf CO2 assimilation (A) was measured frequently during the first week after transplanting, then at regular intervals up to 8 weeks after transplanting. Plants were harvested 8 weeks after transplanting, and root and shoot weights were measured. In both species, light root pruning alone, or in combination with 500 mg l-1 IBA, was most effective in stimulating root growth. In contrast, teasing, which is commonly used, showed no positive effect on root growth in Buddleja, and decreased new root growth in Cistus. The requirement for exogenous auxin to encourage new root growth varied between experiments and appeared to be influenced by the age and developmental stage of the plants. There were no consistent responses between root treatments and net CO2 assimilation rates, and changes in root weight were not closely correlated with changes in assimilation. The mechanisms whereby new root growth is sustained are discussed.

Big and little Meccano

The emergence of the mechanical bond during the past 25 years is giving chemistry a fillip in more ways than one. While its arrival on the scene is already impacting materials science and molecular nanotechnology, it is providing a new lease of life to chemical synthesis where mechanical bond formation Occurs as a consequence of the all-important templation Orchestrated by molecular recognition and self-assembly. The way in which covalent bond formation activates noncovalent bonding interactions, switching on molecular recognition that leads to self-assembly, and the template-directed synthesis of mechanically interlocked molecules-of which the so-called catenanes and rotaxanes may be regarded as the prototypes-has introduced a level of integration into chemical synthesis that has not previously been attained jointly at the supramolecular and molecular levels. The challenge now is to carry this I vel of integration during molecular synthesis beyond relatively small molecules into the realms of precisely functionalized extended molecular Structures and superstructures that perform functions in a collective manner as the key sources of instruction, activation, and performance in multi-component integrated Circuits and devices. These forays into organic chemistry by a scientific nomad are traced through thick and thin from the Athens of the North to the Windy City by Lake Michigan with interludes on the edge of the Canadian Shield beside Lake Ontario, in the Socialist Republic of South Yorkshire, on the Plains of Cheshire beside the Wirral, in the Midlands in the Heartland of Albion, and in the City of Angels beside the Peaceful Sea. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Film-forming polymers containing in the main-chain dibenzo crown ethers with aliphatic (C-10-C-16), aliphatic-aromatic, or oxyindole spacers

Novel, linear, soluble, high-molecular-weight, film-forming polymers and copolymers in which main-chain crown ether units alternate with aliphatic (C-10-C-16) units have been obtained for the first time from aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions of crown ethers by aliphatic dicarboxylic acids followed by reduction of the carbonyl groups. The crown ether unit is dibenzo-18-crown-6, dibenzo-21-crown-7, dibenzo-24-crown-8, or dibenzo-30-crown-10; the aliphatic spacer is derived from a dicarboxylic acid (sebacic, 1,12-dodecanedicarboxylic, hexadecanedioic or 1,4-phenylenediacetic acids). The reactions were performed at 35 degrees C in a mixture of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) with phosphorus pentoxide, 12:1 (w/w), (Eaton's reagent). The carbonyl groups in the polyketones obtained were completely reduced to methylene linkages by treatment at room temperature with triethylsilane in a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid and dichloromethane. Polymers containing in the main chain crown ethers alternating with oxyindole fragments were prepared by one-pot condensation of crown ethers with isatin in a medium of Eaton's reagent. A possible reaction mechanism is suggested. According to IR and NMR analyses, the polyacylation reactions lead to the formation of isomeric (syn/anti-substituted) crown ether units in the main chain. The polymers obtained were soluble in the common organic solvents, and flexible transparent films could be cast from the solutions. DSC and X-ray studies of the polymers with "symmetrical" crown ethers reveal the presence of the endotherms corresponding to the supramolecular assemblies.

Television and the popular: viewing from the British perspective

The academic discipline of television studies has been constituted by the claim that television is worth studying because it is popular. Yet this claim has also entailed a need to defend the subject against the triviality that is associated with the television medium because of its very popularity. This article analyses the many attempts in the later twentieth and twenty-first centuries to constitute critical discourses about television as a popular medium. It focuses on how the theoretical currents of Television Studies emerged and changed in the UK, where a disciplinary identity for the subject was founded by borrowing from related disciplines, yet argued for the specificity of the medium as an object of criticism. Eschewing technological determinism, moral pathologization and sterile debates about television's supposed effects, UK writers such as Raymond Williams addressed television as an aspect of culture. Television theory in Britain has been part of, and also separate from, the disciplinary fields of media theory, literary theory and film theory. It has focused its attention on institutions, audio-visual texts, genres, authors and viewers according to the ways that research problems and theoretical inadequacies have emerged over time. But a consistent feature has been the problem of moving from a descriptive discourse to an analytical and evaluative one, and from studies of specific texts, moments and locations of television to larger theories. By discussing some historically significant critical work about television, the article considers how academic work has constructed relationships between the different kinds of objects of study. The article argues that a fundamental tension between descriptive and politically activist discourses has confused academic writing about ›the popular‹. Television study in Britain arose not to supply graduate professionals to the television industry, nor to perfect the instrumental techniques of allied sectors such as advertising and marketing, but to analyse and critique the medium's aesthetic forms and to evaluate its role in culture. Since television cannot be made by ›the people‹, the empowerment that discourses of television theory and analysis aimed for was focused on disseminating the tools for critique. Recent developments in factual entertainment television (in Britain and elsewhere) have greatly increased the visibility of ›the people‹ in programmes, notably in docusoaps, game shows and other participative formats. This has led to renewed debates about whether such ›popular‹ programmes appropriately represent ›the people‹ and how factual entertainment that is often despised relates to genres hitherto considered to be of high quality, such as scripted drama and socially-engaged documentary television. A further aspect of this problem of evaluation is how television globalisation has been addressed, and the example that the issue has crystallised around most is the reality TV contest Big Brother. Television theory has been largely based on studying the texts, institutions and audiences of television in the Anglophone world, and thus in specific geographical contexts. The transnational contexts of popular television have been addressed as spaces of contestation, for example between Americanisation and national or regional identities. Commentators have been ambivalent about whether the discipline's role is to celebrate or critique television, and whether to do so within a national, regional or global context. In the discourses of the television industry, ›popular television‹ is a quantitative and comparative measure, and because of the overlap between the programming with the largest audiences and the scheduling of established programme types at the times of day when the largest audiences are available, it has a strong relationship with genre. The measurement of audiences and the design of schedules are carried out in predominantly national contexts, but the article refers to programmes like Big Brother that have been broadcast transnationally, and programmes that have been extensively exported, to consider in what ways they too might be called popular. Strands of work in television studies have at different times attempted to diagnose what is at stake in the most popular programme types, such as reality TV, situation comedy and drama series. This has centred on questions of how aesthetic quality might be discriminated in television programmes, and how quality relates to popularity. The interaction of the designations ›popular‹ and ›quality‹ is exemplified in the ways that critical discourse has addressed US drama series that have been widely exported around the world, and the article shows how the two critical terms are both distinct and interrelated. In this context and in the article as a whole, the aim is not to arrive at a definitive meaning for ›the popular‹ inasmuch as it designates programmes or indeed the medium of television itself. Instead the aim is to show how, in historically and geographically contingent ways, these terms and ideas have been dynamically adopted and contested in order to address a multiple and changing object of analysis.

Asparagus: a horticultural ballet

Asparagus: A Horticultural Ballet was a live performance and film narrating the rise of capital in the medium of asparagus. The project stemmed from an obscure reference to an art piece of the same name by Waw Pierogi of the band xex. However, the its re-enactment had little to do with the original exploration of the growth and branching patterns of the asparagus plant. Instead, a rigid choreography inspired by Oskar Schlemmer's Triadic Ballet and based on Karl Marx's Capital dictated the movements of six performers in asparagus costumes. Bringing together the organic and the geometric, the ballet investigated the transition from the Fordist assembly line to immaterial labour through a reanimation of modernist abstraction. Being itself the story of abstraction, Capital shows how human relationships are replaced by those between commodities in the joyless grind of endless accumulation. This process results in the transcendent mythical figure of capital, which frames, transfigures and even produces the natural world. Asparagus: A Horticultural Ballet was produced in collaboration with Montreal based band Les Georges Leningrad and commissioned by The Showroom Gallery, London. It was presented live at Conway Hall in London on 6.3.07 and at the Montreal Biennale at SAT on 12.5.07. The performance was accompanied by a film at the Showroom gallery and preceded by a production residency at the Pump House Gallery. The film has subsequently been shown at The Golden Thread Gallery, Bluecoat Liverpool and as part of A-Lot-Ment in Portsmouth. Props from Asparagus: A Horticultural Ballet, were included in The Eagle Document at the Stephen Lawrence Gallery, London.