Liiketoimintatiedonhallinnan hyödyntämisen esteet päätettäessä palveluista. Case: Kunnalliset pelastustoimen liikelaitokset ja eriytetyt taseyksiköt

Pelastuslaitosten liiketoimintatiedonhallinnalla, tietoperusteisuudella ja tietojohtamisella on tulevaisuudessa merkittävä rooli päätettäessä palveluista. Julkisen pelastustoimen kuntien liikelaitoksina ja eriytettyinä taseyksiköinä toimivien pelastuslaitosten haasteet tulevat olemaan jatkossa tehokkaiden ja vaikuttavien palveluiden strategisessa johtamisessa ja suunnittelussa. Näistä asioista päättäminen on kriittinen vaihe onnistumisen kannalta. Päätöksenteko eri tasoilla tarvitsee tuekseen toiminnasta ja palveluista kanavoitua analysoitua tietoa. Asiakastarpeesta lähtevä vaikuttavuus ja laatu korostuvat. Liiketoimintatiedonhallinta ja tietoperusteisuus haastavat pelastuslaitoksen johtamisjärjestelmän. Johtamisen kyvykkyys ja henkilöstön osaaminen ovat tietoperusteisuuden ja tiedonhallinnan keskiössä. Systemaattisen liiketoimintatiedonhallinnan ja tietoperusteisuuden erottaa perinteisestä virkamiehen tietojen hyväksikäytöstä käsitteen kokonaisvaltaisuus ja järjestelmällisyys kaikessa tiedollisessa toiminnassa. Tämä kattaa tietojärjestelmät, mittarit, prosessit, strategian suunnitelmat, asiakirjat, raportoinnin, kehittämisen ja tutkimuksen. Liiketoimin-tatiedonhallinta ja tietojohtaminen linkittävät kaiken toisiinsa muodostaen keskinäisriippuvaisen yhtenäisen järjestelmän ja kokonaisvaltaisen ymmärryksen. Tutkimukseni on laadullinen tutkimus jossa tiedon keruu ja analysointi on toteutettu toisiaan tukevilla tutkimusotteilla. Metodologia nojaa teorialähtöiseen systemaattiseen analyysiin, jossa on valikoituja osia sisällön analyysistä. Tutkimuksessa on käytetty aineisto- ja menetelmätriangulaatioita. Tutkimuksen aineisto on kerätty teemahaastatteluilla valittujen kohde pelastuslaitosten asiantuntijoilta palveluiden päätös- ja suunnittelutasolta, johtoryhmistä ja joh-tokunnista. Haastatteluja varten tutkija on tutustunut kohdepelastuslaitosten palveluita mää-rittävään tiedolliseen dokumentaatioon kuten palvelutasopäätöksiin ja riskianalyyseihin. Ai-neisto keruun kohteiksi valikoitui pääkaupunkiseudun alueen pelastuslaitokset: Helsingin kaupungin pelastuslaitos sekä Itä-, Keski- ja Länsi-Uudenmaan pelastuslaitokset. Tulosten mukaan pelastuslaitosten keskeiset liiketoimintatiedonhallinnan esteet muodostuvat johtamisen ongelmista, organisaation muutosvastarinnasta ja päätöksenteon tietoperusteen puutteesta. Nämä ilmenevät strategisen johtamisen puutteina, vaikuttavuuden mittaamisen sekä tiedon jalostamisen ongelmina. Keskeistä tiedollista yhdistävää ja linkittävää tekijää ei tunnisteta ja löydetä. Tiedollisessa liiketoimintatiedonhallinnan prosessityössä voisi olla tulos-ten mukaan mahdollisuuksia tämän tyhjiön täyttämiseen. Pelastuslaitoksille jää tulevaisuudessa valinta suunnasta johon ne haluavat edetä tiedonhal-linnan, tietojohtamisen ja tietoperusteisuuden kanssa. Tämä vaikuttaa kehitykseen ja tavoitteeseen keskeisistä palveluiden päätöksentekoa tukevista johtamis- ja tietojärjestelmistä, tietoa kokoavista ja luovista dokumenteista sekä organisaation joustavasta rakenteesta. Tietoprosessiin, tiedon prosessimaiseen johtamiseen ja systemaattiseen tiedonhallintaan meneminen vaikuttaa tutkimuksen tulosten mukaan lupaavalta mahdollisuudelta. Samalla se haastaa pelauslaitokset suureen kulttuuriseen muutokseen ja asettaa uusien vaikuttavuusmittareiden tuottaman tiedon ennakoivan hyväksynnän vaateen strategiselle suunnittelulle. Tämä vaatii pelastuslaitosten johdolta ja henkilöstöltä osaamista, yhteisymmärrystä, muutostarpeiden hyväksyntää sekä asiakkaan asettamista vaikuttavuuden keskiöön.

Interleukin-12 and protective immunity to schistosomes

The attenuated vaccine against Schistosoma mansoni induces Th1-mediated protective immunity and we have sought to identify a role for IL-12 in this model. Elevated levels of IL-12 (p40 mRNA) were detected in the lymph nodes (LN) and the lungs of vaccinated mice, whilst treatment of vaccinated mice with anti-IL-12 antibodies decreased the ratio of IFNg:IL-4 secreted by in vitro-cultured LN cells. However, there was only marginal abrogation of the level of resistance in these mice. Soluble antigens from the lung-stage of the parasite (SLAP) appeared to be efficient stimulators of IFNg and IL-12 secretion. These antigens when used to immunise mice in conjunction with IL-12 as an adjuvant, elicited a polarised Th1 response with abundant IFNg secretion but no IL-4. This immunisation regime also induced significant protection against reinfection, whereas inoculation of mice with SLAP alone did not. The induction of a dominant Th1 response using SLAP + IL-12 probably operates via IFNg production by natural killer (NK) cells stimulated by IL-12, since in vivo ablation of NK cells using anti-NK1.1 antibody reduced CD4+-dependent IFNg production from cultured LN cells by over 97%. Nevertheless, in mice with a genetic disruption of the IFNg receptor, administration of SLAP + IL-12 induced levels of IFNg equal to those in wild-type mice, thus showing that in this model IL-12 can directly prime T cells independent of IFNg. Clearly, IL-12 has a critical role in protective immunity to schistosomes and it may aid the development of an effective vaccine against this disease

Use of fluorescent probes to follow membrane traffic in nerve terminals

Optical tracers in conjunction with fluorescence microscopy have become widely used to follow the movement of synaptic vesicles in nerve terminals. The present review discusses the use of these optical methods to understand the regulation of exocytosis and endocytosis of synaptic vesicles. The maintenance of neurotransmission depends on the constant recycling of synaptic vesicles and important insights have been gained by visualization of vesicles with the vital dye FM1-43. A number of questions related to the control of recycling of synaptic vesicles by prolonged stimulation and the role of calcium to control membrane internalization are now being addressed. It is expected that optical monitoring of presynaptic activity coupled to appropriate genetic models will contribute to the understanding of membrane traffic in synaptic terminals.

Along-scan radiometric gradient in Landsat images: understanding the relation between floristic and remote sensing information in tropical forests

The along-scan radiometric gradient causes severe interpretation problems in Landsat images of tropical forests. It creates a decreasing trend in pixel values with the column number of the image. In practical applications it has been corrected assuming the trend to be linear within structurally similar forests. This has improved the relation between floristic and remote sensing information, but just in some cases. I use 3 Landsat images and 105 floristic inventories to test the assumption of linearity, and to examine how the gradient and linear corrections affect the relation between floristic and Landsat data. Results suggest the gradient to be linear in infrared bands. Also, the relation between floristic and Landsat data could be conditioned by the distribution of the sampling sites and the direction in which images are mosaicked. Additionally, there seems to be a conjunction between the radiometric gradient and a natural east-west vegetation gradient common in Western Amazonia. This conjunction might have enhanced artificially correlations between field and remotely-sensed information in previous studies. Linear corrections may remove such artificial enhancement, but along with true and relevant spectral information about floristic patterns, because they can´t separate the radiometric gradient from a natural one.

Group cognitive behavior therapy for bipolar disorder can improve the quality of life

Bipolar disorder (BD) can have an impact on psychosocial functioning and quality of life (QoL). Several studies have shown that structured psychotherapy in conjunction with pharmacotherapy may modify the course of some disorders; however, few studies have investigated the results of group cognitive behavior therapy (G-CBT) for BD. Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of 14 sessions of G-CBT for BD patients, comparing this intervention plus pharmacotherapy to treatment as usual (TAU; only pharmacotherapy). Forty-one patients with BD I and II participated in this study and were randomly allocated to each group (G-CBT: N = 27; TAU: N = 14). Thirty-seven participants completed the treatment (women: N = 66.67%; mean age = 41.5 years). QoL and mood symptoms were assessed in all participants. Scores changed significantly by the end of treatment in favor of the G-CBT group. The G-CBT group presented significantly better QoL in seven of the eight sub-items assessed with the Medical Outcomes Survey SF-36 scale. At the end of treatment, the G-CBT group exhibited lower scores for mania (not statistically significant) and depression (statistically significant) as well as a reduction in the frequency and duration of mood episodes (P < 0.01). The group variable was significant for the reduction of depression scores over time. This clinical change may explain the improvement in six of the eight subscales of QoL (P < 0.05). The G-CBT group showed better QoL in absolute values in all aspects and significant improvements in nearly all subscales. These results were not observed in the TAU control group.

Impairment of locomotor activity induced by the novelN-acylhydrazone derivatives LASSBio-785 and LASSBio-786 in mice

The N-acylhydrazone (NAH) analogues N-methyl 2-thienylidene 3,4-benzoylhydrazine (LASSBio-785) and N-benzyl 2-thienylidene 3,4-benzoylhydrazine (LASSBio-786) were prepared from 2-thienylidene 3,4-methylenedioxybenzoylhydrazine (LASSBio-294). The ability of LASSBio-785 and LASSBio-786 to decrease central nervous system activity was investigated in male Swiss mice. LASSBio-785 or LASSBio-786 (30 mg/kg, ip) reduced locomotor activity from 209 ± 26 (control) to 140 ± 18 (P < 0.05) or 146 ± 15 crossings/min (P < 0.05), respectively. LASSBio-785 (15 or 30 mg/kg, iv) also reduced locomotor activity from 200 ± 15 to 116 ± 29 (P < 0.05) or 60 ± 16 crossings/min (P < 0.01), respectively. Likewise, LASSBio-786 (15 or 30 mg/kg, iv) reduced locomotor activity from 200 ± 15 to 127 ± 10 (P < 0.01) or 96 ± 14 crossings/min (P < 0.01), respectively. Pretreatment with flumazenil (20 mg/kg,ip) prevented the locomotor impairment induced by NAH analogues (15 mg/kg, iv), providing evidence that the benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptor is involved. This finding was supported by the structural similarity of NAH analogues to midazolam. However, LASSBio-785 showed weak binding to the BDZ receptor. LASSBio-785 or LASSBio-786 (30 mg/kg,ip, n = 10) increased pentobarbital-induced sleeping time from 42 ± 5 (DMSO) to 66 ± 6 (P < 0.05) or 75 ± 4 min (P < 0.05), respectively. The dose required to achieve 50% hypnosis (HD50) following iv injection of LASSBio-785 or LASSBio-786 was 15.8 or 9.5 mg/kg, respectively. These data suggest that both NAH analogues might be useful for the development of new neuroactive drugs for the treatment of insomnia or for use in conjunction with general anesthesia.

Immunohistochemical detection of virus through its nuclear cytopathic effect in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia other than acute exacerbation

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias include complex diseases that have a strong interaction between genetic makeup and environmental factors. However, in many cases, no infectious agent can be demonstrated, and these clinical diseases rapidly progress to death. Theoretically, idiopathic interstitial pneumonias could be caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, hepatitis C virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and herpesvirus, which may be present in such small amounts or such configuration that routine histopathological analysis or viral culture techniques cannot detect them. To test the hypothesis that immunohistochemistry provides more accurate results than the mere histological demonstration of viral inclusions, this method was applied to 37 open lung biopsies obtained from patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. As a result, immunohistochemistry detected measles virus and cytomegalovirus in diffuse alveolar damage-related histological patterns of acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia in 38 and 10% of the cases, respectively. Alveolar epithelium infection by cytomegalovirus was observed in 25% of organizing pneumonia patterns. These findings were coincident with nuclear cytopathic effects but without demonstration of cytomegalovirus inclusions. These data indicate that diffuse alveolar damage-related cytomegalovirus or measles virus infections enhance lung injury, and a direct involvement of these viruses in diffuse alveolar damage-related histological patterns is likely. Immunohistochemistry was more sensitive than the histological demonstration of cytomegalovirus or measles virus inclusions. We concluded that all patients with diffuse alveolar damage-related histological patterns should be investigated for cytomegalovirus and measles virus using sensitive immunohistochemistry in conjunction with routine procedures.

Effect of enzymatic hydrolysis on some physicochemical properties of root and tuber granular starches

Enzymatic hydrolysis of granular starch is an important tool to provide information about granule structure. Cassava, sweet potato, Peruvian carrot, and potato starches were hydrolyzed by bacterial α-amylase at 37 °C for 48 hours, and the physicochemical properties of the residues from hydrolysis were determined. Cassava starch was the most susceptible to enzyme displaying 20.9% of hydrolysis, whereas potato starch was the most resistant with 5.9%. The granule average size varied from 10.8 to 23.4 μm for Peruvian carrot and potato starches, respectively. With the use of SEM, a smooth granule surface was observed for all native starches. Cassava and sweet potato starches displayed an A-type X-ray diffraction pattern, while Peruvian carrot and potato starches showed a B-type pattern. After hydrolysis, cassava, sweet potato, and Peruvian carrot starches showed some well degraded granules, whereas potato starch presented a slight sign of degradation. The amylose content of the starches decreased with hydrolysis for cassava, sweet potato, and Peruvian carrot starches and was kept unchanged for the potato starch. As expected, intrinsic viscosity and pasting properties decreased for all hydrolyzed starches. There is no difference between thermal properties of native and hydrolyzed starches. These results suggested that hydrolysis occurred in amorphous and crystalline areas of the granules. The B type diffraction pattern in conjunction with the big granule size of the potato starch may have contributed to the greatest resistance of this starch to hydrolysis.

Formal modelling for digital media distribution

Human beings have always strived to preserve their memories and spread their ideas. In the beginning this was always done through human interpretations, such as telling stories and creating sculptures. Later, technological progress made it possible to create a recording of a phenomenon; first as an analogue recording onto a physical object, and later digitally, as a sequence of bits to be interpreted by a computer. By the end of the 20th century technological advances had made it feasible to distribute media content over a computer network instead of on physical objects, thus enabling the concept of digital media distribution. Many digital media distribution systems already exist, and their continued, and in many cases increasing, usage is an indicator for the high interest in their future enhancements and enriching. By looking at these digital media distribution systems, we have identified three main areas of possible improvement: network structure and coordination, transport of content over the network, and the encoding used for the content. In this thesis, our aim is to show that improvements in performance, efficiency and availability can be done in conjunction with improvements in software quality and reliability through the use of formal methods: mathematical approaches to reasoning about software so that we can prove its correctness, together with the desirable properties. We envision a complete media distribution system based on a distributed architecture, such as peer-to-peer networking, in which different parts of the system have been formally modelled and verified. Starting with the network itself, we show how it can be formally constructed and modularised in the Event-B formalism, such that we can separate the modelling of one node from the modelling of the network itself. We also show how the piece selection algorithm in the BitTorrent peer-to-peer transfer protocol can be adapted for on-demand media streaming, and how this can be modelled in Event-B. Furthermore, we show how modelling one peer in Event-B can give results similar to simulating an entire network of peers. Going further, we introduce a formal specification language for content transfer algorithms, and show that having such a language can make these algorithms easier to understand. We also show how generating Event-B code from this language can result in less complexity compared to creating the models from written specifications. We also consider the decoding part of a media distribution system by showing how video decoding can be done in parallel. This is based on formally defined dependencies between frames and blocks in a video sequence; we have shown that also this step can be performed in a way that is mathematically proven correct. Our modelling and proving in this thesis is, in its majority, tool-based. This provides a demonstration of the advance of formal methods as well as their increased reliability, and thus, advocates for their more wide-spread usage in the future.

Metrics for Predicting User Behavior and Experience in an Interactive Storytelling System

In much of the previous research into the field of interactive storytelling, the focus has been on the creation of complete systems, then evaluating the performance of those systems based on user experience. Less focus has been placed on finding general solutions to problems that manifest in many different types of interactive storytelling systems. The goal of this thesis was to identify potential candidates for metrics that a system could use to predict player behavior or how players experience the story they are presented with, and to put these metrics to an empirical test. The three metrics that were used were morality, relationships and conflict. The game used for user testing of the metrics, Regicide is an interactive storytelling experience that was created in conjunction with Eero Itkonen. Data, in the forms of internal system data and survey answers, collected through user testing, was used to evaluate hypotheses for each metric. Out of the three chosen metrics, morality performed the best in this study. Though further research and refinement may be required, the results were promising, and point to the conclusion that user responses to questions of morality are a strong predictor for their choices in similar situations later on in the course of an interactive story. A similar examination for user relationships with other characters in the story did not produce promising results, but several problems were recognized in terms of methodology and further research with a better optimized system may yield different results. On the subject of conflict, several aspects, proposed by Ware et al. (2012), were evaluated separately. Results were inconclusive, with the aspect of directness showing the most promise.

Mental Logic and the Denials of Conjunctions and Disjunctions

ABSTRACT: The mental models theory predicts that, while conjunctions are easier than disjunctions for individuals, when denied, conjunctions are harder than disjunctions. Khemlani, Orenes, and Johnson-Laird proved that this prediction is correct in their work of 2014. In this paper, I analyze their results in order to check whether or not they really affect the mental logic theory. My conclusion is that, although Khemlani et al.'s study provides important findings, such findings do not necessarily lead to questioning or to rejecting the mental logic theory.

Hakkuutähteen arvoketjun analysointi ja kannattavuuden tehostaminen

Suomen tavoitteena on nostaa metsähakkeen käyttö 25 TWh:iin vuoteen 2020 mennessä. Tavoitteen saavuttaminen edellyttää, että metsähakkeen käyttö ja tuotanto on kannatta-vuudeltaan houkuttelevaa. Suuri osa Suomen energiapuusta saadaan ainespuun hakkuun yhteydessä kerättävistä hakkuutähteistä, josta valmistetaan haketta lämpölaitosten tarpee-seen. Tämän työn tavoitteena oli tarkastella suomalaisen metsäteollisuusyrityksen metsähak-keen tuottamiseen liittyvää arvoketjua ja löytää sieltä ne prosessin osat, joissa arvoa syn-tyy eniten sekä ne prosessin osat, joissa arvoa mahdollisesti menetetään. Arvoketjun tarkastelun lisäksi työn tavoitteena oli selvittää mahdollisuuksia latvusmassa-hakkeen kannattavuuden parantamiseen case yrityksessä. Arvoketju analyysiin perustuen tutkimuksessa voitiin todeta suurimman metsäenergian arvon syntyvän hakkuutähteen kuivumisen seurauksena. Liian pitkä varastointiaika sitä vastoin aiheuttaa kuiva-ainetappiosta johtuvaa arvon menetystä hankintaketjussa. Suurin vaikutus hakkuutähdehakkeen kannattavuuteen on hakkeen alhaisella kosteudella. Tutkimuksessa todettiin lisäksi kaukokuljetuskustannusten vaikuttavan erityisen suuresti haketuotannon kannattavuuteen.

Brock Cameo Tie

The Brock cameo tie featuring subtle grey stripes on red was introduced in 1988 in conjunction with the 25th anniversary celebrations of Brock University. The tie is made of polyester from Bradford, England. It originally went on sale for $15.75 in the Bookstore.

Science Complex Opening

Doris Chown speaking at the Science Complex Opening and the unveiling of a sign in conjunction with the renaming of the Academic Staging Building to the Mackenzie Chown Complex.

Understanding the financial status of a group of high performance athletes

With the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic Games quickly approaching, there has been a heightened interest in the performance of Canadian athletes at international competitions (Duffy, 2007; Fidlin, 2005; Longley, 2006). Two significant documents outline Canada's goal to become the number one sporting nation at the 2010 Olympic Games, and improve Canada's performance at the 2008 Olympic Games: Own the Podium and Road to Excellence (Priestner Allinger & Allinger, 2004; Road to Excellence, 2006). These two documents represent heightened interest in the performance of our elite athletes, in conjunction with Canada's hosting status of the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games. The requirements to train and compete at the international level have become more demanding both in terms of financial resources and time commitment. The need to financially assist athletes with their training and competition costs has been an important topic of debate over the past decades (Beamish & Borowy, 1987; Gatehouse, 2004; Macintosh, 1996; Munro, 1970; Owens, 2004). Two sources of fiinding for high performance athletes in Canada are the Athlete Assistance Program (AAP) provided by the Federal Government and the Canadian Olympic Excellence Fund provided by the Canadian Olympic Committee. The importance of these fiinds for athletes has been discussed in various forums (Ekos, 1992, 1997, 2005; Priestner Allinger & Allinger, 2004; Thibault «& Babiak, 2005). However, alternative sources of funds for high performance athletes have never been the object of research. As such the purpose of this study was to describe a group of athlete applicants from the time period of November 2004 to April 2006, and to contextualize these applications within the development of the Charitable Fund for Athletes.