Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis are able to incorporate and enhance a pre-formed Gardnerella vaginalis biofilm

Gardnerella vaginalis is the most frequent microorganism found in bacterial vaginosis (BV), while Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis are amongst the most frequent pathogens found in urinary tract infections (UTIs). This study aimed to evaluate possible interactions between UTIs pathogens and G. vaginalis using an in vitro dual-species biofilm model. Our results showed that dual-species biofilms reached significantly higher bacterial concentration than mono-species biofilms. Moreover, visualization of dual-populations species in the biofilms, using the epifluorescence microscopy, revealed that all of the urogenital pathogens co-existed with G. vaginalis. In conclusion, our work demonstrates that uropathogens can incorporate into mature BV biofilms.

Exercise and heart failure. Relation of the severity of the disease to the anaerobic threshold and the respiratory compensation point

OBJECTIVE - To identify, the anaerobic threshold and respiratory compensation point in patients with heart failure. METHODS - The study comprised 42 Men,divided according to the functional class (FC) as follows: group I (GI) - 15 patients in FC I; group II (GII) - 15 patients in FC II; and group III (GIII) - 12 patients in FC III. Patients underwent a treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise test, where the expired gases were analyzed. RESULTS - The values for the heart rate (in bpm) at the anaerobic threshold were the following: GI, 122±27; GII, 117±17; GIII, 114±22. At the respiratory compensation point, the heart rates (in bpm) were as follows: GI, 145±33; GII, 133±14; GIII 123±22. The values for the heart rates at the respiratory compensation point in GI and GIII showed statistical difference. The values of oxygen consumption (VO2) at the anaerobic threshold were the following (in ml/kg/min): GI, 13.6±3.25; GII, 10.77±1.89; GIII, 8.7±1.44 and, at the respiratory compensation point, they were as follows: GI, 19.1±2.2; GII, 14.22±2.63; GIII, 10.27±1.85. CONCLUSION - Patients with stable functional class I, II, and III heart failure reached the anaerobic threshold and the respiratory compensation point at different levels of oxygen consumption and heart rate. The role played by these thresholds in physical activity for this group of patients needs to be better clarified.

Chest pain in the emergency room. Importance of a systematic approach

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficiency of a systematic diagnostic approach in patients with chest pain in the emergency room in relation to the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and the rate of hospitalization in high-cost units. METHODS: One thousand and three consecutive patients with chest pain were screened according to a pre-established process of diagnostic investigation based on the pre-test probability of ACS determinate by chest pain type and ECG changes. RESULTS: Of the 1003 patients, 224 were immediately discharged home because of no suspicion of ACS (route 5) and 119 were immediately transferred to the coronary care united because of ST elevation or left bundle-branch block (LBBB) (route 1) (74% of these had a final diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction [AMI]). Of the 660 patients that remained in the emergency room under observation, 77 (12%) had AMI without ST segment elevation and 202 (31%) had unstable angina (UA). In route 2 (high probability of ACS) 17% of patients had AMI and 43% had UA, whereas in route 3 (low probability) 2% had AMI and 7 % had UA. The admission ECG has been confirmed as a poor sensitivity test for the diagnosis of AMI ( 49%), with a positive predictive value considered only satisfactory (79%). CONCLUSION: A systematic diagnostic strategy, as used in this study, is essential in managing patients with chest pain in the emergency room in order to obtain high diagnostic accuracy, lower cost, and optimization of the use of coronary care unit beds.

End-systolic pressure-diameter relation of the left ventricle during transient and sustained elevations of blood pressure

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of transient and sustained variations in cardiac load on the values of the end-systolic pressure-diameter relation (ESPDR) of the left ventricle. METHODS: We studied 13 dogs under general anesthesia and autonomic blockade. Variations of cardiac loads were done by elevation of blood pressure by mechanical constriction of the aorta. Two protocols were used in each animal: gradual peaking and decreasing pressure variation, the "transient arterial hypertension protocol" (TAH), and a quick and 10 min sustained elevation, the "sustained arterial hypertension protocol"(SAH). Then, we compared the ESDR in these two situations. RESULTS: Acute elevation of arterial pressure, being it "transitory" or "sustained", did not alter the heart frequency and increased similarly the preload and after load. However, they acted differently in end systolic pressure-diameter relation. It was greater in the SAH than TAH protocol, 21.0±7.3mmHg/mm vs. 9.2±1.2mmHg/mm (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The left ventricular ESPDR values determined during sustained pressure elevations were higher than those found during transient pressure elevations. The time-dependent activation of myocardial contractility associated with the Frank-Starling mechanism is the major factor in inotropic stimulation during sustained elevations of blood pressure, determining an increase in the ESPDR values.

Avaliação da performance clínica de lentes de contacto descartáveis diárias: um estudo piloto

Dissertação de mestrado em Optometria Avançada

Avaliação na educação pré-escolar: perspetivas e práticas

Dissertação de mestrado em Ciências da Educação (área de especialização em Desenvolvimento Curricular e Inovação Educativa)

Predicting pre-triage waiting time in a maternity emergency room through data mining

An unsuitable patient flow as well as prolonged waiting lists in the emergency room of a maternity unit, regarding gynecology and obstetrics care, can affect the mother and child’s health, leading to adverse events and consequences regarding their safety and satisfaction. Predicting the patients’ waiting time in the emergency room is a means to avoid this problem. This study aims to predict the pre-triage waiting time in the emergency care of gynecology and obstetrics of Centro Materno Infantil do Norte (CMIN), the maternal and perinatal care unit of Centro Hospitalar of Oporto, situated in the north of Portugal. Data mining techniques were induced using information collected from the information systems and technologies available in CMIN. The models developed presented good results reaching accuracy and specificity values of approximately 74% and 94%, respectively. Additionally, the number of patients and triage professionals working in the emergency room, as well as some temporal variables were identified as direct enhancers to the pre-triage waiting time. The imp lementation of the attained knowledge in the decision support system and business intelligence platform, deployed in CMIN, leads to the optimization of the patient flow through the emergency room and improving the quality of services.

Acute Myocardial Infarction: The First Manifestation of Ischemic Heart Disease and Relation to Risk Factors

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between cardiovascular risk factors and acute myocardial infarction as the first manifestation of ischemic heart disease, correlating them with coronary angiographic findings. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional study of 104 patients with previous acute myocardial infarction, who were divided into 2 groups according to the presence or absence of angina prior to acute myocardial infarction. We assessed the presence of angina preceding acute myocardial infarction and risk factors, such as age >55 years, male sex, smoking, systemic arterial hypertension, lipid profile, diabetes mellitus, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and familial history of ischemic heart disease. On coronary angiography, the severity of coronary heart disease and presence of left ventricular hypertrophy were assessed. RESULTS: Of the 104 patients studied, 72.1% were males, 90.4% were white, 73.1% were older than 55 years, and 53.8% were hypertensive. Acute myocardial infarction was the first manifestation of ischemic heart disease in 49% of the patients. The associated risk factors were systemic arterial hypertension (RR=0.19; 95% CI=0.06-0.59; P=0.04) and left ventricular hypertrophy (RR=0.27; 95% CI=0,.8-0.88; P=0.03). The remaining risk factors were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of acute myocardial infarction as the first manifestation of ischemic heart disease is high, approximately 50%. Hypertensive individuals more frequently have symptoms preceding acute myocardial infarction, probably due to ventricular hypertrophy associated with high blood pressure levels.

Pre-clinical trials for Machado-Joseph Disease: Hypothesis-based and hypothesis-free therapeutic approaches

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências da Saúde

A quantitative research about attitudes of pre-service teachers on inclusive education

In this paper we propose to characterize the inclusive philosophy in Thailand as well as to present and discuss results from a quantitative research carried out within the teacher pre-service context, viewed as one of the components that should be addressed by school systems that seek to be inclusive.

Relation between the behaviors of P-wave and QT dispersions in elderly patients with heart failure

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relation between P-wave and QT dispersions in elderly patients with heart failure. METHODS: Forty-seven elderly patients (75.6±6 years) with stable heart failure in NYHA functional classes II or III and with ejection fractions of 37±6% underwent body surface mapping to analyze P-wave and QT dispersions. The degree of correlation between P-wave and QT dispersions was assessed, and P-wave dispersion values in patients with QT dispersion greater than and smaller than 100 ms were compared. RESULTS: The mean values of P-wave and QT dispersions were 54±14 ms and 68±27 ms, respectively. The correlation between the 2 variables was R=0.41 (p=0.04). In patients with QT dispersion values > 100 ms, P-wave dispersion was significantly greater than in those with QT dispersion values < 100 ms (58±16 vs 53±12 ms, p=0.04 ). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that, in elderly patients with heart failure, a correlation between the values of P-wave and QT dispersions exists. These findings may have etiopathogenic, pathophysiologic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications, which should be investigated in other studies.

Estudio de las respuestas neurofisiológicas y conductuales integradas en el sistema límbico: participación de los neuropéptidos derivados de la pre pro MCH y Angiotensina II

Numerosos estudios indican que la amígdala, se encuentra estrechamente ligada a la generación y modulación de los procesos emocionales. Aunque el complejo de la amígdala generalmente se define por varios grupos distintos de células, los núcleos de la amígdala basolateral que se conectan con el núcleo central y el núcleo de la estría terminal son los que proyectan a las áreas del sistema nervioso central involucradas en el control de las respuestas autónomas, los procesos cognitivos y la respuesta emocional. Además de los ampliamente estudiados sistemas glutamatérgico, gabaérgico, endorfinérgico, CRH, CCK entre otros, en estas áreas de la amígdala se encuentran receptores AT1 del sistema renina-angiotensina cerebral y llegan fibras del sistema de la pre-pro-hormona MCH (ppMCH) de la que se derivan la hormona concentradora de melanina (MCH) y otros dos péptidos biológicamente activos: el neuropéptido glicina (G)-ácido glutámico (E) (NGE) y el neuropéptido glutamina (E)- isoleucina (I) (NEI). Entre las áreas a las que se proyectan los núcleos de la amígdala se destaca la inervación de núcleos dopaminérgicos a través del área tegmental ventral y su influencia sobre la función del eje hipotálamo-hipófiso-adrenal (HHA) por la modulación de la descarga de ACTH a través de la inervación del núcleo hipotalámico paraventricular. Este proyecto tiene como objetivo evaluar los efectos de los neuropéptidos derivados de la ppMCH y Angiotensina II en la amígdala basolateral, sobre: el estado de ansiedad, conducta de exploración, activación del eje HHA y la trasmisión dopaminérgica en las áreas de proyección de la amígdala. Se empleará un modelo de miedo potenciado en ratas, que provoca una mayor activación de la amígdala y el establecimiento de un estado de ansiedad por la exposición previa a una situación de estrés. En este modelo se desencadenan respuestas similares a las encontradas en pacientes que sufren desórdenes de ansiedad, lo que nos permite estudiar el rol de los neuromoduladores en su fisiopatogenia.

Modificación funcional de la reactividad pre y postnatal hacia el alcohol

Los efectos teratológicos de la exposición etílica durante el desarrollo embrionario y fetal han sido reconocidos y sistematizados a nivel diagnóstico desde 1973. Entre los principales efectos derivados de exposición etílica prenatal se cuentan: retraso en el crecimiento pre y postnatal, malformaciones faciales, anormalidades en el desarrollo del sistema nervioso central, deficiencias atencionales e hiperactividad. El consumo de alcohol durante la gestación es considerado como la primera causa prevenible de retraso mental en el mundo occidental. El período de lactancia representa otra fuente potencial de exposición etílica. (...) El objetivo general de este equipo de investigación se centra en el análisis de las consecuencias de una experiencia temprana con etanol sobre la posterior reactividad prenatal e infantil hacia la droga y/o sobre posteriores patrones de detección, discriminación e ingesta de alcohol. (...) (...) Este proyecto se subdivide en tres líneas de investigación. La primera de ellas contempla el análisis de capacidades de aprendizaje asociativo en el feto de rata a término. Específicamente se indagará sobre la asociabilidad entre las claves quimiosensoriales alojadas en el líquido amniótico y el estado de intoxicación aguda fetal generado por la administración intragástrica de dosis moderadas de alcohol a nivel materno. La retención de este proceso asociativo y/o de memorias relativas a atributos orosensoriales del fármaco y de eventuales estímulos condicionales se realizará postnatalmente mediante esquemas de habituación y deshabituación comportamental frente a dichas claves. Una segunda línea de estudios contempla el análisis de cambios en la reactividad infantil frente al etanol en función de la exposición crónica al psicotrópico cuando el mismo se encuentra presente en el contenido lácteo materno. El estudio ahonda en el establecimiento de memorias específicas respecto al fármaco y la posible modulación de las mismas a través de la disrupción de la conducta materna por el estado de intoxicación etílico. Finalmente el proyecto estipula la continuidad de investigaciones en referencia a la acción disruptiva del etanol sobre el aprendizaje asociativo infantil. El estudio sugerido se centra sobre la posibilidad de reactivar memorias afectadas por el estado tóxico del infante en el momento de evocación de las mismas. Se pretende generar un cuerpo de información conducente a establecer si el estado tóxico altera el proceso evocativo por aristas hedónicas específicas de dicho estado que compitan con el aprendizaje original.

Fisiología de pre y post-cosecha en ajo (Allium sativum L.) en cv. Rosado, Blanco y Colorado

En base a los trabajos realizados a nivel de fisiología de pre-cosecha, se continúa con los objetivos específicos referentes a las relaciones nutricionales en lo que respecta a fertilización nitrogenada y condición del nitrógeno en el suelo. Todo ello a fin de relacionar los períodos críticos en el ciclo del cultivo sometido a diferentes tratamientos de fertilización. Se continuará con el desarrollo del Modelo de pronóstico de crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de ajo, extendiendo a futuro datos del cultivo a productores. Los estudios de post-cosecha han avanzado en la determinación de distintos índices de carácter bioquímico y fisiológico a fin de tomar decisiones en relación a la calidad del ajo que se consume y se exporta. El objetivo de este trabajo es: - Determinar que el período crítico para la fertilización nitrogenada es el comprendido entre el inicio del crecimiento aéreo y llenado del bulbo y depende principalmente de las condiciones edáficas.