Segurança alimentar e nutricional dos agricultores familiares da associação dos produtores e produtoras orgânicas de Ceará Mirim/RN

The proposition of this research is supported by the definition of Food Safety and Nutrition (FSN), established by the II FSN National Conference. Taking this concept as reference, the research instrument aimed to analyze strategies and actions related to FSN, developed by members of Ceará Mirim Organic Producers Association, located in Rio Grande do Norte state (Brazil), from aspects related to family feeding, as well as means of access, quantity and food culture. It was aimed to answer the following questions: Do the families benefited from Ceará Mirim Organic Producers Association have strategies that assure their FSN? If so, do these strategies originate from public policies or own actions? Do these strategies focus on family revenue? In expenses with food and proper feeding? How do these strategies articulate together and which social networks do they form? In this research, there were also approached questionings which comprise market opening through the declaration of the products as Organization of Social Control (OSC), aggregate value and participation in agroecological fairs, aiming to identify and characterize if these strategies contribute for Food Safety and Nutrition of these families. The data here analyzed were obtained from semi-structured interviews, conducted in the production sites of each farmer, and have a qualitative approach. 21 questionnaires were applied to the family farmers, in seven projects of agrarian reform settlements (Carlos Marighella, Nova Esperança II, Aliança, Marcoalhado I, Santa Águeda, Santa Luzia and União). From this study, it was concluded that most of FSN strategies result from a series of distinct public policies, which potentiate the existing strategies and create new ones, such as in the case of organic production, which is the main motivation, even for the organization of the studied group. These strategies brought improvements in feeding and caused changes in eating habits, especially in the diversification of production for own consumption. This, on the other hand, is assuring greater food autonomy and increasing marketing channels, through fairs or institutional markets. It was also verified that reciprocity relations increased after the organic production, and they are indispensable to assure food in difficult times, also contributing to incentive organic production itself, through supplies exchange.

O papel dos quintais urbanos na segurança alimentar, bem estar e conservação da biodiversidade

Residential homegardens have environmental and social roles in the urban environment. These green spaces can potentially minimize the impacts caused by the growth of cities, being an alternative to connect fragmented areas or offer refuge to wildlife and therefore support the conservation of biodiversity. In addition, the homegardens demonstrate a leading role in increasing human well-being by promoting socialization opportunities, contact with nature, local culture as well as improvements in food security for the urban families. Nevertheless, it is still unclear what specific characteristics of homegardens can act effectively in the conservation of the biodiversity, as well as in the construction of food security and well being of the homegardeners and their families. The first chapter of this thesis analyzed the diversity of plant species (native and exotic) and assessed the contribution of different types of urban gardens (ornamental and forest gardens alike) in the presence of wildlife such as birds, monkeys and lizards. In the second chapter we evaluated the contribution of those gardens to the welfare and food security of their owners. In order to do this, 41 gardens were visited in Pium, a southern coastal town in the northeastern Brazil, which also happens to be in a periurban region undergoing rapid urban expansion and pressure from the real estate market. We surveyed the planned biodiversity and fauna associated with homegardens. The data related to food security and welfare were sampled through interviews with the person in charge of taking care of the gardens. These interviews covered issues on the supply of food from the garden and absence of chemical products, as well as aspects of the GNH indicator (Gross National Happiness). The results showed that these homegardens generally contribute little to the maintenance of native plant species (native species = 29/ total = 187). From its main features, the gardens were classified as ornamental, forest gardens and forest farms. These groups had a different effect on the presence of the animals studied and the last two contained most of the sampled native species. The diversity of plants and trees was a good predictor of the presence of birds and monkeys. Thus, the contribution of yards for the conservation of biodiversity depends on the type of garden: some even can have negative effects on conservation. These results can direct new approaches to detailed understanding of gardens and also of public policies applied to urban planning. The results of the second chapter showed that the two types of forest gardens contributed to household food security, for providing food and medicinal herbs, which mostly did not have pesticides and chemical 12 fertilizers. But the three groups of gardens are important components for the well being of their stakeholders. Gardens help promote the transmission of knowledge on agriculture, socialization, contact with nature and bring up feelings related to peace and harmony. Thus, forest gardens can be considered important means to get through public projects and policies designed to encourage biodiversity and promote food security and well-being in urban areas

A inserção da família no processo socioeducativo de adolescentes em privação de liberdade

This master thesis has the main goal investigate how families are inserted in the socioeducational process of teenagers who are undergoing social measures of liberty deprivation. The specific objectives are: to characterize the family´s living together of adolescents deprived of their freedom and their families, from the actions and routines of the socio-educational system; to assess the professional working links in the context of socio-education, in order to care and strengthening families of the adolescents; to investigate how families evaluate the operation of socio-educational process in which adolescents are met. Method: to achieve the proposed objectives, data collection occurred in complementary steps: the first phase took place from visits to socioeducational units of liberty deprivation of RN, and dialogues with professionals working in socio-education. Subsequently, action research stage was carried out, from the insertion of the researcher in the extension project Family and the struggle for the effectiveness of the National Socio Service System, that aimed to strengthen monitoring the adolescents socio-education by their families, and had as methodology the conversation circles and thematic workshops. Lastly, were performed reading and analysis of the references to the family in the Individual Care Plans (PIAs) for adolescents. The information gathered was recorded in field diaries and subjected to thematic content analysis. This research was guided by the Marxist theoretical framework, structured on the understanding of the involvement of adolescents with illegal acts as a development and expression of the social question. From this theoretical framework, the prevailing view in the capitalist society of adolescents in conflict with the law as individuals who are treated by means of repression and segregation and the weakness of social policies is questioned, both in the execution of their own socioeducational measures as the articulation of network services for adolescent protection and strengthening your family. Results: in relation to the operation of the socioeducational system in RN in general, it was observed a state of unhealthy physical spaces and institutional practices that violate human rights, idleness and lack of access to social rights, and criminalization and institutionalization of poor young people and their families. With regard to family´s living together, it was noticed great distance between principles and guidelines recommended by the SINASE, about acquaintanceship and family strengthening, and every day practices of socio-education in RN: serious violations were observed that undermine the family´s living together, as the distance between the socio-educational units of deprivation of liberty and the cities where families live; absence, irregularity and poor conditions in carrying out the family visits; lack of conjugal visits; restricted and unarticulated actions for the care and strengthening of the families of adolescents, most of whom live in poverty or extreme poverty. Finally, it was found a number of blamefully and punishments to the family, including practices such as inward inspection (visual inspection while naked and squant), plus a series of violence and omissions care that sick family members and weaken the links between adolescents and their families.

Farelo do bagaço de caju na restrição alimentar qualitativa para suínos em terminação

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the use of cashew bagasse bran (CBB) as food ingredient in qualitative feed restriction programs on the carcass traits, meat quality, organs weight and intestinal morphometry of barrows and gilts. Twenty – four crossbred pigs were used (12 barrows and 12 gilts) with an average initial body weight of 57.93 ± 3.67 kg/LW. The experimental designs was in randomized blocks 3x2 factorial arrangement with three level (0%, 15% e 30% CBB), two genders (barrows and gilts) and four repetition. A total of twenty-four instalments. The treatments were composed of basal diet (BD) formulated with corn, soybean meal and commercial base mix for finishing pigs, being containing different levels of CBB. At the end of the trial period the animals were slaughtered for the evaluation of the meat quality, traits carcass, Absolute Weight (AW) and Relative Weight (RW) of the organs and morphometric study of small intestine fragment. The inclusion of (CBB) in the diets did not affect the traits carcass of gilts, but interfered in the traits carcass of the barrow positively, increasing the yield of meat into cold carcass and reducing the thickness of subcutaneous fat, without affecting the fatty acid profile. However, we observed increased weight of organs and partial volume of absortiva mucosa of gilts. In the comparison between sex was observed a greater liver weight (AW) and (RW), and surface density of absortiva mucosa of barrow. The use of CBB was considered as ingredient to be used in programs of qualitative feed restriction for finishing pigs.

Farelo do bagaço de caju na restrição alimentar qualitativa para suínos em terminação

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the use of cashew bagasse bran (CBB) as food ingredient in qualitative feed restriction programs on the carcass traits, meat quality, organs weight and intestinal morphometry of barrows and gilts. Twenty – four crossbred pigs were used (12 barrows and 12 gilts) with an average initial body weight of 57.93 ± 3.67 kg/LW. The experimental designs was in randomized blocks 3x2 factorial arrangement with three level (0%, 15% e 30% CBB), two genders (barrows and gilts) and four repetition. A total of twenty-four instalments. The treatments were composed of basal diet (BD) formulated with corn, soybean meal and commercial base mix for finishing pigs, being containing different levels of CBB. At the end of the trial period the animals were slaughtered for the evaluation of the meat quality, traits carcass, Absolute Weight (AW) and Relative Weight (RW) of the organs and morphometric study of small intestine fragment. The inclusion of (CBB) in the diets did not affect the traits carcass of gilts, but interfered in the traits carcass of the barrow positively, increasing the yield of meat into cold carcass and reducing the thickness of subcutaneous fat, without affecting the fatty acid profile. However, we observed increased weight of organs and partial volume of absortiva mucosa of gilts. In the comparison between sex was observed a greater liver weight (AW) and (RW), and surface density of absortiva mucosa of barrow. The use of CBB was considered as ingredient to be used in programs of qualitative feed restriction for finishing pigs.

Preferência e competição alimentar em um grupo de Sapajus flavius em fragmento de Mata Atlântica em Caaporã – Paraíba – Brasil

Feeding is the primary selective pressure in all forms of animals. Nutritional ecological models predict consequences of preferred and non-preferred food consumption on behavioural, physiological and morphological adaptations. At same time, socioecological models infer socio-organizarion patterns based on feeding competition faced by animals. A list of preferred foods, and inferences regarding the intensity of feeding competition and its behavioural consequences are information of much importance for management of populations in fragments. In this work we observed the feeding behavior and spatial positioning of a group of more than 100 blond capuchin monkeys (Sapajus flavius) that inhabit a fragment of Atlantic forest, surrounded by sugarcane plantation. We compared the consumption of different food items with their monthly availability in the area to define the preferred and fallback food items. We recorded the vocalizations of aggression and the inter-individual distance (area of Minimum Convex Polygon/n individuals) to infer the type of food competition experienced by animals. In the year studied the fruit feeding time correlated with top consumed fruit productivity, indicating preference for fruits. Our data indicate that the species Elaeis sp., Cecropia palmata, Inga spp. and Simarouba amara are the preferred food items in the diet. Available all year round and uniformly distributed, sugarcane was a regular item in the diet and its was characterized as a staple fallback food for this group. Although fruits are preferential food items, direct competition rate did not correlate to fruit productivity in the area, maintaining the high rates throughout the year (2.45 events/ hour). The inter-individual distance index positively correlated with rain fall indicating scramble food competition. The number of neighbours of females carrying infants was smaller when fruit productivity is low, indicating that females carrying infants are suffering increased indirect competition. Our data indicates that blond capuchins in this fragment make use of sugar cane as a staple fallback food, which evidence the importance of sugar cane landscape for the survival of this critically endangered capuchin species in fragmented habitats in Northeast Brazil. A preliminary list of preferred and important foods is offered, and can assist in the choice of trees for reforestation, better fragments to be preserved and areas of release and translocation of animals. We did not observe an increase of contest competition while using preferred foods, but when using staple FBF. This may be due the altered environment, which results in high competition food throughout the year. Both the food preference as the social and behavioral consequences of high food competition experienced by animals in this fragment must be accompanied over the years to ensure the survival of this population.

Preferência e competição alimentar em um grupo de Sapajus flavius em fragmento de Mata Atlântica em Caaporã – Paraíba – Brasil

Feeding is the primary selective pressure in all forms of animals. Nutritional ecological models predict consequences of preferred and non-preferred food consumption on behavioural, physiological and morphological adaptations. At same time, socioecological models infer socio-organizarion patterns based on feeding competition faced by animals. A list of preferred foods, and inferences regarding the intensity of feeding competition and its behavioural consequences are information of much importance for management of populations in fragments. In this work we observed the feeding behavior and spatial positioning of a group of more than 100 blond capuchin monkeys (Sapajus flavius) that inhabit a fragment of Atlantic forest, surrounded by sugarcane plantation. We compared the consumption of different food items with their monthly availability in the area to define the preferred and fallback food items. We recorded the vocalizations of aggression and the inter-individual distance (area of Minimum Convex Polygon/n individuals) to infer the type of food competition experienced by animals. In the year studied the fruit feeding time correlated with top consumed fruit productivity, indicating preference for fruits. Our data indicate that the species Elaeis sp., Cecropia palmata, Inga spp. and Simarouba amara are the preferred food items in the diet. Available all year round and uniformly distributed, sugarcane was a regular item in the diet and its was characterized as a staple fallback food for this group. Although fruits are preferential food items, direct competition rate did not correlate to fruit productivity in the area, maintaining the high rates throughout the year (2.45 events/ hour). The inter-individual distance index positively correlated with rain fall indicating scramble food competition. The number of neighbours of females carrying infants was smaller when fruit productivity is low, indicating that females carrying infants are suffering increased indirect competition. Our data indicates that blond capuchins in this fragment make use of sugar cane as a staple fallback food, which evidence the importance of sugar cane landscape for the survival of this critically endangered capuchin species in fragmented habitats in Northeast Brazil. A preliminary list of preferred and important foods is offered, and can assist in the choice of trees for reforestation, better fragments to be preserved and areas of release and translocation of animals. We did not observe an increase of contest competition while using preferred foods, but when using staple FBF. This may be due the altered environment, which results in high competition food throughout the year. Both the food preference as the social and behavioral consequences of high food competition experienced by animals in this fragment must be accompanied over the years to ensure the survival of this population.

Efeitos da privação do sono em tarefas cognitivas

Learning and memory are important mechanism for species, since its allows to recognize conspecifics, routes and food place. Sleep is one of behaviors known by facilitate learning, it is a widespread phenomenon, present in most of vertebrates lives and highly investigated in many aspects. It is known that sleep deprivation modifies physiologic behavioral processes in animals, however, sleep function in organism is still debatable. Hypothesis range from energy conservation to memory consolidation, with different roles in animal’s evolution. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) emerg e in the last years as vertebrate model in genetics and developmental biology and quickly become popular in behavioral studies, as learning and memory. Despite the fact that zebrafish is a diurnal animal and have well characterized sleep behavior, zebrafish fish still has advantages due to its small size and low cost of maintenance, whichestablishes this species as interesting model for research on sleep. In this study we aimed to analyze the effects of partial and total sleep deprivation on learning acquisition, as well the concomitant administration of alcohol and melatonin. For this, the research was divided in three phases, each one with a different kind of conditioning: (1) object Recognition, (2) avoidance conditioning and (3) appetitive conditioning. The results showed the fish partially sleep deprived and totally sleep deprived + et hanol could perform the tasks just like the control group, however, fish totally sleep deprived and totally sleep deprived + melatonin showed impairments in attention and memory during the tests. Our results suggest that only one night of sleep deprivation is enough to harm the zebrafish performance in cognitive tasks. In addition, ethanol exposure on the night previously the test seems to suppress the negative effects of sleep deprivation, while the melatonin treatment seems not to be enough to promote sleep state, at least on the protocol applied here.

Efeitos da privação do sono em tarefas cognitivas

Learning and memory are important mechanism for species, since its allows to recognize conspecifics, routes and food place. Sleep is one of behaviors known by facilitate learning, it is a widespread phenomenon, present in most of vertebrates lives and highly investigated in many aspects. It is known that sleep deprivation modifies physiologic behavioral processes in animals, however, sleep function in organism is still debatable. Hypothesis range from energy conservation to memory consolidation, with different roles in animal’s evolution. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) emerg e in the last years as vertebrate model in genetics and developmental biology and quickly become popular in behavioral studies, as learning and memory. Despite the fact that zebrafish is a diurnal animal and have well characterized sleep behavior, zebrafish fish still has advantages due to its small size and low cost of maintenance, whichestablishes this species as interesting model for research on sleep. In this study we aimed to analyze the effects of partial and total sleep deprivation on learning acquisition, as well the concomitant administration of alcohol and melatonin. For this, the research was divided in three phases, each one with a different kind of conditioning: (1) object Recognition, (2) avoidance conditioning and (3) appetitive conditioning. The results showed the fish partially sleep deprived and totally sleep deprived + et hanol could perform the tasks just like the control group, however, fish totally sleep deprived and totally sleep deprived + melatonin showed impairments in attention and memory during the tests. Our results suggest that only one night of sleep deprivation is enough to harm the zebrafish performance in cognitive tasks. In addition, ethanol exposure on the night previously the test seems to suppress the negative effects of sleep deprivation, while the melatonin treatment seems not to be enough to promote sleep state, at least on the protocol applied here.

Sensibilizar para o desperdício alimentar: um projeto de educação para a cidadania

O desperdício alimentar constitui um problema à escala mundial. Em Portugal, no contexto de crise económica que vivemos importa combater a situação de desigualdade no acesso e no consumo de alimentos, o que implica sensibilizar a população para uma mudança de comportamentos. Neste sentido, para a promoção do combate ao desperdício alimentar e de uma cidadania mais ativa em matéria de sustentabilidade é fundamental recorrer a diversas estratégias, nomeadamente a nível educacional. Todavia, para que este processo de sensibilização produza os efeitos desejados é necessário chegar primeiro aos professores trabalhando com eles valores e saberes relativos à temática do desperdício alimentar. Neste contexto surge o projeto “Sensibilizar para o Desperdício Alimentar” desenvolvido pela Escola Superior de Educação de Santarém e que envolveu a conceção e implementação de uma ação de formação dirigida a professores do 1.º e do 2.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico. A apreciação que os professores fizeram da formação foi muito positiva, nomeadamente da pertinência das temáticas abordadas, da qualidade dos materiais e da metodologia adotada. A estas evidências soma-se o interesse demonstrado por outras instituições de ensino superior, que pretendem implementar, em breve, esta oficina de formação, o que nos incentiva a dar continuidade ao projeto.

Gestão da segurança alimentar evolução da certificação Codex Alimentarius para a implementação da ISO 22000:2005

O efeito conjugado das imposições da grande distribuição e dos consumidores cada vez mais exigentes levou os intervenientes do sector alimentar a considerarem a certificação dos seus produtos e/ou sistemas de produção por referenciais específicos. Todas as organizações que intervêm na cadeia alimentar têm a responsabilidade de colocar no mercado produtos alimentares cujas condições de higiene e segurança estejam devidamente garantidas. O trabalho desenvolvido no presente Projecto consistiu na preparação da implementação da norma NP EN ISSO 22000:2005 na empresa Cores Doces, Lda, dedicada ao comércio de doçaria. Tendo já o sistema HACCP implementado, a certificação através da norma de gestão da segurança alimentar NP EN ISSO 22000:2005 era um objetivo estratégico da administração da empresa uma vez que é este o referencial de segurança alimentar que melhor se adapta à realidade e objetivos da empresa e seus parceiros. O plano de trabalhos teve como objetivo fazer a transição entro o sistema HACCP (hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) já implementado e certificado, para a implementação e certificação segundo os requisitos da norma NP EN ISSO 22000:2005. Para o efeito foram numa primeira fase identificadas as principais diferenças entre os dois sistemas de gestão da segurança alimentar. Esta análise permitiu diagnosticar as alterações processuais a implantar e os documentos a elaborar para a constituição da estrutura documental do sistema segundo a ISO 22000:2005. As principais alterações efetuadas foram a nível do Planeamento e Realização de Produtos Seguros, nomeadamente a análise de risco. Numa segunda fase foram apresentadas as alterações na empresa perante a transição para a ISSO onde se deu destaque aos aspetos relacionados com a responsabilidade da gestão, a compatibilização com os outros sistemas de gestão que possam ser criados na empresa (qualidade, ambiente, segurança e saúde); onde se fez igualmente a correspondência entre o Codex e a ISSO com destaque para o capítulo 7 na Norma ( Planeamento e Realização de Produtos Seguros), explorando os restantes capítulos que permitem introduzir na organização um ciclo de PDCA (Planear, Realizar, Avaliar e Corrigir). Finalmente foi elaborado um auxiliar de transição do sistema HACCP para a ISSO 22000 que possa servir de ferramenta para outras organizações.

Avaliação da estabilidade físico-química de óleo alimentar suplementado com extrato de carqueja

A prevenção da oxidação lipídica, uma das principais causas de degradação de óleos alimentares, pode ser efetuada pela adição de antioxidantes. A preocupação pelo consumo de alimentos mais saudáveis e isentos de aditivos sintéticos tem contribuído para a crescente procura de antioxidantes naturais provenientes de plantas, que possam substituir os antioxidantes sintéticos em óleos e gorduras alimentares. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da adição de extrato de carqueja (Pterospartum tridentatum), em concentrações diferentes (500 mg/kg e 1000 mg/kg), na estabilidade físico-química de óleo alimentar submetido a três ciclos de aquecimento (9 horas cada) a 180ºC e de óleo armazenado à temperatura ambiente durante 30 dias. O extrato de carqueja foi obtido por extração em etanol, tendo-se alcançado um rendimento de 60,2%±0,225. Determinou-se a capacidade antioxidante do extrato de carqueja por avaliação da capacidade de redução do radical 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteu. Os resultados demonstraram que o extrato tem uma atividade antioxidante de 61,7%±0,38 e um teor de compostos fenólicos de 22,4 mg de equivalentes de ácido gálico /g de extrato. A estabilidade físico-química do óleo alimentar foi estudada através da análise de diversos parâmetros, nomeadamente acidez, índice de peróxidos, índice de p-anisidina, absorvância no UV, índice de refração, cor e densidade. Os resultados evidenciaram um aumento de todos os parâmetros, com exceção da cor, ao longo do aquecimento do óleo bem como no seu armazenamento à temperatura ambiente. Este aumento foi mais relevante no óleo em processo de aquecimento uma vez que a 180ºC as reações de oxidação ocorrem mais rapidamente do que à temperatura ambiente. Observaram-se alterações mais acentuadas dos parâmetros físico-químicos no óleo sem extrato de carqueja comparativamente ao óleo suplementado com 500mg/kg e 1000mg/kg de extrato, comprovando-se o efeito do extrato de carqueja na redução da oxidação e, consequentemente, no aumento da estabilidade físico-química do óleo alimentar. O óleo suplementado com 1000mg/kg de extrato de carqueja revelou-se o mais estável à oxidação.

Carne, Ovos e Pescado: diferentes tecnologias para incremento da Qualidade Alimentar

Com o constante aumento da população crescem também as preocupações diárias relativamente à alimentação. Assim, o aumento da produção alimentar tornou-se uma prioridade, começando a oferta no mercado a ser cada vez maior e mais competitiva. Não obstante, a indústria volta-se não só para a segurança dos alimentos que produz – que é já uma base obrigatória – mas também para o constante desenvolvimento da qualidade alimentar. Novas técnicas são desenvolvidas muito rapidamente de maneira a que os produtos alimentares, para além de seguros, sejam também munidos da qualidade exigida pelo consumidor. Cada vez mais o cliente exige da indústria nada menos que o melhor em termos de segurança e qualidade alimentar. De maneira a continuarem no mercado, as indústrias alimentares voltam-se cada vez mais para os laboratórios académicos, que aliam conhecimento, interesse e experiência com as necessidades apresentadas pelos consumidores. É notória também a dificuldade sentida por recém-licenciados em integrar empresas e conseguir uma primeira oportunidade, na sua maioria por alegada falta de experiência na área, tendo sido este o principal motivo da opção pelo estágio em exclusão da oportunidade de poder ser explorada uma ideia própria. Desta forma, a presente dissertação teve como base a necessidade de entender o que atualmente se faz no meio académico em relação à qualidade alimentar. Os projetos apresentados neste trabalho envolvem o tratamento de peito de frango em alta-pressão a diferentes temperaturas, tendo sido feito um tratamento semelhante com clara de ovo, a análise de ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBA) e composição em ácidos gordos em carne de porco congelada, em diferentes momentos, a análise da composição química de desperdícios de atum e ainda a criação de um novo produto alimentar (truta salmonada fumada).