Evaluación del efecto de un recubrimiento a base de ceras en la calidad microbilógica y fisicoquímica en Mango (Mangifera indica)

Se fundamentó en evaluar el efecto del descubrimiento a bases de ceras (resina de colofonia y polietileno) en la calidad del mango (Mangifera indica). Las variedades utilizadas fueron: Tommy Atkins y Panades; procedente de los municipios de Suchitoto y Guazapa, en estado de madurez 3/4. Se realizó análisis micribiológico inicial (Salmonela, spp y Escherichia coli), para determinar si los mangos cumplían con los criterios microbiológicos de inocuidad establecidos en el grupo 4.1 del Reglamento Técnico Centroamericano, Criterios Microbiológicos para la Inocuidad de Alimentos. Los frutos se dividieron en cuatro bloques, dos bloques recubiertos fueron recubiertos por aspersión, con un formulario compuesto con una mezcla de cera; reconocida en el mercado como Teycer C Cp, y dos bloques sin recubrir. Todos los bloques se colocaron en bandejas plásticas a una temperatura de 10°C y cada cuatro días, hasta el día 36 fueron medidos parámetros físicoquímicos de calidad entre (sólidos solubles totales, acidez titulable, pérdida de peso e índice de maduración)y análisis microbiológicos (identificación de la presencia de Colletotrichum gloesporioides, Penicillium spp). Los resultados obtenidos fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza, considerando como causas de variación el tiempo y el tratamiento aplicado para una condición de almacenamiento. Los valores medios significativamente diferentes, se compararon a través de pruebas de rangos múltiples, mediante el sistema de programa para el análisis estadísticos IBM SPSS Statics 23, para una probabilidad del 75%. El recubrimiento de cera es una tecnología postcosecha que permite prolongar la vida útil, mejorar la calidad y generar valor agregado al mango ya que se ha logrado extender la vida comercial del producto y mejorar su apariencia; debido a que esta tecnología actúa como una atmósfera modificada, que hace que los procesos metabólicos de la fruta se realicen de una manera gradual.

Incidência de fungos em pós-colheita de banana 'Prata anã'(Musa AAB)

Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a ocorrência e a freqüência de fungos em banana 'Prata anã' e elucidar o agente causal das podridões em pós-colheita de frutos provenientes do norte de Minas Gerais. Dois métodos de isolamento foram adotados: diluição em placas, a partir da lavagem de frutos verdes, e direto de frutos maduros. Os fungos Colletotrichum musae, Trichoderma harzianum, Fusarium equisetii, Penicillium sp. Aspergillus parasiticus, Trichothecium roseum, Colletotrichum acutatum, Alternaria sp., Cladosporium musae e Curvularia lunata foram os mais freqüentemente associados aos frutos. A patogenicidade desses fungos foi testada pela substituição de discos da casca de frutos verdes por discos de micélio. Colletotrichum musae apresentou área média lesionada em torno do ponto de inoculação igual a 5,8 cm², enquanto para os demais fungos testados não passou de 1,50 cm². Os resultados mostraram que C. musae é o agente primário das podridões dos frutos examinados com 100 % de incidência e os demais fungos limitaram-se a necrosar os ferimentos em torno do ponto de inoculação. O modo de infecção latente, causada por C. musae, parece favorecer, primeiramente, a colonização interna dos tecidos e, posteriormente, a ação dos fungos oportunistas, que aceleram as podridões nos frutos e na coroa.

Interação de microorganismos na solubilização de fósforo e potássio de rochas para produção de biofertilizantes

he present model of agriculture is based on intensive use of industrial inputs, due to its rapid response, but it brings harmful consequences to the environment, and it is necessary the use of modern inputs. And an alternative is the use of rock biofertilizers in agriculture, a product easy to use, with higher residual effect and does not harm the environment. The objective of study was to evaluate the inoculation and co-inoculation of different microorganisms in the solubilization of rock phosphate and potash ground microbial evaluating the best performance in the production of biofertilizers comparing with rocks pure in soil chemical properties and, verify effect of inoculation of the bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa in the absorption of minerals dissolved in the development of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.). The first bioassay was conducted in Laboratory (UFRN) for 72 days in Petri dishes, where the rock powder was increased by 10% and sulfur co-inoculated and inoculated with bacterial suspension of Paenibacillus polymyxa grown in medium tryptone soy broth, Ralstonia solanacearum in medium Kelman, Cromobacterium violaceum in medium Luria-Bertani and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans in medium Tuovinen and Kelly,and fungi Trichoderma humatum and Penicillium fellutanum in malt extract. Every 12 days, samples were removed in order to build up the release curve of minerals. The second bioassay was conducted in a greenhouse of the Agricultural Research Corporation of Rio Grande do Norte in experimental delineation in randomized block designs, was used 10 kg of an Yellow Argissolo Dystrophic per pot with the addition of treatments super phosphate simple (SS), potassium chloride (KCl), pure rock, biofertilizers in doses 40, 70, 100 and 200% of the recommendation for SS and KCl, and a control, or not inoculated with bacteria P. polymyxa. Were used seeds of cowpea BRS Potiguar and co-inoculated with the bacterial suspension of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and P. polymyxa. The first crop was harvested 45 days after planting, were evaluated in the dry matter (ADM), macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn) in ADM. And the second at 75 days assessing levels of macro end micronutrients in plants and soil, and the maximum adsorption capacity of P in soil. The results showed synergism in co-inoculations with P. polymyxa+R. solanacearum and, P. polymyxa+C. violaceum solubilizations providing higher P and K, respectively, and better solubilization time at 36 days. The pH was lower in biofertilizers higher doses, but there was better with their addition to P at the highest dose. Significant reduction of maximum adsorption capacity of phosphorus with increasing dose of biofertilizer. For K and Ca was better with SS+KCl, and Mg to pure rock. There was an effect of fertilization on the absorption, with better results for P, K and ADM with SS+KCL, and N, Ca and Mg for biofertilizers. Generally, the P. polymyxa not influence the absorption of the elements in the plant. In treatments with the uninoculated P. polymyxa chemical fertilizer had an average significantly higher for weight and number of grains. And in the presence of the bacteria, biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers had positive values in relation to rock and control. The data show that the rocks and biofertilizers could meet the need of nutrients the plants revealed as potential for sustainable agriculture

GC-MS Analysis, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Extracts of the Aerial Parts of Conyza sumatrensis

Phytochemical analyses as well as antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the extracts of C. sumatrensis aerial parts were investigated in this study. METHODS: The aerial parts of C. sumatrensis were air dried, weighed and exhaustively extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol successively. The crude extracts were screened for metabolites. These extracts of the plant were evaluated for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities using agar diffusion and DPPH method respectively. The extracts were also analysed using Gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry, and the chromatogram coupled with mass spectra of the compounds were matched with a standard library. RESULTS: Preliminary phytochemical investigation of crude n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the aerial parts of Conyza sumatrensis revealed the presence of anthraquinones, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, tannin, glycosides and carbohydrate. All the crude extracts gave a clear zone of inhibition against the growth of the test bacteria ( Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Bacillus subtilis , Pseudomona aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi , Klebsiellae pneumonae ) at moderate to high concentrations, as well as test fungi ( Candida albicans , Aspergillus niger , penicillium notatum and Rhizopus stolonifer ) at high concentration. Methanolic extract exhibited significant radical scavenging property with IC50 of 17.08 μg/mL while n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts showed no significant antioxidant activity. GC-MS of N-hexane extract showed a total number of eleven chemical constituents with α-Farnesene and spathulenol being the most abundance compounds constituting 20.27 and 22.28% of the extract respectively. Ethyl acetate extract revealed thirteen compounds with two most abundant compounds, cis-β-farnesene (16.64 %) and cis-pinane (21.09 %). While methanolic extract affords seventeen compounds with Ephytol being the most abundant compound (19.36 %).

Bioactivity, proximate, mineral and volatile profiles along the flowering stages of Opuntia microdasys (Lehm.): defining potential applications

Opuntia spp. flowers have been traditionally used for medical purposes, mostly because of their diversity in bioactive molecules with health promoting properties. The proximate, mineral and volatile compound profiles, together with the cytotoxic and antimicrobial properties were characterized in O. microdasys flowers at different maturity stages, revealing several statistically significant differences. O. microdasys stood out mainly for its high contents of dietary fiber, potassium and camphor, and its high activities against HCT15 cells, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus versicolor and Penicillium funiculosum. The vegetative stage showed the highest cytotoxic and antifungal activities, whilst the full flowering stage was particularly active against bacterial species. The complete dataset has been classified by principal component analysis, achieving clearly identifiable groups for each flowering stage, elucidating also the most distinctive features, and comprehensively profiling each of the assayed stages. The results might be useful to define the best flowering stage considering practical application purposes.

Intoxicaciones por plantas y micotoxinas en rumiantes diagnosticadas en Uruguay

Resumen Las intoxicaciones por plantas y micotoxinas ocasionan importantes pérdidas económicas en países pecuarios, principalmente por muertes de animales y mermas en la producción. Este trabajo fue realizado con el propósito de brindar al veterinario que actúa en el diagnóstico de enfermedades de animales productivos, información breve y accesible sobre las intoxicaciones por plantas y micotoxinas diagnosticadas en rumiantes de Uruguay. Para llevar a cabo el mismo se utilizaron como fuentes bibliográficas: revistas científicas arbitradas, tesis de grado, libros y comunicaciones en congresos, jornadas nacionales e internacionales. Se encontraron 37 géneros y 45 especies de plantas tóxicas, distribuidos en 20 familias botánicas. En cuanto a los hongos toxicogénicos, se hallaron 13 especies pertenecientes a 9 géneros de 6 familias diferentes. Entre las plantas diagnosticadas, la familia Asteraceae (Compositae) cuenta con la mayor cantidad de especies tóxicas, seguida por Gramineae, Solanaceae y Fabaceae (Leguminoseae). Los principales géneros de hongos toxicogénicos Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium y Claviceps han sido diagnosticados en el país. Desde el punto de vista patológico, las plantas y micotoxinas hepatotóxicas resultaron ser las más numerosas. La información presentada en las tablas, permitirá a los veterinarios un fácil abordaje en esta temática

Avaliação da atividade fungicida de óleos essenciais e suas substâncias ativas no controlo de fungos de armazenamento

Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Proteção da Plantas - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some 2- Piperidinomethylamino-4-(7-H/substituted coumarin-3-yl)- 6-chlorosubstitutedphenyl pyrimidines

Purpose: To prepare and evaluate some 2-piperidinomethylamino-4-(7-H/substitutedcoumarin-3-yl)-6- chlorosubstitutedphenyl pyrimidines as antimicrobial agents. Methods: Some 2-piperidinomethylamino-4-(7-H/substitutedcoumarin-3-yl)-6-chlorosubstitutedphenyl pyrimidines were prepared by reacting 2-amino-4-(7-H/substitutedcoumarin-3-yl)-6- (chlorosubstitutedphenyl) pyrimidines with piperidine and formaldehyde. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. These compounds were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against ten bacteria and five fungi by serial plate dilution method using standard drugs, namely, ofloxacin and ketoconazole, respectively, and their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were also determined. Results: A total of eighteen new compounds (1a-18a) were synthesized. Compound 6a (MIC = 50 μg/mL; p < 0.05 or less) displayed the highest activity against S. aureus , E. faecalis , Staphylococcus epidermidis , B. subtilis , and B. cereus . Compound 6a further showed good activity (MIC = 25 μg/mL; p < 0.05 or less) against E. coli ; P. aeruginosa K. pneumonia , B. bronchiseptica , and P. vulgaris . Compounds 6a (MIC = 25 μg/mL; p < 0.0001) and 17a (MIC = 25 μg/mL; p < 0.0001) displayed very good activity against C. albicans , A. niger , A. flavus , M. purpureous , and P. citrinum , respectively. Analysis of structure-activity relationship revealed that the presence of bromo group at 7-postion of the coumarin moiety along with the 4-chlorophenyl group at position-6 of the pyrimidine ring is critical for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria and fungi. Conclusion: The synthesized 2-piperidino derivatives are better antifungal and antibacterial agents than the earlier reported 2-morpholino derivatives, but require further investigations against other microbial strains to ascertain their broad spectrum antimicrobial activity.

Descripción del análisis microbológico realizado mediante maldi-tof en muestras de la fundación santa fe de Bogotá.

Introducción: La rápida detección e identificación bacteriana es fundamental para el manejo de los pacientes críticos que presentan una patología infecciosa, esto requiere de métodos rápidos para el inicio de un correcto tratamiento. En Colombia se usan pruebas microbiología convencional. No hay estudios de espectrofotometría de masas en análisis de muestras de pacientes críticos en Colombia. Objetivo general: Describir la experiencia del análisis microbiológico mediante la tecnología MALDI-TOF MS en muestras tomadas en la Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá. Materiales y Métodos: Entre junio y julio de 2013, se analizaron 147 aislamientos bacterianos de muestras clínicas, las cuales fueron procesadas previamente por medio del sistema VITEK II. Los aislamientos correspondieron a 88 hemocultivos (60%), 28 urocultivos (19%), y otros cultivos 31 (21%). Resultados: Se obtuvieron 147 aislamientos con identificación adecuada a nivel de género y/o especie así: en el 88.4% (130 muestras) a nivel de género y especie, con una concordancia del 100% comparado con el sistema VITEK II. El porcentaje de identificación fue de 66% en el grupo de bacilos gram negativos no fermentadores, 96% en enterobacterias, 100% en gérmenes fastidiosos, 92% en cocos gram positivos, 100% bacilos gram negativos móviles y 100% en levaduras. No se encontró ninguna concordancia en bacilos gram positivos y gérmenes del genero Aggregatibacter. Conclusiones: El MALDI-TOF es una prueba rápida para la identificación microbiológica de género y especie que concuerda con los resultados obtenidos de manera convencional. Faltan estudios para hacer del MALDI-TOF MS la prueba oro en identificación de gérmenes.

DETECTION OF SPORES AND HYPHAE OF ARTWORKS’ BIODETERIOGENIC FILAMENTOUS FUNGI BY RNA-FISH

Filamentous fungi are a threat to the conservation of Cultural Heritage. Thus, detection and identification of viable filamentous fungi are crucial for applying adequate Safeguard measures. RNA-FISH protocols have been previously applied with this aim in Cultural Heritage samples. However, only hyphae detection was reported in the literature, even if spores and conidia are not only a potential risk to Cultural Heritage but can also be harmful for the health of visitors, curators and restorers. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate various permeabilizing strategies for their application in the detection of spores/conidia and hyphae of artworks’ biodeteriogenic filamentous fungi by RNA-FISH. Besides of this, the influence of cell aging on the success of the technique and on the development of fungal autofluorescence (that could hamper the RNA-FISH signal detection) were also investigated. Five common biodeteriogenic filamentous fungi species isolated from biodegradated artworks were used as biological model: Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium sp, Fusarium sp, Penicillium sp. and Exophialia sp. Fungal autofluorescence was only detected in cells harvested from Fusarium sp, and Exophialia sp. old cultures, being aging-dependent. However, it was weak enough to allow autofluorescence/RNA-FISH signals distinction. Thus, autofluorescence was not a limitation for the application of RNA-FISH for detection of the taxa investigated. All the permeabilization strategies tested allowed to detect fungal cells from young cultures by RNA-FISH. However, only the combination of paraformaldehyde with Triton X-100 allowed the detection of conidia/spores and hyphae of old filamentous fungi. All the permeabilization strategies failed in the Aspergillus niger conidia/spores staining, which are known to be particularly difficult to permeabilize. But, even in spite of this, the application of this permeabilization method increased the analytical potential of RNA FISH in Cultural Heritage biodeterioration. Whereas much work is required to validate this RNA-FISH approach for its application in real samples from Cultural Heritage it could represent an important advance for the detection, not only of hyphae but also of spores and conidia of various filamentous fungi taxa by RNA-FISH.

Controle de fungos filamentosos deteriorantes de frutos por leveduras.

A microflora presente nos cachos de uva abriga microrganismos que podem promover a fermentação, conferir propriedades organolépticas agradáveis ao produto final e também impedir que outros agentes microbianos se desenvolvam na superfície das bagas, em especial, os fungos fitopatogênicos. Problemas fitopatológicos comprometem tanto aspectos econômicos quanto a qualidade do produto final. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de leveduras killer com relação ao controle de fungos fitopatogênicos Botrytis cinerea, Glomerella cingulata e Penicillium expansum.

Isolamento e seleção de fungos filamentosos resistentes a atrazina.

Embora a toxicidade de alguns herbicidas tenha sido explorada em profundidade, seu destino no ambiente e sua transformação não são bem compreendidos. a fim de melhor avaliar os impactos da atrazina, e crucial que informações sobre sua biodegradação seja explorada. De solos agrícolas com repetidas aplicações deste herbicida, como também de solos enriquecidos, foram isolados 29 fungos com resistência a altas concentrações do produto 2.000 a 7.000 ppm. Destes fungos, 9 (nove) dos gêneros Penicillium sp. e Eupenicillium sp. mostraram-se capazes de degradação que varia de 26% a 92% dentro de 21 dias, em geral. Os fungos foram cultivados em meio de cultura liquido e incubados no escuro a 28.o C, sob agitação (180 rpm). A extração foi feita com acetato de etila e o consumo da atrazina, pelos fungos, avaliado através de Cromatografia Gasosa com Detecção Termoionica específica a nitrogênio e fósforo.

Fontes Fosfatadas, Ácidos Húmicos e Fungos Solubilizadores de Fosfato em Trigo

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de fontes fosfatadas, ácidos húmicos e fungos solubilizadores de fosfato em trigo cultivado em solo de Cerrado. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 7 tratamentos: 1) ácidos húmicos (30 kg ha-1); 2) ácidos húmicos + fosfato de Arad (800 kg ha-1); 3) ácidos húmicos + pó de basalto (526 kg ha-1); 4) fosfato de Arad; 5) pó de basalto; 6) FSF (108 UFC mL-1), 7) testemunha e 4 repetições. As espécies de fungo usadas foram: um isolado de Penicillium sp e um de Aspergillus sp. A combinação de fosfato de Arad e ácidos húmicos incrementou o desenvolvimento de trigo. A inoculação de FSF não se mostrou efetiva para beneficiar o desenvolvimento de trigo.