Formação de professores e avaliação formativa: análise de um projeto de interação universidade-escola

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Os recursos pesqueiros marinhos e estuarinos do Maranhão: biologia, tecnologia, socioeconomia, estado da arte e manejo

O estado do Maranhão possui um grande potencial pesqueiro; entretanto, a pesca foi excluída das prioridades governamentais e científicas. Considerando as lacunas de conhecimento existentes, este trabalho realizou um diagnóstico dos dados pretéritos e atuais disponíveis sobre a pesca no Estado, abordando o estado da arte, caracterização das embarcações e artes de pesca, além da análise de produção, espécies de valor comercial e socioeconomia dos atores sociais envolvidos. A partir do quadro visualizado foi possível delimitar a existência de 21 unidades, aqui denominadas de Sistema de Produção Pesqueira, por meio de um processo de subdivisões sucessivas da atividade pesqueira de acordo com a frota, prática ou arte de pesca, recursos explorados, ambiente, residência, relação de trabalho e renda do pescador e grau de isolamento da área de pesca. Para tanto, foram aplicados questionários com os diferentes atores sociais e vivência em campo. Os sistemas foram caracterizados segundo os aspectos econômicos, sociais, tecnológicos, ecológico e manejo, evidenciando-se uma ampla variedade de práticas e frotas, que atuam, predominantemente, em ambientes costeiros, com pequenas embarcações e artes de pescas simples, capturando diferentes espécies-alvo, principalmente das famílias Scianidae e Aridae. O quadro socioeconômico dos pescadores é de pobreza e abandono, com baixa organização social e pequena renda, precárias condições de moradia e nível educacional e acesso à saúde limitado. O mercado e a legislação têm propiciado o livre acesso aos recursos e práticas predatórias, comprometendo os recursos pesqueiros, que são explotados sem qualquer preocupação com a sustentabilidade, demonstrando insuficiências nas ações de manejo e gerenciamento. Na tentativa de detectar indicadores que estimem o estado de “saúde” dos sistemas utilizou-se a metodologia do Rapfish, através de um conjunto de atributos agrupados em cinco áreas temáticas: ecológica, econômica, social, tecnológica e manejo. Os resultados destacaram como bons indicadores: organização social, número de pescadores explorando o sistema; grau de escolaridade; uso de petrechos destrutivos; medidas de manejo governamentais e tradicionais. A relação de trabalho e renda foram bons critérios para diferenciar três tendências na finalidade das pescarias: subsistência, intermediárias e “semi-indutrial”. Alguns sistemas se destacaram como menos sustentável a exemplo das capturas de siris, que tem declinado por falta de manejo, deficiente organização social e a comercialização de fêmeas ovadas; e das pescarias de lagosta, que utilizam artes consideradas destrutivas. O sistema que envolve a captura de caranguejo sobressaiu-se pela existência de medidas de manejo tradicional e melhor gerenciamento do recurso pelos órgãos públicos. Assim, este estudo permitiu o uso de um sistema de referência para análise e monitoramento da sustentabilidade das pescarias regionais, com em indicadores científicos e/ou etnoconhecimento, que induziu ao surgimento de propostas de manejo norteadas pelo gerenciamento da pesca, organização social e educação ambiental. A seguir, foi realizado estudo de caso do sistema de produção que utilizam as embarcações de médio porte nas pescarias de Cynoscion acoupa utilizando como arte o malhão, para entrar em detalhes de um dos sistemas de produção. Essa escolha teve como base, os grandes volumes de captura, a grande abrangência da área de atuação desse sistema em todo o litoral do Estado, além do grande número de pescadores envolvidos nele, representando importante fonte de renda para o Estado. O estudo de caso prestou especial atenção aos saberes tradicionais da população no uso e na manutenção do recurso, complementados com estudos sobre a pesca e biologia reprodutiva de Cynoscion acoupa, capturadas na região da baía de São Marcos e adjacências. As capturas das pescadas-amarela ocorreram durante todo o ano com safra no início do período chuvoso, e produção estadual estimada em 10.600.00 kg/ano. Verificou-se que este sistema vem sofrendo intensa e desordenada exploração, sendo possível inferir pelas características biológicas da espécie, que o crescente nível de esforço não é compatível com a capacidade de suporte ambiental nem como as necessidades dos pescadores. Quanto aos parâmetros reprodutivos, verificou-se que o comprimento médio de primeira maturação sexual (L50) para os machos foi de 39,9 cm e para as fêmeas a primeira maturação sexual ocorreu com tamanho ligeiramente superior, 41,6 cm de comprimento total. A proporção sexual foi de 1:1,4 favorável aos machos. Constatou-se que a espécie em questão completa todo o seu ciclo de vida na área estudada; o processo reprodutivo ocorre durante todo o ano, com dois picos de desova, um no bimestre novembro/dezembro e outro em março/maio. Acredita-se que por meio das informações obtidas é possível subsidiar melhores propostas e ações de sustentabilidade desta pescaria, combinando o etno-conhecimento e o conhecimento científico deste sistema.

Epigenetic and expression analysis of TRAIL-R2 and BCL2: on the TRAIL to knowledge of apoptosis in ovarian tumors

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Tobacco in adolescence: importance to knowledge the health hazards and preventive measures

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

African American Student Access To and Completion Of Higher Education, 1960-1992: A Correspondence Theory Analysis

“This presentation utilizes correspondence theory to analyze African American undergraduate student access to and completion of higher education in the United States. Findings from this research are presented and policy recommendations affecting Black student enrollment and graduation are discussed.”

Direct Access to Oxidation-Resistant Nickel Catalysts through an Organometallic Precursor

The synthesis of nickel catalysts for industrial applications is relatively simple; however, nickel oxidation is usually difficult to avoid, which makes it challenging to optimize catalytic activities, metal loadings, and high-temperature activation steps. A robust, oxidation-resistant and very active nickel catalyst was prepared by controlled decomposition of the organometallic precursor [bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0)], Ni(COD)(2), over silica-coated magnetite (Fe3O4@SiO2). The sample is mostly Ni(0), and surface oxidized species formed after exposure to air are easily reduced in situ during hydrogenation of cyclohexene under mild conditions recovering the initial activity. This unique behavior may benefit several other reactions that are likely to proceed via Ni heterogeneous catalysis.

Mapping the biosphere: exploring species to understand the origin, organization and sustainability of biodiversity

The time is ripe for a comprehensive mission to explore and document Earth's species. This calls for a campaign to educate and inspire the next generation of professional and citizen species explorers, investments in cyber-infrastructure and collections to meet the unique needs of the producers and consumers of taxonomic information, and the formation and coordination of a multi-institutional, international, transdisciplinary community of researchers, scholars and engineers with the shared objective of creating a comprehensive inventory of species and detailed map of the biosphere. We conclude that an ambitious goal to describe 10 million species in less than 50 years is attainable based on the strength of 250 years of progress, worldwide collections, existing experts, technological innovation and collaborative teamwork. Existing digitization projects are overcoming obstacles of the past, facilitating collaboration and mobilizing literature, data, images and specimens through cyber technologies. Charting the biosphere is enormously complex, yet necessary expertise can be found through partnerships with engineers, information scientists, sociologists, ecologists, climate scientists, conservation biologists, industrial project managers and taxon specialists, from agrostologists to zoophytologists. Benefits to society of the proposed mission would be profound, immediate and enduring, from detection of early responses of flora and fauna to climate change to opening access to evolutionary designs for solutions to countless practical problems. The impacts on the biodiversity, environmental and evolutionary sciences would be transformative, from ecosystem models calibrated in detail to comprehensive understanding of the origin and evolution of life over its 3.8 billion year history. The resultant cyber-enabled taxonomy, or cybertaxonomy, would open access to biodiversity data to developing nations, assure access to reliable data about species, and change how scientists and citizens alike access, use and think about biological diversity information.

Regionalization and access to healthcare in Brazilian states: historical and political-institutional conditioning factors

This article examines the healthcare regionalization process in the Brazilian states in the period from 2007 to 2010, seeking to identify the conditions that favor or impede this process. Referential analysis of public policies and especially of historical institutionalism was used. Three dimensions sum up the conditioning factors of regionalization: context (historical-structural, political-institutional and conjunctural), directionality (ideology, object, actors, strategies and instruments) and regionalization features (institutionality and governance). The empirical research relied mainly on the analysis of official documents and interviews with key actors in 24 states. Distinct patterns of influence in the states were observed, with regionalization being marked by important gains in institutionality and governance in the period. Nevertheless, inherent difficulties of the contexts prejudice greater advances. There is a pressing need to broaden the territorial focus in government planning and to integrate sectorial policies for medium and long-term regional development in order to empower regionalization and to overcome obstacles to the access to healthcare services in Brazil.

Evolution in access to fluoridated water in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, from the 1950s to the early 21st century

Access to fluoridated water is a known protective factor against dental caries. In 1974, fluoridation of the public water supply became mandatory by law in Brazil, resulting in improved coverage, especially in more developed regions of the country. Coverage increased across the country as a priority under the national oral health policy. This article systematizes information on the implementation and expansion of fluoridation in Sao Paulo State from 1956 to 2009, using secondary data from technical reports, official documents, and the Information System for Surveillance of Water Quality for Human Consumption (SISAGUA). In 2009, fluoridation covered 546 of 645 counties in Sao Paulo State (84.7%), reaching 85.1% of the total population and 93.5% of the population with access to the public water supply. The results indicate that fluoridation has been consolidated as part of State health policy. However, the challenge remains to implement and maintain fluoridation in 99 counties, benefiting 6.2 million inhabitants that are still excluded from this service.

Post-trial access to study medication: a Brazilian e-survey with major stakeholders in clinical research

Objectives To analyse the perspective of clinical research stakeholders concerning post-trial access to study medication. Methods Questionnaires and informed consents were sent through e-mail to 599 ethics committee (EC) members, 290 clinical investigators (HIV/AIDS and Diabetes) and 53 sponsors in Brazil. Investigators were also asked to submit the questionnaire to their research patients. Two reminders were sent to participants. Results The response rate was 21%, 20% and 45% in EC, investigators and sponsors' groups, respectively. 54 patients answered the questionnaire through their doctors. The least informative item in the consent form was how to obtain the study medication after trial. If a benefit were demonstrated in the study, 60% of research participants and 35% of EC answered that all patients should continue receiving study medication after trial; 43% of investigators believed the medication should be given to participants, and 40% to subjects who participated and benefited from treatment. For 50% of the sponsors, study medication should be assured to participants who had benefited from treatment. The majority of responders answered that medication should be provided free by sponsors; investigators and sponsors believed the medication should be kept until available in the public health sector; EC members said that the patient should keep the benefit; patients answered that benefits should be assured for life. Conclusions Due to the study limitations, the results cannot be generalised; however, the data can contribute to discussion of this complex topic through analysing the views of stakeholders in clinical research in Brazil.

Access to healthcare services for tuberculosis: analysis of patient satisfaction

Tuberculosis remains a pubic health challenge. Uncountable efforts are made to control the disease, and patient treatment and accessibility to healthcare can hinder reaching a cure. The objective of this article is to analyze the satisfaction of tuberculosis patients regarding tuberculosis control services. This is an epidemiological, prospective study, using both a quantitative and qualitative approach. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Participants included 77 patients. The quantitative data were positively evaluated, and the qualitative data permitted an understanding of the patients' experience regarding their accessibility and treatment. Aspects such as the criteria for performing Directly Observed Treatment and the proximity of the healthcare facility to the patients' residence affected their satisfaction, which implies the need to reorganize healthcare services in order to provide more appropriate care to tuberculosis patients.

Oral health and access to dental care services in relation to the Health Necessities Index. Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2008

The Health Department of Sao Paulo, Brazil, has developed a Health Necessities Index (HNI) to identify priority areas for providing health assistance. In 2008, a survey of the status of oral health was conducted. The objective of this ecological study was to analyze the status of oral health in relation to the HNI. The variables, stratified by the age of 5, 12 and 15 years old were: percentage of individuals with difficulty of access to dental care services; DMFT and DMFS; prevalence of the need for tooth extraction and treatment of dental caries. Data were analyzed for the 25 Health Technical Supervision Units (HTS). The Statistical Covariance Test was used as well as the Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression model. A positive correlation was observed between high scores of the HNI and difficulty of access to services. In the HTS with high scores of HNI a higher incidence of dental caries was observed, a greater need for tooth extractions and low caries-free incidence. In order to improve health conditions of the population it is mandatory to prioritize actions in areas of social deprivation.

University of São Paulo, Brazil: open access movement

USP scientific production. USP journals. USP Open Access Movement.

Entrevista radiofónica sobre la incorporación de las tesis de Acceda en Open Access Theses and Dissertations (OATD)

Entrevista realizada a María del Carmen Martín Marichal, directora de la Biblioteca Universitaria de la ULPGC, por la periodista Teresa Cárdenes en el programa de radio Teresa a las 8. La entrevista versa sobre la incorporación de las tesis de Acceda en Open Access Theses and Dissertations (OATD), también sobre los distintos servicios qu se ofrecen a los usuarios de la Biblioteca.

"Water users must be efficient producers". Women's access to and use of land in Chókwè irrigation scheme, Mozambique

The irrigation scheme Eduardo Mondlane, situated in Chókwè District - in the Southern part of the Gaza province and within the Limpopo River Basin - is the largest in the country, covering approximately 30,000 hectares of land. Built by the Portuguese colonial administration in the 1950s to exploit the agricultural potential of the area through cash-cropping, after Independence it became one of Frelimo’s flagship projects aiming at the “socialization of the countryside” and at agricultural economic development through the creation of a state farm and of several cooperatives. The failure of Frelimo’s economic reforms, several infrastructural constraints and local farmers resistance to collective forms of production led to scheme to a state of severe degradation aggravated by the floods of the year 2000. A project of technical rehabilitation initiated after the floods is currently accompanied by a strong “efficiency” discourse from the managing institution that strongly opposes the use of irrigated land for subsistence agriculture, historically a major livelihood strategy for smallfarmers, particularly for women. In fact, the area has been characterized, since the end of the XIX century, by a stable pattern of male migration towards South African mines, that has resulted in an a steady increase of women-headed households (both de jure and de facto). The relationship between land reform, agricultural development, poverty alleviation and gender equality in Southern Africa is long debated in academic literature. Within this debate, the role of agricultural activities in irrigation schemes is particularly interesting considering that, in a drought-prone area, having access to water for irrigation means increased possibilities of improving food and livelihood security, and income levels. In the case of Chókwè, local governments institutions are endorsing the development of commercial agriculture through initiatives such as partnerships with international cooperation agencies or joint-ventures with private investors. While these business models can sometimes lead to positive outcomes in terms of poverty alleviation, it is important to recognize that decentralization and neoliberal reforms occur in the context of financial and political crisis of the State that lacks the resources to efficiently manage infrastructures such as irrigation systems. This kind of institutional and economic reforms risk accelerating processes of social and economic marginalisation, including landlessness, in particular for poor rural women that mainly use irrigated land for subsistence production. The study combines an analysis of the historical and geographical context with the study of relevant literature and original fieldwork. Fieldwork was conducted between February and June 2007 (where I mainly collected secondary data, maps and statistics and conducted preliminary visit to Chókwè) and from October 2007 to March 2008. Fieldwork methodology was qualitative and used semi-structured interviews with central and local Government officials, technical experts of the irrigation scheme, civil society organisations, international NGOs, rural extensionists, and water users from the irrigation scheme, in particular those women smallfarmers members of local farmers’ associations. Thanks to the collaboration with the Union of Farmers’ Associations of Chókwè, she has been able to participate to members’ meeting, to education and training activities addressed to women farmers members of the Union and to organize a group discussion. In Chókwè irrigation scheme, women account for the 32% of water users of the familiar sector (comprising plot-holders with less than 5 hectares of land) and for just 5% of the private sector. If one considers farmers’ associations of the familiar sector (a legacy of Frelimo’s cooperatives), women are 84% of total members. However, the security given to them by the land title that they have acquired through occupation is severely endangered by the use that they make of land, that is considered as “non efficient” by the irrigation scheme authority. Due to a reduced access to marketing possibilities and to inputs, training, information and credit women, in actual fact, risk to see their right to access land and water revoked because they are not able to sustain the increasing cost of the water fee. The myth of the “efficient producer” does not take into consideration the characteristics of inequality and gender discrimination of the neo-liberal market. Expecting small-farmers, and in particular women, to be able to compete in the globalized agricultural market seems unrealistic, and can perpetuate unequal gendered access to resources such as land and water.