The Significance of Critical Theory for Restorative Justice in Education

Restorative Justice (rj), a distinctive philosophical approach that seeks to replace punitive, managerial structures of schooling with those that emphasize the building and repairing of relationships (Hopkins 2004) has been embraced in the past two decades by a variety of school systems worldwide in an effort to build safe school communities. Early studies indicate rj holds significant promise, however, proponents in the field identify that theoretical and evidence-based research is falling behind practice. They call for further research to deepen the current understanding of rj that will support its sustainability and transformative potential and allow it to move from the margins to the mainstream of schooling (Braithwaite 2006; Morrison & Ahmed 2006; Sherman & Strang 2007).

Location and ages of terrestrial peatlands located on continental shelves and in coastal sediments

This synthesis dataset contains records of freshwater peat and lake sediments from continental shelves and coastal areas. Information included is site location (when available), thickness and description of terrestrial sediments as well as underlying and overlying sediments, dates (when available), and references.

La educación física como dispositivo de reproducción social : Hacia la teorización de la "Educación Popular del Cuerpo"

El presente trabajo focaliza su interés en los aportes que la educación del cuerpo puede hacerle a las teorías críticas en educación. La Educación Física institucionalizada, como una disciplina curricular de la escuela, reproduce las condiciones materiales y simbólicas de explotación que se encuentran naturalizadas en el entramado social, como se evidencia en las prácticas corporales que predominan y constituyen su identidad. La escuela reproduce los valores de competitividad e individualismo inherente al sistema capitalista en el seno de cada relación social establecida en cada rincón de la institución escolar, siendo que las clases de Educación Física no exceden la puesta en escena de esta microfísica del poder. La escuela reproduce estas lógicas capitalistas y la Educación Física a través del juego y el deporte es funcional a estos sentimientos de competencia e individualismo.Nos proponemos analizar la educación física actual en términos emancipa torios, desnaturalizar las miradas tradicionales sobre el cuerpo, educación y escuela enmarcadas en la sociedad capitalista actual para pensar la educación del cuerpo desde un punto de vista crítico abordando las temáticas generales del deporte, juego y prácticas corporales olvidadas

La educación física como dispositivo de reproducción social : Hacia la teorización de la "Educación Popular del Cuerpo"

El presente trabajo focaliza su interés en los aportes que la educación del cuerpo puede hacerle a las teorías críticas en educación. La Educación Física institucionalizada, como una disciplina curricular de la escuela, reproduce las condiciones materiales y simbólicas de explotación que se encuentran naturalizadas en el entramado social, como se evidencia en las prácticas corporales que predominan y constituyen su identidad. La escuela reproduce los valores de competitividad e individualismo inherente al sistema capitalista en el seno de cada relación social establecida en cada rincón de la institución escolar, siendo que las clases de Educación Física no exceden la puesta en escena de esta microfísica del poder. La escuela reproduce estas lógicas capitalistas y la Educación Física a través del juego y el deporte es funcional a estos sentimientos de competencia e individualismo.Nos proponemos analizar la educación física actual en términos emancipa torios, desnaturalizar las miradas tradicionales sobre el cuerpo, educación y escuela enmarcadas en la sociedad capitalista actual para pensar la educación del cuerpo desde un punto de vista crítico abordando las temáticas generales del deporte, juego y prácticas corporales olvidadas

Mercury content and isotopic composition of frost flower, surface snow and brine samples near Barrow, Alaska

Frost flowers are ice crystals that grow on refreezing sea ice leads in Polar Regions by wicking brine from the sea ice surface and accumulating vapor phase condensate. These crystals contain high concentrations of mercury (Hg) and are believed to be a source of reactive halogens, but their role in Hg cycling and impact on the fate of Hg deposited during atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs) are not well understood. We collected frost flowers growing on refreezing sea ice near Barrow, Alaska (U.S.A.) during an AMDE in March 2009 and measured Hg concentrations and Hg stable isotope ratios in these samples to determine the origin of Hg associated with the crystals. We observed decreasing Delta199Hg values in the crystals as they grew from new wet frost flowers (mean Delta199Hg = 0.77 ± 0.13 per mil, 1 s.d.) to older dry frost flowers (mean Delta199Hg = 0.10 ± 0.05 per mil, 1 s.d.). Over the same time period, mean Hg concentrations in these samples increased from 131 ± 6 ng/L (1 s.d.) to 180 ± 28 ng/L (1 s.d.). Coupled with a previous study of Hg isotopic fractionation during AMDEs, these results suggest that Hg initially deposited to the local snowpack was subsequently reemitted during photochemical reduction reactions and ultimately accumulated on the frost flowers. As a result of this process, frost flowers may lead to enhanced local retention of Hg deposited during AMDEs and may increase Hg loading to the Arctic Ocean.

(Table 1) Chemical composition of segregations and groundmass seperates of ODP Leg 135 samples

Concentrations of dark-colored, highly vesicular, quench-textured mesostasis occur commonly in volcanic rocks drilled in the Lau Basin during Leg 135. These segregations occur as veins, patches, and vesicle linings in rocks with 49%-54% SiO2. The segregations are depleted in Mg, Ca, Al, Sc, Ni, and Cr and enriched in Ti, Ba, Y, and Zr compared to the groundmass with which they occur. Many of the segregations are unusually enriched in copper. The elemental variations show that the segregations are residual liquids produced by 12%-55% crystallization of plagioclase and clinopyroxene, with minor olivine, opaques, or orthopyroxene from the groundmass melt. The liquids forming the segregations are mobilized and emplaced in earlier formed vesicles during the rapid crystallization of the groundmass. The dominant process in this mobilization and emplacement is volatile exsolution from crystallizing melts constrained by a rigid crystalline framework. This exsolution produces significant overpressures within the late-stage melts; the overpressure drives the residual melts through the walls of the older vesicles, along planes of weakness, and into voids. This mechanism is consistent with the occurrence of bimodal vesicle populations in many of the host lavas.

Language standardization in sociolinguistics and international business: Theory and practice across the table

This chapter addresses the issue of language standardization from two perspectives, bringing together a theoretical perspective offered by the discipline of sociolinguistics with a practical example from international business. We introduce the broad concept of standardization and embed the study of language standardization in the wider discussion of standards as a means of control across society. We analyse the language policy and practice of the Danish multinational, Grundfos, and use it as a “sociolinguistic laboratory” to “test” the theory of language standardization initially elaborated by Einar Haugen to explain the history of modern Norwegian. The table is then turned and a model from International Business by Piekkari, Welch and Welch is used to illuminate recent Norwegian language planning. It is found that the Grundfos case works well with the Haugen model, and the International Business model provides a valuable practical lesson for national language planners, both showing that a “comparative standardology” is a valuable undertaking. More voices “at the table” will allow both theory and practice to be further refined and for the role of standards across society to be better understood.

Questioning the merits and demerits of electronic communication in Social Work

This paper examines the social dynamics of electronic exchanges in the human services, particularly in social work. It focuses on the observable effects that email and texting have on the linguistic, relational and clinical rather than managerial aspects of the profession. It highlights how electronic communication is affecting professionals in their practice and learners as they become acculturated to social work. What are the gains and losses of the broad use of electronic devices in daily lay and professional, verbal and non-verbal communication? Will our current situation be seriously detrimental to the demeanor of future practitioners, their use of language, and their ability to establish close personal relationships? The paper analyzes social work linguistic and behavioral changes in light of the growth of electronic communication and offers a summary of merits and demerits viewed through a prism emerging from Baron’s (2000) analysis of human communication.

Metabolic signatures of Huntington's disease (HD): 1H NMR analysis of the polar metabolome in post mortem human brain

Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal neurodegenerative disorder affecting approximately 5-10 persons per 100,000 worldwide. The pathophysiology of HD is not fully understood but the age of onset is known to be highly dependent on the number of CAG triplet repeats in the huntingtin gene. Using 1H NMR spectroscopy this study biochemically profiled 39 brain metabolites in post-mortem striatum (n=14) and frontal lobe (n=14) from HD sufferers and controls (n=28). Striatum metabolites were more perturbed with 15 significantly affected in HD cases, compared with only 4 in frontal lobe (P<0.05; q<0.3). The metabolite which changed most overall was urea which decreased 3.25-fold in striatum (P<0.01). Four metabolites were consistently affected in both brain regions. These included the neurotransmitter precursors tyrosine and L-phenylalanine which were significantly depleted by 1.55-1.58-fold and 1.48-1.54-fold in striatum and frontal lobe, respectively (P=0.02-0.03). They also included L-leucine which was reduced 1.54-1.69-fold (P=0.04-0.09) and myo-inositol which was increased 1.26-1.37-fold (P<0.01). Logistic regression analyses performed with MetaboAnalyst demonstrated that data obtained from striatum produced models which were profoundly more sensitive and specific than those produced from frontal lobe. The brain metabolite changes uncovered in this first 1H NMR investigation of human HD offer new insights into the disease pathophysiology. Further investigations of striatal metabolite disturbances are clearly warranted.

La educación física como dispositivo de reproducción social : Hacia la teorización de la "Educación Popular del Cuerpo"

El presente trabajo focaliza su interés en los aportes que la educación del cuerpo puede hacerle a las teorías críticas en educación. La Educación Física institucionalizada, como una disciplina curricular de la escuela, reproduce las condiciones materiales y simbólicas de explotación que se encuentran naturalizadas en el entramado social, como se evidencia en las prácticas corporales que predominan y constituyen su identidad. La escuela reproduce los valores de competitividad e individualismo inherente al sistema capitalista en el seno de cada relación social establecida en cada rincón de la institución escolar, siendo que las clases de Educación Física no exceden la puesta en escena de esta microfísica del poder. La escuela reproduce estas lógicas capitalistas y la Educación Física a través del juego y el deporte es funcional a estos sentimientos de competencia e individualismo.Nos proponemos analizar la educación física actual en términos emancipa torios, desnaturalizar las miradas tradicionales sobre el cuerpo, educación y escuela enmarcadas en la sociedad capitalista actual para pensar la educación del cuerpo desde un punto de vista crítico abordando las temáticas generales del deporte, juego y prácticas corporales olvidadas

Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) Special Interest Group at OMERACT 11: outcomes of importance for patients with PMR

We worked toward developing a core outcome set for clinical research studies in polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) by conducting (1) patient consultations using modified nominal group technique; (2) a systematic literature review of outcome measures in PMR; (3) a pilot observational study of patients presenting with untreated PMR, and further discussion with patient research partners; and (4) a qualitative focus group study of patients with PMR on the meaning of stiffness, using thematic analysis. (1) Consultations included 104 patients at 4 centers. Symptoms of PMR included pain, stiffness, fatigue, and sleep disturbance. Function, anxiety, and depression were also often mentioned. Participants expressed concerns about diagnostic delay, adverse effects of glucocorticoids, and fear of relapse. (2) In the systematic review, outcome measures previously used for PMR include pain visual analog scores (VAS), morning stiffness, blood markers, function, and quality of life; standardized effect sizes posttreatment were large. (3) Findings from the observational study indicated that asking about symptom severity at 7 AM, or "on waking," appeared more relevant to disease activity than asking about symptom severity "now" (which depended on the time of assessment). (4) Preliminary results were presented from the focus group qualitative study, encompassing broad themes of stiffness, pain, and the effect of PMR on patients' lives. It was concluded that further validation work is required before a core outcome set in PMR can be recommended. Nevertheless, the large standardized effect sizes suggest that pain VAS is likely to be satisfactory as a primary outcome measure for assessing response to initial therapy of PMR. Dissection of between-patient heterogeneity in the subsequent treatment course may require attention to comorbidity as a potential confounding factor.