Hiippakunta diakoniatyön tekijänä ja tukijana : Diakoniatyön kehitys Mikkelin hiippakunnassa 1945-1991

ABSTRACT The diocese as the agent and advocate of diaconial work. The development of diaconial work in the Mikkeli diocese 1945–1991. The roots of Finnish diacony are in the individual devotional life of Pietism. An acting faith had to be evident in acts of love. Following German institutional diacony, diaconial institutions were established in Finland until congregational diacony emerged alongside these institutions in the 1890s. Pastor Otto Aarnisalo acted as a pathfinder in this. He aimed to unite diacony with the Church and the life of the congregation. Diacony had been based on the idea of volunteering to separate it from statutory social work. In 1944 the church law was amended, which made diacony the concern of every member of the congregation. In the years immediately following the Second World War, discussion took place in the Church of Finland about the direction that diacony should take. In the consequential debate, caritative services overcame social diacony. The diocese administration moved to Mikkeli in 1945, when the majority of the Vyborg diocese became part of the USSR in the armistice negotiations. The Mikkeli diocese acted in its diaconial work with the same objectives as the diaconial solutions of the whole church. The acting principle of the diocese diacony became a form of helping which emphasised assistance of the individual. Especially from the 1960s onwards, the country's industrialisation and the reduction of agricultural trade had an effect on the Mikkeli diocese. The diocese administration, specifically Bishop Martti Simojoki and his successor Osmo Alaja, aimed to open up connections to the political left and people working in industry. At least indirectly this helped the diaconial work in industrial localities. In the Mikkeli diocese, a diaconial committee was established in 1971, and its work was overseen by the diocesan chapter of the bishop's office. This enabled the work of the diocese to be organised for the different areas of diacony. Previously, the diaconial work of the Finnish church had primarily been in nursing. The Health Insurance Law of 1972 brought a change to this when the responsibility for health services was transferred to the municipalities. Diacony began to move towards a psychological and spiritual emphasis. Beginning in the 1970s, the diocese started holding diaconial themed days at prescribed intervals. Although these did not result in great realignments, they did help clarify the direction that diacony would take. Large international collections were also carried out, especially in the 1980s. At the same time, socio-ethical activity vitalised and diversified Christian services. The idea that every member of the congregation should practice diacony was a strong factor in the Mikkeli diocese as well. The diocese's vision for diacony was holistic; Christian service was the responsibility of every member of the congregation. During the period of study (1945–1991), the theology of diacony was rather tenuous. Bishop Kalevi Toiviainen, however, brought forth the viewpoint of church doctrine and officially sanctioned theology. Diacony was part of the complete faith of the Church.

Paimen vailla hiippakuntaa : Kenttäpiispan viran synty ja vaikutus sotilaspapiston asemaan Suomen puolustusvoimissa ja kirkossa vuosina 1939 - 1944

The main purpose of this research is to shed light on the factors that gave rise to the office of Field Bishop in the years 1939-1944. How did military bishophood affect the status of the head of military pastoral care and military clergy during these years? The main sources of my research are the collections in the Finnish National Archives, and I use a historical-qualitative method. The position of the military clergy was debated within both the Church and the Defence Forces before 1939. At that stage, Church law did not yet recognize the office of the leading military priest, the Field Dean. There had been a motion in 1932 to introduce the office of a military bishop, but the bishops' synod blocked it. The concept of Field Bishop appeared for the first time in 1927 in a Finnish military document, which dealt with pastoral care in the Polish military. The Field Dean in Finland had regularly proposed improvements to the salary of the military clergy before the Winter War. After the Winter War, arguments were made for strengthening the position of the military clergy: these arguments were based on the increased respect shown towards this clergy, especially due to their role in the care of the fallen, which had become their task during the war. Younger members of the military clergy in particular supported the demands to improve their position within the Church and the army. The creation of a Field Bishop was perceived as strengthening the whole military clergy, as the Field Bishop was envisioned as a bishop within the Church and a general within the Defence Forces. During that time the Field Dean was still without any military rank. The idea of a Field Bishop was recommended to Mannerheim in June 1940, after which the Defence Forces lent their support to the cause. The status of the military clergy, in Church law, made it to the agenda of the Church council in January 1941, thanks largely to the younger priests' group influence and Mannerheim's leverage. The bishops opposed the notion of a Field Bishop mostly on theological grounds but were ready to concede that the position the Field Dean in Church law required further defining. The creation of the office of Field Bishop was blocked in the Church law committee report issued close to the beginning of the Continuation War. The onset of that war, however, changed the course of events, as the President of the Republic appointed Field Dean Johannes Björklund as Field Bishop. Speculation has abounded about Mannerheim's role in the appointment, but the truth of the matter is not clear. The title of Field Bishop was used to put pressure on the Church, and, at the same time, Mannerheim could remain detached from the matter. Later, in September 1941, the Church council approved the use of the Field Bishop title to denote the head of military pastoral care in Church law, and Field Bishops were assigned some of the duties formerly pertaining to bishops. Despite all expectations and hopes, the new office of Field Bishop did not affect the status of the military clergy within the Defence Forces, as no ranks were established for them, and their salary did not improve. However the office of the Field Bishop within Army HQ was transformed from a bureau into a department in the summer of 1942. At the beginning of the Continuation War, the Field Bishop was criticized by certain military and Church clergy for favouring Russian Orthodox Christians in Eastern Karelia. Björklund agreed in principle with most of the Lutheran clergy on the necessity of Lutheranizing East Karelia but had to take into account the realities at Army HQ. As well, at the same time the majority of the younger clergy were serving in the army, and there was a lack of parish priests on the home front. Bishop Lehtonen had actually expressed the wish that more priests could have been released from the front to serve in local parishes. In his notes Lehtonen accused Björklund of trying to achieve the position of Field Bishop by all possible means. However, research has revealed a varied group of people behind the creation of the office of Field Bishop, including in particular younger clergy and the Defence Forces.

Bearing Capacity of Clays whose Cohesion Increases Linearly with Depth

Experimental studies (Bishop 1966) show that for saturated normally consolidated clay the cohesion varies linearly with depth. The ultimate bearing capacity in such soil is generally obtained by limit equilibrium and limit analysis methods. Sokolovski's (1960) approach to the method of characteristics is used to find the ultimate bearing capacity of saturated clay whose cohesion is homogeneous and isotropic. In this technical note, the method of characteristics is further developed to determine ultimate bearing capacity of clay whose cohesion varies linearly with depth.

Theory of the effects of destruction of localization by inelastic scattering in the resistivity of pure thin potassium wires

Measurements of the electrical resistivity of thin potassium wires at temperatures near 1 K have revealed a minimum in the resistivity as a function of temperature. By proposing that the electrons in these wires have undergone localization, albeit with large localization length, and that inelastic-scattering events destroy the coherence of that state, we can explain both the magnitude and shape of the temperature-dependent resistivity data. Localization of electrons in these wires is to be expected because, due to the high purity of the potassium, the elastic mean free path is comparable to the diameters of the thinnest samples, making the Thouless length lT (or inelastic diffusion length) much larger than the diameter, so that the wire is effectively one dimensional. The inelastic events effectively break the wire into a series of localized segments, whose resistances can be added to obtain the total resistance of the wire. The ensemble-averaged resistance for all possible segmented wires, weighted with a Poisson distribution of inelastic-scattering lengths along the wire, yields a length dependence for the resistance that is proportional to [L3/lin(T)], provided that lin(T)?L, where L is the sample length and lin(T) is some effective temperature-dependent one-dimensional inelastic-scattering length. A more sophisticated approach using a Poisson distribution in inelastic-scattering times, which takes into account the diffusive motion of the electrons along the wire through the Thouless length, yields a length- and temperature-dependent resistivity proportional to (L/lT)4 under appropriate conditions. Inelastic-scattering lifetimes are inferred from the temperature-dependent bulk resistivities (i.e., those of thicker, effectively three-dimensional samples), assuming that a minimum amount of energy must be exchanged for a collision to be effective in destroying the phase coherence of the localized state. If the dominant inelastic mechanism is electron-electron scattering, then our result, given the appropriate choice of the channel number parameter, is consistent with the data. If electron-phason scattering were of comparable importance, then our results would remain consistent. However, the inelastic-scattering lifetime inferred from bulk resistivity data is too short. This is because the electron-phason mechanism dominates in the inelastic-scattering rate, although the two mechanisms may be of comparable importance for the bulk resistivity. Possible reasons why the electron-phason mechanism might be less effective in thin wires than in bulk are discussed.

One-dimensional zinc phosphates with linear chain structure

Three one-dimensional zinc phosphates, [C5N2H14][Zn(HPO4)2], I, [C10N4H26][Zn(HPO4)2].2H2O II, and [C4N2H6]2[Zn(HPO4)], III, have been prepared employing hydro/solvothermal methods in the presence of organic amines. While I and II consist of linear chains of corner-shared four-membered rings, III is a polymeric wire where the amine molecule is directly bonded to the metal center. The wire, as well as the chain in these structures, are held together by hydrogen bond interactions involving the amine and the framework oxygens. The polymeric zinc phosphate with wire-like architecture, III, is only the second example of such architecture. Crystal data: I, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a=8.603(2), b=13.529(2), c=10.880(1) Å, β=94.9(1)°, V=1261.6(1) Å3, Z=4, ρcalc.=1.893 gcm−3, μ(MoKα)=2.234 mm−1, R1=0.032, wR2=0.086, [1532 observed reflections with I>2σ(I)], II, orthorhombic, Pbca (no. 61), a=8.393(1), b=15.286(1), c=22.659(1) Å, V=2906.9(2) Å3, Z=8, ρcalc.=1.794 gcm−3, μ(MoKα)=1.957 mm−1, R1=0.055, wR2=0.11, [1565 observed reflections with I>2σ(I) and III, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a=8.241(1), b=13.750(2), c=10.572(1) Å, β=90.9(1)°, V=1197.7(2) Å3, Z=4, ρcalc.=1.805 gcm−3, μ(MoKα)=2.197 mm−1, R1=0.036, wR2=0.10, [1423 observed reflections with I>2σ(I)].

On the Influence of Neighboring Conducting Objects on the Induced Currents in Simple Down Conductors Due to Nearby Lightning Strike

A lightning strike in the neighborhood can induce significant currents in tall down conductors. Though the magnitude of induced current in this case is much smaller than that encountered during a direct strike, the probability of occurrence and the frequency content is higher. In view of this, appropriate knowledge on the characteristics of such induced currents is relevant for the scrutiny of the recorded currents and in the evaluation of interference to the electrical and electronic system in the vicinity. Previously, a study was carried out on characteristics of induced currents assuming ideal conditions, that there were no influencing objects in the vicinity of the down conductor and channel. However, some influencing conducting bodies will always be present, such as trees, electricity and communication towers, buildings, and other elevated objects that can affect the induced currents in a down conductor. The present work is carried out to understand the influence of nearby conducting objects on the characteristics of induced currents due to a strike to ground in the vicinity of a tall down conductor. For the study, an electromagnetic model is employed to model the down conductor, channel, and neighboring conducting objects, and Numerical Electromagnetic Code-2 is used for numerical field computations. Neighboring objects of different heights, of different shapes, and at different locations are considered. It is found that the neighboring objects have significant influence on the magnitude and nature of induced currents in a down conductor when the height of the nearby conducting object is comparable to that of the down conductor.

A controller design method for 3 phase 4 wire grid connected VSI with LCL filter

Closed loop control of a grid connected VSI requires line current control and dc bus voltage control. The closed loop system comprising PR current controller and grid connected VSI with LCL filter is a higher order system. Closed loop control gain expressions are therefore difficult to obtain directly for such systems. In this work a simplified approach has been adopted to find current and voltage controller gain expressions for a 3 phase 4 wire grid connected VSI with LCL filter. The closed loop system considered here utilises PR current controller in natural reference frame and PI controller for dc bus voltage control. Asymptotic frequency response plot and gain bandwidth requirements of the system have been used for current control and voltage controller design. A simplified lower order model, derived for closed loop current control, is used for the dc bus voltage controller design. The adopted design method has been verified through experiments by comparison of the time domain response.

激光和电子束表面强化技术的发展及其应用

激光和电子束表面强化是当前引入注目的两种高新技术。文章系统地介绍了这两种技术的发展状况及应用，同时比较了二者的优缺点。最后对目前存在的问题及未来的发展方向作了简要的讨论。

Influencia de la rotación de cultivos y control de malezas sobre la cenosis y el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento del cultivo de la soya (Glycine max (L) Merr) c.v. cristalina

Con el objetivo de determinar la influencia de dos rotaciones y tres métodos de control de malezas sobre el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de la soya se realizó un estudio en los terrenos de la Hacienda "Las Mercedes" en Managua, sobre un suelo de textura arcillosa. La siembra se realizó el siete de septiembre de 1990, utilizando un diseño en bloques completos al azar en parcelas divididas con cuatro réplicas. Siendo el factor "A": rotación; a3 = maíz, a4 = pepino; y el factor "B": Métodos de control de malezas; b1 = químico, b2 = período crítico, b3=limpia periódica. Los resultados reflejan que el cultivo antecedente maíz representa menor abundancia, cobertura y biomasa de malezas a la cosecha de la soya, siendo la especie más abundante Rottboellia cochinchinensis. El cultivo antecedente pepino presenta la menor diversidad, con mayor abundancia de la especie R. cochinchinensis seguida de Cyperus rotundus. Se obtuvieron diferencias significativas solamente en altura de planta a los 27 y 42 días después de la siembra a favor del cultivo antecedente maíz, también se obtuvo mayor número de plantas 39.4 pta/m2, altura de plantas 63.9 cm, número de vainas por plantas 13.92, número de ramas por planta 1.4, diámetro del tallo 3.98 mm, peso seco de paja 4824.5 kg/ha y rendimiento de grano 2289.42 kg/ha. Respecto a los métodos de control la menor abundancia, cobertura y biomasa de malezas se presentó en limpia periódica y el mayor valor el control químico fomesafén en post-emergencia. La diversidad al momento de la cosecha fue similar en los controles limpia periódica y período crítico. Las variables de crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento presentaron diferencias significativas para altura de plantas 67.3 cm a favor del control químico; número de semillas por vaina 2.80 a favor de periodo crítico; número de nódulos por planta en R5 14.25, número de ramas por planta 2.4, número de vainas 24.75, diámetro del tallo 5.0 mm, peso seco de paja 7645.8 kg/ha, peso de 1000 semillas 153 g y rendimiento del grano 4141.5 kg/ha a favor del control limpia periódica. En el control químico se presentó el menor número de semillas por vaina 2.55, vainas por planta 5.5, peso seco de nódulos: R1=0.15 g/pta y R5=0.34 g/pta y rendimiento con 832 kg/ha.

Influencia del frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) sobre el comportamiento de la cenosis

Con el objeto de determinar el tamaño de parcela (muestra) que nos señale el mayor número de especies de malezas que compiten con los cultivos en la finca experimental “la compañía”, describir e identificar las especies de, malezas que más proliferan en dicha finca, durante la primera de 1989, se realizó un trabajo de investigación en dicho centro experimental. Se utilizó la técnica propuesta por Braum-Blanquet de "parcela mínima”. Se muestrearon parcelas de I. 3, 9, 18. 27, y 36 m2. Se determinó que el área de parcela de la muestra debe ser de 18 m2, ya que esta representa el 95%de las especies existentes en la finca. A la par se desarrollaron experimentos de campo con el propósito de determinar las asociaciones de malezas: determinar y conocer el comportamiento de las malezas en presencia y ausencia del cultivo de frijol. Para lograr este objetivo se utilizó un área de 160 m2 donde se establecieron 4 parcelas de 40 m2, estas parcelas a su vez se sub-dividieron en 12 sub-parcelas de 0.5 m2 de superficie, distribuidas al azar. El arreglo de las parcelas fue de forma intercalada. Las parcela 1 y 3 fueron sembradas con frijol y las parcelas 2 y 4 sin frijol. En las sub-parcelas 1, 2, 3 y 4 se realizaron 9 muestreos realizados semanalmente, tomando los siguientes datos, altura de planta y número de individuos. Las sub-parcelas restantes se establecieron con el propósito de evaluar el peso fresco de las malezas, para ello se procedió a cortar las malezas a partir de los 14 días después de la siembra iniciando con la sub-parcela 5, continuando 21 días después de la siembra con la sub-parcela 6 y así sucesivamente hasta finalizar con la sub-parcela 12 a los 63 días después de la siembra. Para lograr este objetivo se separaron las especies principales, a las cuales se les torno el peso por separado, el resto de las especies se pesaron por grupo, siendo estos: otras hojas ancha, otras especies y Poaceas. Los resultados obtenidos se resumen de la manera siguiente: la vegetación natural estuvo conformado por 25 especies que corresponden a 22 generas y 10 familias. Las especies dicotiledóneas representan el 64 % del total de malezas y las especies monocotiledóneas conforman el 36 %. Las especies que alcanzaron mayor abundancia en su mayoría son dicotiledóneas a excepción de S. halepense que también presento abundancia en los muestreos realizados. La especies de mayor adaptabilidad en presencia del cultivo es Melampodium divaricatum. Especies como Melampodium divaricatum; Commelina diffussa y Sorghum halepense ejercieron mayor competencia por espacio con el cultivo, en cambio el resto de especies lograron desarrollarse mejor en ausencia del cultivo. La altura de las malezas se vio influenciada por la presencia del cultivo: la mayoría de las especies crecieron mejor en ausencia del cultivo, excepto Melampodium divaricatum, y Commelina difussa. Las especies presentes obtuvieron mayor peso en ausencia del cultivo a diferencia de Melampodium divaricatum.

Libertad y democracia en el discurso de Monseñor de Andrea : (1932-1946)

Resumen: Los conceptos de “libertad” y “democracia” que se presentan en los discursos de Monseñor Miguel de Andrea durante los años 1932 y 1946 fueron fundamentales para elaborar una estrategia comunicacional orientada a combatir el comunismo y defender los valores republicanos. Se parte de la premisa de que el discurso es una herramienta primordial para difundir ideas y pensamientos, formar opinión y movilizar a la acción. El carácter excepcional de Miguel de Andrea en el mundo eclesiástico e intelectual de su tiempo lo convierten en una figura clave en la defensa de la Constitución y la democracia del período de entreguerras.

Las claves narrativas del poema caballeresco en Ludovico Ariosto

Integran este número de la revista ponencias presentadas en Studia Hispanica Medievalia VIII: Actas de las IX Jornadas Internacionales de Literatura Española Medieval, 2008, y de Homenaje al Quinto Centenario de Amadis de Gaula