O Tratamento com a fluoxetina (mas não com outros farmacos antidepressivo e ansioíiticos) reverte o déficit de memória aversiva causado por estresse agudo de contenção em camundongos

The physiologist H. Selye defined stress as the nonspecific response of the body to any factors that endanger homeostasis (balance of internal environment) of the individual. These factors, agents stressors, are able to activate the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, thus resulting in the physiological responses to stress by the release of glucocorticoids that leads to psychophysiological changes, including effects on cognitive functions such as learning and memory. When this axis is acutely stimulated occurs a repertoire of behavioral and physiological changes can be adaptive to the individual. Notwithstanding, when the HPA axis is chronically stimulated, changes may favor the development of, such as anxiety disorders. Some drugs used in the clinic for the treatment of anxiety disorders these can exert effects on cognitive function, on the HPA axis and on the anxiety. In this context, the aim of our study was to investigate the effects of administration i.p. acute of diazepam (DZP, 2 mg/kg), buspirone (BUS, 3 mg/kg), mirtazapine (MIR, 10 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (FLU, 10 mg/kg) in male mice submitted to acute restraint stress, and evaluated using plus-maze discriminative avoidance task (PMDAT), which simultaneously evaluates parameters such as learning, memory and anxiety. Our results demonstrated that (1) the administration of DZP and BUS, but not FLU, promoted anxiolytic effects in animals; (2) administration mirtazapine caused sedative effect to animals; (3) in the training session, the animals treated with BUS, MIR and FLU learned the task, on the other hand DZP group showed impairment in learning; (4) in the test session, animals treated with DZP, BUS, and MIR showed deficits in relation to discrimination between the enclosed arms, aversive versus non-aversive arm, demonstrating an impairment in memory, however, animals treated with FLU showed no interference in the retrieval of this memory; (5) acute stress did not interfere in locomotor activity, anxiety, or learning on the learning task, but induced impairment in retrieval memory, and the group treated with FLU did not demonstrated this deficit of memory . These results suggest that acute administration of drugs with anxiolytic and antidepressant activity does not interfere with the learning process this aversive task, but impair its retrieval, as well as the acute restraint stress. However, the antidepressant fluoxetine was able to reverse memory deficits promoted by acute stress, which may suggest that modulation, even acutely serotonergic neurotransmission, by selectively inhibiting the reuptake of this neurotransmitter, interferes on the process of retrieval of an aversive memory

Influência da temperatura no desempenho mecânico de compósitos PEI/fibras de vidro

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Indicadores da resposta ao estresse agudo associados com a familiaridade ao ambiente e aos procedimentos de banho e tosa em cães (Canis familiaris) da raça poodle

The stress responses can be parameters used in order to identify the welfare of animals. Behavior parameters can also be regarded as means to identify their relation to stressing situations. In this study, adult male and female poodle dogs, accustomed (group 1) or not (group 2) to the environment of a bath and grooming salon were analyzed through the plasmatic concentration of cortisol, cell counting of the immune system (total leukocytes and percentage of neutrophils and lymphocytes) and through observation of changes in behavior before and after the bath and grooming service. After arriving at the kennel, the dogs were taken to the bath and grooming facility, where they had their blood samples taken and were observed for ten minutes. The subsequent procedures consisted of the bath and grooming services and the collection of another blood samples. The research results were analyzed through non-parametric statistic tests and p < 0.05. Accustomed and non-accustomed dogs presented different hormonal and behavior responses: accustomed dogs presented an increasing of the cortisol level at the second blood samples collection, thus indicating stress towards the aforementioned procedures and presenting behavior responses which can be described as moderated stress. Non-accustomed dogs presented the same cortisol levels in both first and second samples suggesting that they were already reacting to the new environment. Dogs also shown behavioral responses which can be described as acute stress. Both male and female dogs showed similar immunological changes as well as different endocrine and behavioral profiles. Concerning aggression, this study demonstrates that biting the owner can be a predicting behavior of aggression during the bath and grooming service, male dogs were more aggressive than the female, and that males were more reactive to unknown caretaker. The results of this research propose that the familiarization of the animal with the bath and grooming environment and caretaker is important to the welfare of poodle dogs, especially to that of male dogs

Indicadores de transtornos de estresse pós-traumático em bombeiros militares

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Sistema especialista fuzzy para dimensionamento de bombeio mecânico

Despite the emergence of other forms of artificial lift, sucker rod pumping systems remains hegemonic because of its flexibility of operation and lower investment cost compared to other lifting techniques developed. A successful rod pumping sizing necessarily passes through the supply of estimated flow and the controlled wear of pumping equipment used in the mounted configuration. However, the mediation of these elements is particularly challenging, especially for most designers dealing with this work, which still lack the experience needed to get good projects pumping in time. Even with the existence of various computer applications on the market in order to facilitate this task, they must face a grueling process of trial and error until you get the most appropriate combination of equipment for installation in the well. This thesis proposes the creation of an expert system in the design of sucker rod pumping systems. Its mission is to guide a petroleum engineer in the task of selecting a range of equipment appropriate to the context provided by the characteristics of the oil that will be raised to the surface. Features such as the level of gas separation, presence of corrosive elements, possibility of production of sand and waxing are taken into account in selecting the pumping unit, sucker-rod strings and subsurface pump and their operation mode. It is able to approximate the inferente process in the way of human reasoning, which leads to results closer to those obtained by a specialist. For this, their production rules were based on the theory of fuzzy sets, able to model vague concepts typically present in human reasoning. The calculations of operating parameters of the pumping system are made by the API RP 11L method. Based on information input, the system is able to return to the user a set of pumping configurations that meet a given design flow, but without subjecting the selected equipment to an effort beyond that which can bear

BMMobile: uma linha de produtos para dimensionamento de bombeio mecânico em dispositivos móveis

With the increase of processing ability, storage and several kinds of communication existing such as Bluetooth, infrared, wireless networks, etc.., mobile devices are no longer only devices with specific function and have become tools with various functionalities. In the business field, the benefits that these kinds of devices can offer are considerable, because the portability allows tasks that previously could only be performed within the work environment, can be performed anywhere. In the context of oil exploration companies, mobile applications allow quick actions could be taken by petroleum engineers and technicians, using their mobile devices to avoid potential catastrophes like an unexpected stop or break of important equipment. In general, the configuration of equipment for oil extraction is performed on the work environment using computer systems in desktop platforms. After the obtained configuration, an employee goes to equipment to be configured and perform the modifications obtained on the use desktop system. This management process equipment for oil extraction takes long time and does not guarantee the maintenance in time to avoid problems. With the use of mobile devices, management and maintenance of equipment for oil extraction can be performed in a more agile time once it enables the engineer or technician oil can perform this configuration at the time and place where the request comes for example, near in the oil well where the equipment is located. The wide variety of mobile devices creates a big difficulty in developing mobile applications, since for one application can function in several types of devices, the application must be changed for each specific type of device, which makes the development quite costly. This paper defines and implements a software product line for designing sucker-rod pumping systems on mobile devices. This product line of software, called BMMobile, aims to produce products that are capable of performing calculations to determine the possible configurations for the equipment in the design suckerrod pumping, and managing the variabilities of the various products that can be generated. Besides, this work performs two evaluations. The first evaluation will verify the consistency of the products produced by the software product line. The second evaluation will verify the reuse of some products generated by SPL developed

Estudo mecânico da estabilidade dorsal da osteossíntese intramedular associada à fixação externa (método de Ulson)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o método de Ulson de fixação intramedular associado à fixação externa variando a altura do travamento externo dos fios de Kirschner e sem fixação externa. MÉTODO: Foram utilizadas 18 tíbias de porcos, sendo realizada osteotomia transversal na região da tuberosidade e introduzidos dois fios de Kirschner intramedulares em cada peça, em três diferentes padrões de montagem: grupo I - travamento com minifixador externo com 3,0cm de altura; grupo II - travamento com 4,5cm de altura; grupo III: sem travamento externo. Realizaram-se ensaios mecânicos de cisalhamento, obtendo-se: carga máxima, limite de proporcionalidade e coeficiente de rigidez. RESULTADOS: Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas de carga máxima e limite de proporcionalidade entre os grupos; o grupo II apresentou maior coeficiente de rigidez. CONCLUSÃO: A altura do travamento dos fios de Kirschner no método de Ulson, dentro dos limites avaliados, não prejudicou a estabilidade do sistema de fixação da fratura.

Estresse crônico melhora a função miocárdica sem alterar a atividade do canal-L para Ca+2 em ratos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo do comportamento mecânico de estruturas de solo-cimento reforçado com fibras de coco e hastes de bambu

In this work the use of coconut fiber (coir) and bamboo shafts as reinforcement of soil-cement was studied, in order to obtain an alternative material to make stakes for fences in rural properties. The main objective was to study the effect of the addition of reinforcement to the soil-cement matrix. The effect of humidity on the mechanical properties was also analyzed. The soil-cement mortar was composed by a mixture, in equal parts, of soil and river sand, 14% in weight of cement and 10 % in weight of water. As reinforcement, different combinations of (a) coconut fiber with 15 mm mean length (0,3 %, 0,6 % and 1,2 % in weight) and (b) bamboo shafts, also in crescent quantities (2, 4 and 8 shafts per specimen) were used. For each combination 6 specimens were made and these were submitted to three point flexural test after 28 days of cure. In order to evaluate the effect of humidity, 1 specimen from each of the coconut fiber reinforced combination was immersed in water 24 hours prior to flexural test. The results of the tests carried out indicated that the addition of the reinforcement affected negatively the mechanical resistance and, on the other hand, increased the tenacity and the ductility of the material.

Incubabilidade e Qualidade de Pintos de Ovos Matrizes de Frangos de Corte Submetidos a Estresse de Temperatura

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

O leucograma como indicador de estresse no desmame e no transporte rodoviário de bovinos da raça Nelore

Stress can cause economic losses due to lower weight gain and increased susceptibility of animal diseases. Among the events that cause stress in calves, stand out weaning and road transport, which can result in increased serum concentrations of adrenaline and / or cortisol. This study evaluated the influence of weaning and road transport on the leukogram of Nelore calves. With this purpose, 30 calves with seven to eight months of age, divided into three groups, the first being composed of lactating animals (GL), the second by weaning animals (GD) and the third by weaning animals subjected to road transport for four hours (GDT). The first day of weaning, but not in subsequent days, there were changes in GD and GDT leukogram compatible with the action of adrenaline, as significant increases counts of WBC and neutrophils (p < 0.05), without changing in the neutrophil lymphocytes ratio (NL). In the GDT, immediately after transport, but not in subsequent days, leukogram changes were (p < 0.05) compatible with the action of cortisol, as higher N: L ratio and decreased eosinophil count. It was concluded that, under the conditions of this experiment, there are changes in leukocytes on weaning and road transport related to the action of adrenaline and road transport, respectively, and that the WBC can be used as an indicator of stress in this species.

Tipos de fibras no músculo flexor longo do hálux de frangos de corte submetidos ao estresse pelo calor e frio e alimentados em pair-feeding

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da temperatura ambiente sobre as características morfométricas das fibras musculares do músculo flexor longo do hálux de frangos de corte alimentados com a mesma quantidade de ração (pair-feeding), isolando-se o efeito do consumo voluntário de alimento. Foram utilizados 16 frangos de corte machos, Ross, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos (estresse pelo calor e frio), com sete e nove repetições cada, respectivamente. Aos 43 dias de idade, o peso médio das aves estressadas pelo calor (1255 g) foi maior que o das aves estressadas pelo frio em pair-feeding (1086 g). O músculo das aves submetidas ao estresse pelo calor e pelo frio apresentou 22,82 e 27,93% de fibras brancas (FG - Fast Glycolytic), 52,76 e 47,67% de intermediárias (FOG - Fast Oxidative Glycolytic) e 24,42 e 24,40% de vermelhas (SO - Slow Oxidative), respectivamente. O diâmetro das fibras FG foi maior no músculo das aves submetidas ao calor (48,69 mm), quando comparado ao das aves submetidas ao frio (37,74 mm). A freqüência e o número dos tipos de fibras no músculo não diferiram entre as aves estressadas pelo calor e pelo frio. O estresse pelo frio associado à limitação no consumo de alimento determinou redução no crescimento e alterou a composição dos tipos de fibras no músculo flexor longo do hálux de frangos de corte, reduzindo o tamanho das fibras do tipo FG e mantendo o tamanho das fibras SO e FOG, as quais apresentam metabolismo oxidativo, associado à maior produção de calor.

Efeito do estresse térmico agudo sobre os níveis da proteína e RNA mensageiro da Hsp70, em fígado e cérebro de pintos de corte de diferentes linhagens

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Suplementação de cloreto de potássio para frangos de corte submetidos a estresse calórico

O experimento foi realizado com objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do estresse calórico e da suplementação de cloreto de potássio (KCl) sobre o desempenho e algumas características fisiológicas de frangos de corte. Quarenta aves, no período de 42 a 49 dias, foram submetidas ao estresse calórico (16 horas a 25 ± 1ºC; duas horas com temperatura crescente; quatro horas a 35 ± 1ºC; e duas horas com temperatura decrescente até a termoneutralidade e com umidade relativa de 63,5 ± 5%), recebendo os seguintes tratamentos: 0,50 e 1,00% KCl na ração; 0,25 e 0,50% KCl na água de bebida. A ração à base de milho e farelo de soja, com 20% de proteína bruta e 3200 kcal EM/kg, foi fornecida ad libitum. A suplementação de KCl na ração ou na água de beber não influiu no ganho de peso, nos consumos de ração e água, na conversão alimentar, na mortalidade, na relação água/ração, no teor de matéria seca das excretas e nas características hematológicas. O estresse calórico aumentou a temperatura retal, o hematócrito, a hemoglobina, o heterófilo e a relação heterófilo/linfócito e reduziu as hemácias, o linfócito, o sódio e o potássio sérico. A suplementação de KCl na água regulou o número de eritrócitos e a hemoglobina em frangos estressados pelo calor. A relação heterófilo:linfócito e a temperatura retal podem ser usadas como índices de estresse.

Efeitos do estresse térmico sobre a produção, composição química do leite e respostas termorreguladoras de cabras da raça alpina

Seis cabras da raça Alpina, com produção média de leite de 2,5 kg/dia, foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos de três e submetidas à termoneutralidade ou estresse térmico por 56 dias em câmara climática. Usou-se um delineamento estatístico crossover. A temperatura média do ar diurna, incluindo radiação solar simulada, foi de 33,84ºC. Os animais estressados aumentaram a freqüência respiratória, o volume-minuto respiratório, a termólise-evaporativa respiratória, temperatura retal e a taxa de sudorese, enquanto o volume corrente respiratório e o volume globular diminuíram. Houve também perda de peso, redução da ingestão de alimentos e duplicação do consumo de água. A produção de leite e a porcentagem de gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais diminuíram. Os teores de cloretos, cálcio e fósforo não sofreram alteração. Concluiu-se que, para manter a homeotermia, as cabras mobilizaram o sistema respiratório e sudoríparo para perder calor. A alta temperatura ambiente efetiva reduziu a produção e os teores de alguns componentes do leite.