Substituição parcial do farelo de soja pela farinha de carne e ossos em dietas para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da substituição parcial do farelo de soja pela farinha de carne e ossos em dietas para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo na digestibilidade, na saúde, no desempenho e no custo de arraçoamento. O experimento foi conduzido durante 14 semanas, com 400 juvenis (4,9±0,6 g) distribuídos ao acaso em 16 tanques. Os peixes foram alimentados com quatro dietas contendo 0, 15, 30 e 45% de substituição da proteína do farelo de soja pela proteína da farinha de carne e ossos. Foram avaliados parâmetros de desempenho, digestibilidade, hematologia e custo de arraçoamento. Os melhores resultados para ganho em peso e conversão alimentar aparente foram observados com 40 e 32% de substituição, respectivamente. O menor custo de arraçoamento foi obtido com 30 e 45%. Houve efeito linear decrescente dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da proteína com o aumento nos níveis de farinha de carne e ossos. Os peixes alimentados com dietas contendo até 24% de substituição apresentam aumento da concentração de hemoglobina. A dieta com 32% de substituição da proteína do farelo de soja pela proteína da farinha de carne e ossos promove melhor conversão alimentar para tilápia-do-nilo.

Análise de trilha da contaminação por aflatoxinas em grãos de milho armazenados

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a magnitude dos efeitos diretos e indiretos de parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos sobre a ocorrência de aflatoxinas em grãos de milho armazenados, por meio da análise de trilha. Os dados foram coletados em dois experimentos: um cultivo de inverno (colheita do milho em julho de 2012) e um cultivo de verão (colheita em fevereiro de 2013). Os grãos foram armazenados por 12 meses, em dois tipos de acondicionamentos: em sacarias convencionais de polipropileno e a granel em silo metálico. Avaliaram-se 14 características dos grãos. Calculou-se a matriz de correlações de Pearson entre todos os parâmetros, realizou-se o diagnóstico de multicolinearidade e, posteriormente, aplicou-se a análise de trilha com regressão em crista. Observou-se forte influência das condições ambientais entre as safras de inverno e de verão, e entre época e tipo de armazenagem, nos coeficientes de análise de trilha. As variáveis teor de umidade, conteúdo de cinzas, proteínas, lipídios, grãos sem defeitos, massa volumétrica, incidência de Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp. e Fusarium sp. devem ser consideradas conjuntamente na definição da possibilidade de ocorrência de aflatoxinas na massa de grãos armazenados.

Simbióticos e monensina sódica no desempenho e na qualidade da carne de novilhas mestiças Angus confinadas

Resumo:O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de simbióticos e de monensina sódica em dietas sobre o desempenho, as características de carcaça e a qualidade da carne de novilhas mestiças Angus em confinamento. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 64 animais distribuídos em quatro tratamentos: controle, dieta sem suplementação; dieta suplementada com simbióticos; dieta com monensina sódica; e dieta com simbióticos e monensina sódica. A dieta com monensina sódica e a dieta com simbióticos e monensina sódica proporcionaram maior ganho de peso médio diário e ganho de peso vivo total, além de melhorar a eficiência alimentar e biológica dos animais em comparação ao controle. A dieta de simbióticos, a de monensina e a de simbióticos com monensina sódica ocasionaram a redução da ingestão de matéria seca, elevaram o peso do filé da costela e os teores de lipídeos totais na carne. A dieta com simbióticos proporcionou a redução da força de cisalhamento da carne em relação ao controle. A inclusão de simbióticos, com ou sem monensina sódica, na dieta de novilhas mestiças Angus confinadas, beneficia o desempenho animal e algumas características físico-químicas da carne.

Estudi històric, comparatiu i morfològic de la raça bovina Pallaresa

Aquest treball ha intentat aportar nova informació a través d’estudis tècnics per a la raça bovina Pallaresa, una raça greument amenaçada, ja que només en queden uns 35 exemplars, situats al Pallars Sobirà, la comarca d’origen. Sembla que va arribar cap a mitjans segle XVIII provinent de França i es va mesclar amb els bovins autòctons, arribant fins als nostres dies. Era emprada com a raça de triple aptitud (treball-llet-carn). Aquestes dades han estat aportades pel que havien sentit explicar els testimonis orals entrevistats i els documents trobats als arxius, així com saber que va veure el seu cens molt reduït passada la meitat del segle XX a causa de la introducció de la maquinària i races lleteres estrangeres per munyir. S’ha fet la recerca de la seua història; una comparació amb altres races pirinenques i europees amb dos mètodes diferents per intentar saber de quina raça hauria pogut provenir o amb quina podria estar més emparentada: els resultats han donat les races Gascona o Mirandesa com a antecessores; i finalment un estudi multivariant de les variables biomètrics i índexs de caracterització per establir mitjançant anàlisi de components principals poques mesures a agafar dels animals de cara a futurs programes de selecció i millora enlloc de les 20-25 que s’acostumen a agafar de cada animal.

Contaminação por mercúrio no Brasil: fontes industriais vs garimpo de ouro

This paper reviews the history of Hg contamination in Brazil by characterizing and quantifying two major sources of Hg emissions to the environment: industrial sources and gold mining. Industry was responsible for nearly 100% of total Hg emissions from the late 1940's to the early 1970's, when efficient control policies were enforced, leading to a decrease in emissions. Gold mining, on the other hand was nearly insignificant as a Hg source up to the late 1970's, but presently is responsible for over 80% of total emissions. Presently, over 115 tons of Hg are released into the atmosphere in Brazil annually. Nearly 78 tons come from gold mining operations, 12 tons come from chlor-alkali industry and 25 tons come from all other industrial uses. Inputs to soils and waters however, are still unknown, due to lack of detailed data base. However, emissions from diffuse sources rather than well studied classical industrial sources are probably responsible for the major inputs of mercury to these compartments.

O problema da contaminação na determinação de traços de alumínio

The most common difficulties which occur in trace analysis are those which involve contamination, mainly when the measurement is at very low concentration of ubiquitous elements as aluminium. The worst situation is when a separation step is necessary, because it requires extra-manipulations of the sample. This article describes the degree of contamination and its control for the aluminium trace analysis in dialysis solutions, when aluminium content of about 15 µg/l must be determinated.

A presença de mercúrio em casa constitui um risco de contaminação humana e / ou ambiental? Relato de um caso

Mercury kept in a garage of a residencial building in Rio de Janeiro was accidentally released and caused local (environmental and human) contamination. The concentration of mercury in indoor air of the most critical site reached 15.5 mg/m³. Outdoor air samples showed concentrations ranging from 0.37 to 6.6 mg/m³ . Seventy five per cent of the urine samples collected from 22 residents in the contaminated building showed levels of mercury higher than those observed in non exposed individuals (>6.9 mg/L); in 30% of these samples, the concentration was higher than 20 mg/L. These values show a high level of human contamination and the final consequences were not so serious owing to the quick action taken by one of the residents.

A contaminação dos oceanos por radionuclídeos antropogênicos

Several hundreds of artificial radionuclides are produced as the result of human activities, such as the applications of nuclear reactors and particle accelerators, testing of nuclear weapons and nuclear accidents. Many of these radionuclides are short-lived and decay quickly after their production, but some of them are longer-lived and are released into the environment. From the radiological point of view the most important radionuclides are cesium-137, strontium-90 and plutonium-239, due to their chemical and nuclear characteristics. The two first radioisotopes present long half life (30 and 28 years), high fission yields and chemical behaviour similar to potassium and calcium, respectively. No stable element exists for plutonium-239, that presents high radiotoxicity, long half-life (24000 years) and some marine organisms accumulate plutonium at high levels. The radionuclides introduced into marine environment undergo various physical, chemical and biological processes taking place in the sea. These processes may be due to physical dispersion or complicated chemical and biological interactions of the radionuclides with inorganic and organic suspend matter, variety of living organisms, bottom sediments, etc. The behaviour of radionuclides in the sea depends primarily on their chemical properties, but it may also be influenced by properties of interacting matrices and other environmental factors. The major route of radiation exposure of man to artificial radionuclides occuring in the marine environment is through ingestion of radiologically contamined marine organisms. This paper summarizes the main sources of contamination in the marine environment and presents an overview covering the oceanic distribution of anthropogenic radionuclides in the FAO regions. A great number of measurements of artificial radionuclides have been carried out on various marine environmental samples in different oceans over the world, being cesium-137 the most widely measured radionuclide. Radionuclide concentrations vary from region to region, according to the specific sources of contamination. In some regions, such as the Irish Sea, the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea, the concentrations depend on the inputs due to discharges from reprocessing facilities and from Chernobyl accident. In Brazil, the artificial radioactivity is low and corresponds to typical deposition values due to fallout for the Southern Hemisphere.

Contaminação por crômio de águas de rios proveniente de curtumes em Minas Gerais

In order to evaluate the chromium contamination from tannery discharges into rivers in the State of Minas Gerais, samples of water and suspended material were collected and submitted to chemical analysis. The total content of chromium in the samples was measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Water samples were analysed by standard addition method, while chromium concentration in suspended materials was determined by calibration curves. Localities investigated were Ipatinga, Matias Barbosa, Dores de Campo, Ressaquinha, Ubá and Juiz de Fora. Samples from a not-industrialized area were also analysed to obtain regional background values. Metal inputs were related to effluent discharges into the rivers. Suspended material transported Cr downriver. Chromium concentration in river water exceeded 656 times the value of the Brazilian Environmental Standards, while its concentration in suspended material ranged from 15 to 11066 µg g-1.

Avaliação da contaminação humana por hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) e seus derivados nitrados (NHPAs): uma revisão metodológica

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocabons (PAHs) and their nitroderivatives (NPAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment and they are produced in several industrial and combustion processes. Some of these compounds are potent carcinogens/mutagens and their determination in biological samples is an important step for exposure control. A review of the analytical methodologies used for the determination of PAHs and their metabolites in biological samples is presented.

Contaminação do ambiente aquático por pesticidas. Estudo de caso: águas usadas para consumo humano em Primavera do Leste, Mato Grosso - análise preliminar

A preliminary analyses of the possible contamination of superficial and underground water by the active ingredients of the pesticide products used in the surroundings of the urban area of Primavera do Leste, Mato Grosso, Brazil, was carried out. A description of the study region and of its environmental characteristics, which can favor the contamination of the local aquatic environment, was presented. The EPA screening criteria, the groundwater ubiquity score (GUS) and the criteria proposed by Goss were used to evaluate which pesticides might contaminate the local waters. Among the active ingredients studied, several present risks to the local aquatic environment.

Métodos de baixo custo para purificação de reagentes e controle da contaminação para a determinação de metais traços em águas naturais

Probably one of the most difficult and challenging aspects of measuring trace metals in natural waters is to avoid contamination during sampling, manipulation and analysis. This work discusses how to avoid contamination using simple procedures, and considers alternative methods to purify deionised water and low grade reagents to enable accurate determination of trace metals in natural waters in a common laboratory. Measurements were performed by cathodic stripping voltammetry and copper was used as a model metal to test the procedures. It was possible to evaluate copper speciation in natural waters even when total dissolved copper concentration was as low as 1.5 nmol L-1. The methods' accuracy was confirmed by analysis of certified seawater.

DDT (dicloro difenil tricloroetano): toxicidade e contaminação ambiental - uma revisão

DDT and others organochlorine insecticides are very persistent substances. Clinical symptoms of intoxication have been reported in humans, although the main problem concerning such substances is bioaccumulation and biomagnification along throphic chains, leading to contamination of top predators and humans after them. In this review these characteristics are described, as well as some aspects of the control of vector borne diseases, like leishmaniasis and malaria, which were until recently, controlled by the health authorities using DDT.

Avaliando a contaminação por elementos traço em atividades de maricultura: resultados parciais de um estudo de caso realizado na ilha de Santa Catarina, Brasil

Adopting the perspective of human health risk assessment, an interdisciplinary research group has been investigating since 1998 the quality of mussels and oysters cultivated in coastal zones of Santa Catarina State. Evaluation of physico-chemical parameters considered relevant in measuring the degree of eutrophication showed values compatible with the dynamics of well balanced environmental systems. Concentrations of metallic and semi-metallic elements in seawater and bivalves were found to be similar to or lower than those found in Chile, Greenland and the USA. Further investigations focusing upon sediments will provide new and useful data for the management of sustainable mariculture strategies in Brazil.