Uso de confiabilidade na rotulação de exemplos em problemas de classificação multirrótulo com aprendizado semissupervisionado

The techniques of Machine Learning are applied in classification tasks to acquire knowledge through a set of data or information. Some learning methods proposed in literature are methods based on semissupervised learning; this is represented by small percentage of labeled data (supervised learning) combined with a quantity of label and non-labeled examples (unsupervised learning) during the training phase, which reduces, therefore, the need for a large quantity of labeled instances when only small dataset of labeled instances is available for training. A commom problem in semi-supervised learning is as random selection of instances, since most of paper use a random selection technique which can cause a negative impact. Much of machine learning methods treat single-label problems, in other words, problems where a given set of data are associated with a single class; however, through the requirement existent to classify data in a lot of domain, or more than one class, this classification as called multi-label classification. This work presents an experimental analysis of the results obtained using semissupervised learning in troubles of multi-label classification using reliability parameter as an aid in the classification data. Thus, the use of techniques of semissupervised learning and besides methods of multi-label classification, were essential to show the results

Análise da rede política do turismo brasileiro.

The dissertation examines the influence of relationships among actors from Brazilian Tourism Political Network who compose the National Council of Tourism in the drafting of the National Tourism Plans (PNT) - PNTs 2003/2007 and 2007/2010, focusing on two main types of interaction: cooperation and information exchange. Therefore, the study departed from the understanding that the concept of tourism as a human phenomenon is configured as an essential conceptual basis for the development, implementation and analysis of public policies. The application of Network Theory and Social Network Analysis serves as an analytical tool, in addition, the use of concepts of Policy Networks enabled to interpret, in distinct aspects, the social reality of tourism in a more precise and detailed way. The study had a cross-sectional with a longitudinal perspective and case study was adopted, thus enabling to apply the model of social network analysis and qualitative approach. Through the survey conducted, it was found that the drafting process of National Tourism Plans was the result of the interaction of a complex network of actors from public and private initiatives, who compose the National Council of Tourism, and that their power of influence came out simultaneously, but not symmetrically, for both their performance/intervention in the meetings, and the possession of economic and organizational resources. Hence, the establishment of partnerships and information exchanges among the actors were underlying to the PNT drafting process, both in problems perception and insertion in the government agenda, as in making proposals to solve them, thus guiding the construction of large programs and programs contained in both investigated plans.

O turismo de base local como um possível indutor de desenvolvimento rural: uma análise da realidade e das potencialidades no distrito de dondo-moçambique

The current debate on rural development focuses on the territorial approach, recognizing the multifunctional character of rural areas. Emphasize the use of endogenous forces, the need of implement policies which valorize local specificities, the participation of social actors in revitalization of rural areas. In this context tourism enters as a means to induce a new dynamic to rural areas, since the activity is regarded as a channel for the upgrading of the natural and cultural resources and the rural way of life. This study focuses on local-based tourism as a promoter of rural development, giving an analysis of the social reality and potential for this tourism in the district of Dondo. In it, is proposed to analyze the potential for development of local-based tourism in the district of Dondo, assessing the extent to which local reality enables the inclusion of the community in the management of local tourism resources. For this, was showed the inclusion of local-based tourism in the current context of rural development, was identified and organized systematically the factors that influence the implementation of local-based tourism in the study area and was verified as far as possible the study area corresponds to the constraints identified, showing how local-based tourism can best been encouraged. Was adopted a qualitative methodological approach to both the procedures and data processing, but also by critical approach, using bibliographical research, semi-structured interviews that fell on the group of public administrators who work in tourism and community leaders. The critical analysis was based on the principles of sustainability o Sachs particular ecological, social, cultural, economic, space, beyond the analysis of political and institutional aspects. The survey results show that the district of Dondo has a potential for implementing a model of tourism development on a local basis, since it is rich in natural and cultural research, benefits from good network accessibility in the context of the market in the region, the population live according to their habits and customs and value their identity. There is also a good cooperation between community members, although not in tourism, a fact which is observed through the lever of community participation in associations, cooperatives, working in areas such as agriculture, fishing, environment, civic education etc. It also has public funding sources to augment or stimulate local investment. Despite obstacles such as inexistence of policies and local plans for tourism development, lack of awareness of tourism, lack of basic infrastructure, as well as equipment and facilities to support tourism, the results shows that these problems can be solved through a public commitment from both government, and community through a joint planning and participation

Análise da mobilidade urbana de Natal/RN a partir do uso de indicadores de sustentabilidade

In contemporary times, the urban mobility is presented as one of the main challenges of large and medium-sized Brazilian cities , it presents signs of unsustainability , above all due to the increase in motorized transport system , especially the individual . Thus , it is clear that mobility is considered of special interest for sustainable urban development , is facing a crisis that is reflected in negative externalities , particularly with regard to congestion , accidents , air pollution , social exclusion , among others. The complexity of these problems requires an integrated analysis based on the principles of sustainability . In this sense , trying to understand this problem and in the attempt to minimize its impacts, Costa (2008 ) proposed the Index of Sustainable Urban Mobility (I_SUM) with the goal of providing a methodology capable to assess relevant aspects of mobility , including social dimensions , political, economic and environmental . Given the above, was elected as the main objective of this study is to analyze urban mobility in Natal / RN from the perspective of sustainability . Like specific objectives will seek to analyze Natal´s urban mobility, using the I_SUM like a tool for both the city as a whole and for each of its four administrative regions; evaluate Natal s urban accessibility conditions and verify to what extent the access to urban services and equipment is facilitated or hindered because of the location and incomes of the population . For this, it was necessary to use bibliographic , documentary and field research . The index , which varies from 0.00 to 1.00, revealed for Natal an Global value of 0,510, and that refers to its administrative regions, it was found that there are very small percentage differences from the overall index calculated for the city . The performance of I_SUM by administrative region showed that although there are differences , the results were very similar , varying between 0,494 and 0,537. Particularly in relation to urban accessibility, it appears that Natal presents as an unequal city and this inequity , which is not only income is reflected in the issues related to accessibility and hence urban mobility

A redefinição do espaço urbano de Natal/RN a partir da influência dos serviços: uma análise das avenidas Bernardo Vieira e Engenheiro Roberto Freire

This paper analyzes the influence of trade and services in the reconfiguration of urban space in Natal, with the Avenues Bernardo Vieira end Roberto Freire Engineer as privileged analysis. Initially, we discussed the concepts of production and reproduction of urban space, urban centralities, decentralized, services and public policies, especially transport and tourism. Then, we show the construction of urban space from Natal, highlighting the historical formation of the districts of Ribeira, Cidade Alta and Alecrim, pioneers in the service sector, noting that currently there is an ongoing process of decentralization in the city of such activities, to other areas of the urban fabric of Natal. Later, we studied the Avenues Bernardo Vieira to Roberto Freire Engineer, noting, in both the distribution of commercial activities and services, and issues related to transportation, traffic, tourism and socio-economic problems, identified them. Finally, testify that Natal, from the 1980s, underwent a process of decentralization of services, both to the south, and north of the city on the ball. In this process of decentralization we ascertain the role of public policies on transport and tourism, complementing the action of private enterprise, through the real estate market, on Avenue Roberto Freire Engineer.

Usando a história da resolução de alguns problemas para introduzir conceitos: sistemas lineares, determinantes e matrizes.

In this work we studied the method to solving linear equations system, presented in the book titled "The nine chapters on the mathematical art", which was written in the first century of this era. This work has the intent of showing how the mathematics history can be used to motivate the introduction of some topics in high school. Through observations of patterns which repeats itself in the presented method, we were able to introduce, in a very natural way, the concept of linear equations, linear equations system, solution of linear equations, determinants and matrices, besides the Laplacian development for determinants calculations of square matrices of order bigger than 3, then considering some of their general applications

Uma ferramenta didática para ajudar na fixação dos conceitos introdutórios de análise combinatória

Humans, as well as some animals are born gifted with the ability to perceive quantities. The needs that came from the evolution of societies and technological resources make the the optimization of such counting methods necessary. Although necessary and useful, there are a lot of diculties in the teaching of such methods.In order to broaden the range of available tools to teach Combinatorial Analysis, a owchart is presented in this work with the goal of helping the students to x the initial concepts of such subject via pratical exercises

Análise de risco à erosão costeira na região de Tibau do Sul/RN através de mapeamento geoambiental e análise morfodinâmica

The research area is located on the county of Tibau do Sul, in the east coast of Rio Grande do Norte State, about 80km south of the capital Natal. The tourism represents the main income activity and Pipa beach is the most visited beach in the city, annually receives a large influx of domestic and foreign tourists. Some recent studies have reported the occurrence of coastal erosion in this littoral, being the main objective of the research, analyze the existing coastal erosion, through two methodologies, the geoenvironmental mapping and beach morphodynamics. The geoenvironmental mapping was done from oblique aerial photographs and field visits, which sought to carry out first the geomorphological mapping, with the purpose of analyzing features that suggest susceptible areas to erosion, as areas without protection of natural dunes, marine terraces, or sandstones (beach-rocks and ferruginous sandstones), areas with the presence of gullies and stretches where the sea-cliffs were in direct contact with the action of the sea, representing the beginning of the beach profile. In the morphodynamic study sought to carry out the survey of the physical and morphological characteristics, the analysis of sediment grain of the beaches and finally the analysis of the morphodynamic parameters to generate a table of risk to erosion by sector of the beach. The morphodynamic parameters were defined by the methodology proposed by Short (2006), in which considers different patterns of dynamism on beaches with characteristics favorable and unfavorable to erosive profiles. The maps indicated different levels of risk to the segments of the beaches analyzed, suggesting risk to erosion low and low to moderate only in areas north and northwest of the beaches of Madeiro and Curral, and levels of moderate and high risk sectors in the south and southeast of these beaches . The beach of Pipa showed moderate levels of risk and moderate to high at the ends and high risk to erosion in the central portion. The study of the coastal environment, its morphological evolution, and areas with problems of erosion, are of fundamental importance to assist coastal management policies, giving grants for planning activities undertaken in these regions

A percepção de enfermeiros sobre o cuidar de pacientes com problemas físicos que interferem na autoimagem: uma abordagem fenomenológica

O presente estudo tem como objetivo compreender a percepção e o significado do cuidar de pacientes com problemas de auto-imagem, resultantes de alteração física, por enfermeiros de um hospital universitário. A trajetória metodológica foi a fenomenologia, os sujeitos da pesquisa foram oito enfermeiros. Para a análise dos depoimentos, realizou-se a transcrição e as leituras, buscando a essência das unidades, expressão dos significados, tematizando e interpretando as falas, buscando convergências, divergências e idiossincrasias e a síntese do fenômeno. Os temas desvelados foram: (não)aceitação da enfermidade; trabalho em equipe; limitações conseqüentes da doença; sentimentos e comportamento do enfermeiro e equipe; vínculo entre equipe, paciente e família; a família; auto-imagem do paciente; idade dos pacientes; o preconceito; (re) conhecimento da doença; nível e cuidados mais intensos; a religião e capacitação. Pela amplitude do fenômeno outros ângulos podem ser desvelados e outras perspectivas habitadas.

Análise do processo de internalização de propostas de educação ambiental em escolas de Ensino Médio no município de Acaraú-CE

To insert environmental education in the school is a very hard task, although the question has been largely discussed since some years ago. The main object of this research is limited to the way the contents of Environmental Education are inserted in school programs, as well as to assert that, as a law, it must be put in practice not only because it is obligatory, but because it is important to school programs, especially to Acaraú´s primary and secondary schools, having in view the importance of the natural resources in which schools are inserted and the development of ways to solve problems related to the quality of life of the dwellers of these places. It is important the study of the law 9795/99 on Environmental Education, passed on July 25th, 2005, by means of the decree no. 4.281, established in the Municipal Organic Law and other documents ruling the Environmental Education. Our purpose is to give orientation on Environmental Education to the above-mentioned schools aiming at the permanent formation about that subject, in order to constitute, in the future, a real net between school and community and to spread out concepts about sustainability. This way, poverty conditions should be faced as environmental problems, bringing about the relationship between natural resources and poverty. The making of shrimp beds, predatory fishing, swamp degradation and irregular occupation constitute elements to this research. The theoretic terms are based upon principles of Environmental Education, area sustainability and inter-disciplinarily and trans-disciplinarily in Environmental Sciences, which have been applied under the form of capacities and the presentation of documents, projects, maps, discussions and reflections about the mass social movements as a positive consequence of the implementation of this project

Critérios anatomopatológicos para melanoma maligno cutâneo: análise qualitativa de sua eficácia e revisão da literatura

São bastante conhecidos pelos patologistas o desafio e a dificuldade que algumas lesões melanocíticas apresentam no momento de seu diagnóstico. A falta de uniformidade na maneira de aplicar os critérios diagnósticos é, sem dúvida, uma das causas principais dos altos índices de discordância descritos na literatura. O objetivo deste trabalho é tentar diminuir esta discordância e, para isso, foram selecionados os 12 critérios considerados mais importantes para o diagnóstico de melanoma: 1) tamanho; 2) simetria; 3) delimitação lateral; 4) maturação; 5) disseminação pagetóide; 6) necrose/ulceração; 7) infiltrado inflamatório; 8) regressão; 9) atipias celulares; 10) mitoses; 11) melanização; 12) proliferação de células isoladas. Foram expostas as características de cada um deles e sua aplicação no diagnóstico dos melanomas, lembrando sempre as possíveis exceções, onde estes critérios podem estar presentes em lesões melanocíticas benignas. Posteriormente, em três tabelas, estabeleceu-se o diagnóstico diferencial entre melanoma e três condições melanocíticas benignas que costumam apresentar maiores dificuldades no diagnóstico diferencial. Como nenhum critério deve ser considerado isoladamente, a aplicação rigorosa do conjunto de dados aqui fornecido pode ajudar substancialmente o patologista cirúrgico generalista (não-especialista em lesões melanocíticas) a resolver alguns problemas na sua rotina diária.

Modelagem de máquina pneumática recolhedora de frutos de café em terreiro usando análise por elementos finitos

Teve-se o objetivo de desenvolver um modelo matemático por meio de análise de elementos finitos, utilizando o programa computacional ANSYS®, versão 5.7, para otimizar o projeto de máquina recolhedora de frutos de café no terreiro. A modelagem da máquina foi realizada com base no levantamento das características aerodinâmicas dos frutos de café e da vazão de ar necessária para o transporte pneumático dos frutos. Foram obtidas, experimentalmente, as pressões estáticas nos dutos da máquina, sendo esses valores comparados com os resultados determinados pelo programa ANSYS, no intuito de validar o modelo. Com base nos resultados numéricos obtidos, concluiu-se que a modelagem desenvolvida apresentou resultados próximos aos determinados experimentalmente, obtendo erro relativo médio nos valores simulados de pressão de 9,2%. Por meio da modelagem, identificaram-se faixas de pressão que dificultariam o transporte pneumático dos frutos de café em alguns pontos da máquina. Esses problemas foram corrigidos e, com isso, o fluxo de ar proporcionado pelo ventilador foi suficiente para succionar os frutos de café no terreiro e transportá-los para dentro do reservatório da máquina. A modelagem desenvolvida atendeu às necessidades propostas no trabalho para o recolhimento dos frutos de café utilizando transporte pneumático eficientemente.

Análise de decisão multicritério na localização de usinas termoelétricas utilizando SIG

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Bases epidemiológicas para análise das más oclusões morfológicas como fatores de risco no desenvolvimento das desordens temporomandibulares de origem articular

Dentre as pesquisas empreendidas no campo da epidemiologia, um grupo específico aborda patologias de etiologia desconhecida ou não totalmente compreendidas. É dentro deste grupo que estão situadas as desordens temporomandibulares (DTM). Três estratégias observacionais básicas têm sido utilizadas para abordar o papel etiológico da má oclusão no desenvolvimento das DTM, dentro do repertório epidemiológico. São elas: estudos do tipo transversal, estudos de caso controle e estudos de coorte. Alguns experimentos clínicos são realizados com base na remoção do fator etiológico suspeito. Com base em uma revisão estruturada da literatura, a partir da metodologia empregada nos estudos selecionados, podemos concluir que a definição dos possíveis fatores etiológicos relacionados a subgrupos específicos de DTM é fundamental para que o papel das más oclusões no desenvolvimento destas desordens, embora pareça pequeno quando baseado nas evidências disponíveis, não seja subestimado. Pode ser útil a caracterização de uma oclusão normal como aquela associada como o menor risco para o desenvolvimento de problemas de DTM, mas é provavelmente inapropriada a aplicação destes parâmetros para reverter um problema intra-capsular já estabelecido. O conceito de uma oclusão de baixo fator de risco implicaria em um pequeno desvio entre RC e MIH, pequeno transpasse horizontal, transpasse vertical positivo e ausência de mordida cruzada posterior. Este conceito é compatível com o conceito de oclusão normal defendido por décadas, embora uma variação do normal ao invés de um critério absoluto deva ser permitida. Embora provavelmente seja prudente estabelecer metas morfológicas terapêuticas que busquem o que é observado em oclusões não tratadas julgadas normais ou ideais, o estabelecimento de uma oclusão que alcance todos os critérios gnatológicos, por meio de tratamento ortodôntico, talvez seja impossível e provavelmente desnecessário.

Estudo da bula de medicamentos: Uma análise da situação

This study was carried out in the city of Araraquara (SP, Brazil), where 1829 people selected randomly from 42 districts were interviewed with regard to their use of medicines, in particular whether and how they read the insert information sheet and the most frequently read items and problems encountered in the text. Surveys were performed in two stages, the first when package inserts were regulated in Brazil by Portaria SVS 110/1997 (Ministry of Health directive) and the second after the new regulation (RDC 140/2003) came into force. Out of 1829 people interviewed, 1597 reported using some medicine. The markedly similar results in both stages of the research pointed to the difficulties encounteved in reading the package inserts, due to the small letters, the obscure language and the massive amount of information. This paper shows that package inserts of medicines need to be simpler, so the patients have an idea of the importance of the medicine and are able to realize soon any problem that might appear due to the use of the medicine and what action they should take. Furthermore, it will be helpful to the evaluation of the package inserts of medicines, elaborated in conformity with RDC 140, if they work effectively as a source of information and guidance for the patient are not simply given a new layout, while maintaining items that impede their understanding and use.