Caminhos que estruturam cidades: redes técnicas de transporte sobre trilhos e a conformação intra-urbana de Natal

The railroad, from 1870 and on, becomes an usual complaining in the press s and politician elite s speeches, especially because of Natal s geographic isolation. The implantation of two railroads in the capital territory Estrada de Ferro de Natal a Nova Cruz, afterwards part of Great Western Railway Company network, and Estrada de Ferro Central do Rio Grande do Norte had serious implications in the urban environment. While railroad s structures were already consolidated, other transportation mechanisms were being implanted in the first decades of the 20th century, such as trams lines, which, by the way, was a transport modal that also used rails as a dislocation meaning. Considering these questions, we may ask: how come railroads and tramways demands, roads and buildings had influenced the internal organization of Natal? We work with the general hypothesis that the influence of technical networks, composed by tramways and railroads, over Natal s urban space happened in a diversified way, sometimes consolidating social aspects in certain areas, sometimes improving the occupation of others. The impact over the city s territory also happens in a diversified way between the buildings/railroad s complexes and the pathways. The different scale of the train in comparison to the trams velocity, size, noise level, flow, among others is also a cause to the different consequences in urban environment. The main objective of this work is to understand the role of circulation technical networks in the construction process of urban space in Natal, as a way to contribute to the urban historiography about the subject. The time frame adopted, between 1881 and 1937, marks the time path of railroads and tramways in Rio Grande do Norte: 1881 is the year of railroad s first section inauguration from Natal to São José do Mipibu as well of the railroad complex in the Republic Square in Natal; the year of 1937 marks the beginning of tramways declination process in the city. At this time railroads and tramways had to face more intensively the competition of motor vehicles. The theory reference adopted is based on concepts and analysis of authors, such as Flávio Villaça and Roberto Lobato Corrêa references to the concepts of urban structure , localization and accessibility and Gabriel Dupuy to explain the concept of urban technical networks . These references reveal the conflict of different realities in the urban universe interests and values which is an important factor about the construction of urban space. The information sources used were from two distinctive natures: primary, journals of the time studied and official government reports, and secondary, based on other works about the subject. It was also used by this study iconographic source, especially images from the data base of the research group História da Cidade, do Território e do Urbanismo .

Inequidad y posición socioeconómica en la reproducción de la actividad física en entornos educativos. Análisis conceptual.

Objetivo: analizar cómo influye la inequidad y la posición socio económica como factores determinantes de la conceptualización de la actividad física, desde la concepción de los determinantes sociales, de forma tal que su revisión conceptual, ayude a constituir la re configuración del concepto de actividad física. Métodos: Exploración de la literatura científica desde la revisión conceptual de artículos seleccionados, utilizando las categorías inequidad y posición socioeconómica para establecer la influencia del concepto de la actividad física en entornos educativos. Y a partir de ella interpretar la re configuración del concepto de la actividad física, desde diferentes concepciones asociadas a los determinantes sociales. Resultados: Se hallaron concepciones de los diferentes autores respecto al concepto de la actividad física. (Peso, raza, índice de masa corporal, edad). Se interpretaron distintos niveles de influencia desde la inequidad y la posición socio económica asociados a la ocupación, el género, sitio de vivienda, nivel de estudio, y la estructura física del entorno. Posteriormente se reportaron resultados desde un análisis explicativo en el cual se interpretan las concepciones de los autores en cuanto al concepto de la actividad física, y como desde ella se establecen relaciones entre la inequidad, la posición socioeconómica y los entornos educativos que incluyen diferentes aspectos sociales para finalmente poder establecer un concepto claro de la re configuración social del concepto de la actividad física, concluyendo que este nuevo concepto social de la actividad física no posee una definición exacta, el análisis de los aspectos sociales de ésta, involucra innumerables concepciones que la influencian y la determinan, en consecuencia el concepto de la actividad física debe ser un concepto en constante evolución y reconfiguración debido a la naturaleza cambiante del ser humano, de las dinámicas sociales y las asociaciones de la salud con los aspectos sociales que se presentan en el diario vivir. Así mismo se evidencia que el concepto de la actividad física se fundamenta en estudios que dejan de lado los aspectos sociales que influencia el concepto y en consecuencia la práctica de la actividad física, esta investigación establece un punto de partida frente a la re configuración social del concepto de la actividad física. Conclusiones: Diferentes organizaciones en el mundo reconocen a la actividad física como una herramienta que favorece la socialización de las personas. Es así como la actividad física, desde el deporte en el campo competitivo y la educación física desde el campo educativo exploran la interacción social de los individuos, esto permite la construcción de valores y fortalece la sana convivencia dentro de las comunidades. Esta trasformación desde el concepto de la actividad física biomédica hasta la actividad física social se evidencia en los documentos revisados, en los cuales la actividad física es estudiada desde las categorías de inequidad y posición socio económica, De ahí que en su conceptualización se involucren diferentes conceptos asociados a los determinantes sociales de la salud, que en definitiva establecen un nuevo concepto de la re configuración social de la actividad física trascendiendo desde la actividad física biomédica o fisiológica hasta un concepto complejo que incluye intereses y particularidades de las personas como lo son la ocupación, la educación, el entorno, el medio ambiente y la estructura física.

Quality of life in patients with ileal pouch for ulcerative colitis

INTRODUCTION:proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the standard surgical procedure for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) and is associated with the prospect of cure. Experience gained over the years has demonstrated the occurrence of a high number of complications as well as bowel disorders that can compromise quality of life (QoL).OBJECTIVE:evaluate QoL in patients with IPAA for ulcerative colitis.PATIENTS AND METHODS:the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ) was used to assess QoL in patients with IPAA after its validation in Portuguese.RESULTS:thirty-one patients submitted to IPAA by the same group of professionals were evaluated. QoL was classified as regular in all domains evaluated (intestinal and systemic symptoms and emotional and social aspects). There were no differences in relation to gender, type of pouch or postoperative time. However, elderly patients showed a tendency toward lower scores. Having a professional activity was associated with higher scores in systemic symptoms and social aspects (p < 0.05). Patients with ileostomy showed lower values in the domains of systemic symptoms, emotional and social aspects (p <0.05).CONCLUSION:in all domains assessed, patients with IPAA for UC had QoL classified as regular. Ileostomy and lack of professional activity negatively influenced QoL.

Aspectos médicos e sociais no atendimento oftalmológico de urgência

Purpose: A survey was carried out on one hundred patients of the Emergency Service of the Ophthalmology Department of the Hospital das Clinicas of the University of Campinas (UNICAMP), in order to analyze the personal characteristics and the barriers against getting resolving ophthalmologic assistance. Variables, were the following: sex, age, home town, average distance between the place of initial symptoms and first visit to the hospital, time spent between the first examination (if performed in any other service) and the examination performed at the Hospital das Clinicas of University of Campinas, diagnosis, veracity of emergency, need to refer patients previously seen in other services to our Service and possibility of assistance and treatment at a secondary level. Methods: The sample showed the following characteristics: distances between 20 and 100 kilometers covered by 50.0% of the patients to be seen at University of Campinas. 75.0% of those patients needed someone to stay with them and 67.0% came from other municipalities. The long distances covered meant additional expenses for the treatment of diseases which should be treated locally. Results: Among the patients referred to University of Campinas by ophthalmologists of other services, 87.5% could have their diseases treated at a secondary level of assistance and 66.7% of real emergencies and 60% of false emergencies took longer than 7 days to reach the emergency room of University of Campinas. This shows the poor infrastructure of secondary services regarding excellence of emergency care and education of patients. Conclusions: We recommend education of general physicians and ophthalmologists for emergency eye care and also the supply of both secondary and tertiary public services or medicare, strategically setup in the whole state of Sao Paulo.

Associativismo, lazer e esporte nos clubes sociais de Campinas

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Reflexões acerca do brincar na educação infantil

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Anosognosia : imagem corporal na hemiplegia

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Goalball : desenvolvimento de habilidades e capacidades motoras por pessoas portadoras e não portadoras de deficiencia visual

Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Educação Física

Educação fisica, saude coletiva e a luta do MST : reconstruindo relações a partir das violencias

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Fatores associados à qualidade de vida de cuidadores de idosos em assistência domiciliária

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar se o comportamento da qualidade de vida (QV) de cuidadores de idosos em assistência domiciliária pode ser influenciado por características sociodemográficas, pela rede de suporte oferecida ao cuidador e por variáveis relacionadas ao ato de cuidar. Foram entrevistados 40 cuidadores de idosos de um Programa de Assistência Domiciliária da cidade de São Paulo. A QV foi mensurada utilizando-se a versão brasileira do Medical Outcomes Study 36 - Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Características sociodemográficas, as variáveis relacionadas à rede de suporte oferecida ao cuidador e ao ato de cuidar foram obtidas por meio de questionário complementar. A análise de regressão linear mostrou relação independente entre três domínios do SF-36 e o maior número de horas dedicadas ao cuidado: domínios capacidade funcional, aspecto físico e aspecto emocional. Possuir mais de oito anos de escolaridade implicou em melhor pontuação no domínio estado geral de saúde e pior pontuação no domínio aspecto social. Os cuidadores com mais de 60 anos de idade apresentaram pior pontuação no domínio aspecto físico e as mulheres pior pontuação no domínio dor. Os filhos ou cônjuges que prestam cuidado aos seus pais ou parceiros apresentaram pior pontuação no domínio aspecto emocional. Os cuidadores que modificaram sua rotina para prestar os cuidados apresentaram pior pontuação no domínio saúde mental. Tanto fatores sociodemográficos como a rede de suporte oferecida ao cuidador e os fatores relacionados à dinâmica do cuidado são capazes de influenciar negativamente a QV de cuidadores principais de idosos em atendimento domiciliário.

Maternal decision on obtaining prenatal care: a study in Brazil

Objective: to address the social aspects of pregnancy and the views of pregnant women regarding prenatal assistance in Brazil. Design: this qualitative study was focused on describing the Social Representations of prenatal care held by pregnant women. The discourse of the collective subject (DCS) framework was used to analyse the data collected, within the theoretical background of social representations, as proposed and developed by Serge Moscovici. Participants and setting: 21 pregnant women who were users of the publicly funded Brazilian unified health-care system and resided in the area served by its family health programme in a low- to middle-income neighbourhood on the outskirts of Campo Grande, the capital of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, in southwestern Brazil. Data were collected by conducting in-depth, face-to-face interviews from January to October 2006. Findings: all participants were married. Formal education of the participants was less than five years in four cases, between five and eight years in six cases, and greater than 11 years in 10 cases. Nine participants had informal jobs and earned up to US$ 200 per month, four paricipants had administrative jobs and earned over US$ 500 per month, and eight participants did not work. No specific racial/ethnic background predominated. Lack of adherence to prenatal care allowed for the identification of two DCS themes: `organisation of prenatal care services` and `lifestyle features`. Key conclusions: the respondents were found to have negative feelings about pregnancy which manifest as many fears, including the fear of harming their children`s health, of being punished during labour, and of being reprimanded by health-care professionals for overlooking their prenatal care, in addition to the insecurity felt towards the infant and self. Implications for practice: the findings reveal that communication between pregnant women and healthcare professionals has been ineffective and that prenatal care has not been effective for the group interviewed-features that are likely to be found among other low- to middle-income groups living elsewhere in Brazil. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Friere`s Dialogic Concept Enables Family Health Program Teams to Incorporate Health Promotion

Objective The study analyzes the possibility of incorporating health promotion measures into the work processes of Family Health Program teams at a primary health care clinic in Brazil. Design and Sample We used the participatory research concept developed in 1968 by Freire. The study sample comprised the end-users of the health care system, together with 3 multidisciplinary teams. A total of 77 health care users and 55 health professionals participated in the study. Measures Culture circles composed of health care professionals, and users from different areas investigated generative topics, encoded/decoded topics, and engaged in critical probing for clarification. Topics affecting quality of life and health were heuristically evaluated. Results Although most topics were related to changing the focus of health care facilities, some were related to subsidizing community-based interventions, improving environmental strategies, individual skills, and public policies. Incorporating the novel health promotion measures and creating an expanded full-treatment clinic are important steps toward that goal. Conclusions Topics that can stimulate dialogue among the members of the culture circles include creating an environment of closer cultural contact, with repercussions for work processes, family health models, and general health models, as well as the inclusion of social aspects in the decision-making processes related to health issues that affect the living conditions of the population.

Lifecycle assessment of fuel ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil

This paper presents the lifecycle assessment (LCA) of fuel ethanol, as 100% of the vehicle fuel, from sugarcane in Brazil. The functional unit is 10,000 km run in an urban area by a car with a 1,600-cm(3) engine running on fuel hydrated ethanol, and the resulting reference flow is 1,000 kg of ethanol. The product system includes agricultural and industrial activities, distribution, cogeneration of electricity and steam, ethanol use during car driving, and industrial by-products recycling to irrigate sugarcane fields. The use of sugarcane by the ethanol agribusiness is one of the foremost financial resources for the economy of the Brazilian rural area, which occupies extensive areas and provides far-reaching potentials for renewable fuel production. But, there are environmental impacts during the fuel ethanol lifecycle, which this paper intents to analyze, including addressing the main activities responsible for such impacts and indicating some suggestions to minimize the impacts. This study is classified as an applied quantitative research, and the technical procedure to achieve the exploratory goal is based on bibliographic revision, documental research, primary data collection, and study cases at sugarcane farms and fuel ethanol industries in the northeast of SA o pound Paulo State, Brazil. The methodological structure for this LCA study is in agreement with the International Standardization Organization, and the method used is the Environmental Design of Industrial Products. The lifecycle impact assessment (LCIA) covers the following emission-related impact categories: global warming, ozone formation, acidification, nutrient enrichment, ecotoxicity, and human toxicity. The results of the fuel ethanol LCI demonstrate that even though alcohol is considered a renewable fuel because it comes from biomass (sugarcane), it uses a high quantity and diversity of nonrenewable resources over its lifecycle. The input of renewable resources is also high mainly because of the water consumption in the industrial phases, due to the sugarcane washing process. During the lifecycle of alcohol, there is a surplus of electric energy due to the cogeneration activity. Another focus point is the quantity of emissions to the atmosphere and the diversity of the substances emitted. Harvesting is the unit process that contributes most to global warming. For photochemical ozone formation, harvesting is also the activity with the strongest contributions due to the burning in harvesting and the emissions from using diesel fuel. The acidification impact potential is mostly due to the NOx emitted by the combustion of ethanol during use, on account of the sulfuric acid use in the industrial process and because of the NOx emitted by the burning in harvesting. The main consequence of the intensive use of fertilizers to the field is the high nutrient enrichment impact potential associated with this activity. The main contributions to the ecotoxicity impact potential come from chemical applications during crop growth. The activity that presents the highest impact potential for human toxicity (HT) via air and via soil is harvesting. Via water, HT potential is high in harvesting due to lubricant use on the machines. The normalization results indicate that nutrient enrichment, acidification, and human toxicity via air and via water are the most significant impact potentials for the lifecycle of fuel ethanol. The fuel ethanol lifecycle contributes negatively to all the impact potentials analyzed: global warming, ozone formation, acidification, nutrient enrichment, ecotoxicity, and human toxicity. Concerning energy consumption, it consumes less energy than its own production largely because of the electricity cogeneration system, but this process is highly dependent on water. The main causes for the biggest impact potential indicated by the normalization is the nutrient application, the burning in harvesting and the use of diesel fuel. The recommendations for the ethanol lifecycle are: harvesting the sugarcane without burning; more environmentally benign agricultural practices; renewable fuel rather than diesel; not washing sugarcane and implementing water recycling systems during the industrial processing; and improving the system of gases emissions control during the use of ethanol in cars, mainly for NOx. Other studies on the fuel ethanol from sugarcane may analyze in more details the social aspects, the biodiversity, and the land use impact.

Inactive Australian college students' preferred activities, sources of assistance, and motivators

Participation in regular physical activity reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality as well as providing numerous health benefits.' The steepest decline in physical activity occurs during adolescence (approximately 15 to 18 years of age) and young adulthood (20 to 25 years).(2) Australian population studies have found that levels of physical inactivity are twice as high for those 20 to 29 years old as they are for those under 20 years old.(3,4) As college students move through this period of changing roles within family and peer groups, they may be expected to have specific preferences and expected outcomes for physical activity participation that are different from those they had previously as high school students.(5) Studies of physical activity determinants suggest that while there are some similarities between males and females, there are differences in preferences for specific types of activity.(6) Calfas et al.(5) found that women reported body image factors (weight loss, dissatisfaction with body) to be more motivating, while young men rated strength (muscle gain, muscle tone) and social aspects (organized competition, meeting people) of physical activity more highly than did young women. We examined preferred physical activities, sources of assistance to be more active, and perceived motivators for activity in a sample of inactive college students. Differences between males and females were examined, and the implications for campus-based physical activity promotion strategies are considered.