400 ppm-ko langa hautsi da: CO2-kontzentrazioaren igoeraren ondorio fisiko eta sozialak

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A implantação da Coleta Seletiva Solidária em uma empresa pública de administração indireta de caldeiraria pesada do estado do Rio de Janeiro.

A crescente geração de resíduos e desperdício das repartições públicas, os custos de seu manejo e a necessidade de inclusão social dos catadores foram os propulsores para o modelo de Gerenciamento de Resíduos Sólidos Recicláveis (MGRSR) desenvolvido, visando à implementação da Coleta Seletiva Solidária em empresas e indústrias públicas. As perguntas que nortearam o desenvolvimento deste trabalho foram: Como o programa de coleta seletiva solidária impacta a gestão de uma empresa? Há dificuldades para o cumprimento do Decreto 5940/06? O MGRSR teve como base o modelo do PDCA (NBR 14001:2004), o Manual de Gerenciamento de Resíduos da FIRJAN, além dos requisitos legais que regulamentam o Gerenciamento de Resíduos e a Coleta Seletiva Solidária no Brasil. Foi adotado, como metodologia, o Estudo de caso em uma fábrica pública de Caldeiraria Pesada, por suas características de produção e grande geração de sucatas metálicas e o uso de mapas conceituais, desenvolvidos por meio da ferramenta IHMC Cmap Tools v.05.04.01. Os principais resultados da aplicação do modelo foram: elaboração de procedimentos internos; otimização da segregação dos resíduos com diminuição do percentual de resíduos perigosos gerados e aumento da taxa de reciclagem; sensibilização ambiental e a formalização de termos de doação com cooperativas/associações no período de 2009 a 2011. Porém, foram entraves: a ausência de área adequada ao armazenamento e triagem dos resíduos, de um sistema adequado de logística, de licenças dos galpões das cooperativas, a resistência à doação dos recicláveis, uma vez que a renda obtida com a sua venda estimada em R$300 mil reais/ano, deixaria de compor o orçamento da empresa e o fato do pesquisador ser também um dos atores no processo de implantação do programa. Recomendações foram feitas em análise crítica ao modelo sugerido: incluir na fase de planejamento a elaboração de projetos socioambientais às Cooperativas e a aprovação de verba específica para o Programa de Coleta Seletiva Solidária; criar programa de redução de resíduos; criar relatório para ser enviado ao Comitê Interministerial de Inclusão Social dos Catadores de Materiais Recicláveis e ao INEA/Gerência de Educação Ambiental com as sugestões de alteração do Decreto n 5940/06 e dos relatórios semestrais; e verificar a possibilidade de replicação do modelo MGRSR em outras organizações. Na conclusão, identificou-se que o MGRSR foi aplicável à empresa objeto de estudo e que o Programa de Coleta Seletiva Solidária permite sensibilização ambiental dos atores sociais envolvidos; inclusão social, melhoria da imagem da empresa, redução de resíduos gerados e desperdícios traduzidos em economia a médio e longo prazo, melhoria das articulações entre as diversas organizações públicas; aumento de trabalho e renda com melhoria das condições de saúde e trabalho do catador.

Uso de imagens de satélite de alta resolução (GeoEye-1) para estimativa de acúmulo de carbono em alagados de Mata Atlântica em recuperação na Reserva Ecológica Guapiaçu (Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro)

Áreas alagadas são importantes devido à grande biodiversidade que sustentam e aos serviços ambientais gerados pela sua conservação. Essas áreas, quando dominadas por macrófitas, tendem a suportar grande biodiversidade e assumir grande valor de conservação. Assim, o monitoramento do estabelecimento deste importante componente do ecossistema durante um projeto de recuperação de ecossistemas é importante para avaliar o sucesso da sua recuperação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar aquantidade de biomassa por área acumulada em um ecossistema ao longo de um gradiente de recuperação. Através da classificação não supervisionada gerada a partir de de imagens de satélite de alta resolução (GeoEye-1) e amostragem destrutiva foram estimadas quantidades de biomassa por área em três alagados em recuperação na Reserva Ecológica Guapiaçú. A classificação não supervisionada se mostrou uma ferramenta acurada e eficiente no mapeamento de classes de vegetação. Os alagados estudados apresentam uma taxa de acúmulo de carbono anual estimada em 1,12 MgC.hec-1 atingindo um máximo de 5.55 MgC.hec-1 no terceiro ano. Adicionalmente, foi observada uma correlação negativa entre biomassa e profundidade.

An Accounting of the Sources of Steller Sea Lion, Eumetopias jubatus, Mortality

During 1991–2000, the west-are additional mortalities that fueled the ern stock of Steller sea lions, Eumetopias decline. We tabulated the levels of reported jubatus, declined at 5.03% (SE = 0.25%) anthropogenic sources of mortality (sub- per year, statistically significant rates (P < sistence, incidental take in fisheries, and 0.10) in all but the eastern Aleutian Islands research), estimated another (illegal shoot-region. The greatest rates of declines oc-ing), then approximated levels of predation curred in the eastern and central Gulf of Alas-(killer whales and sharks). We attempted to ka and the western Aleutian Islands (> 8.2% partition the various sources of “additional” per year). Using a published correction mortalities as anthropogenic and as addifactor, we estimated the total non-pup pop-tional mortality including some predation. ulation size in Alaska of the western stock We classified 436 anthropogenic mortalities of Steller sea lions to be about 33,000 ani-and 769 anthropogenic plus some predation mals. Based on a published life table and mortalities as “mortality above replace-the current rate of decline, we estimate that ment”; this accounted for 26% and 46% of the total number of mortalities of non-pup the estimated total level of “mortality above Steller sea lions during 1991–2000 was replacement”, respectively. The remaining about 6,383 animals; of those, 4,718 (74%) mortality (74% and 54%, respectively) was are mortalities that would have occurred if not attributed to a specific cause and may be the population were stable, and 1,666 (26%) the result of nutritional stress.

A Social and Economic Characterization of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico Recreational Shark Fishery

A mail survey of tournament shark anglers and party boat shark anglers was completed to examine their fishing activity, attitudes, trip expenditures, and consumer surplus. A sample of 700 shark anglers was selected from tournaments in the Gulf of Mexico during 1990, and a sample of party boat shark anglers was drawn from Port Aransas, Tex., party boat anglers during the summer of 1991. A response rate of 58% (excluding nondeliverables) was obtained from tournament anglers. The sample of party boat shark anglers was too small to provide useful results. Tournament shark anglers reported fishing an average of 58 days per year and targeted sharks and other large marine species. Tournaments occupy a small portion of their fishing effort. If this group of anglers were not able to fish for sharks, one-third indicated no other species would be an acceptable substitute, while others were willing to substitute other large marine species. Shark trip expenditures averaged $197 per trip with a consumer surplus of $111 per trip. Based on MRFSS estimates of the number of shark fishing trips, we estimate a total of $43,355,000 was spent by shark anglers in the Gulf of Mexico with a consumer surplus of $23,865,000 for a total gross value of the shark fishery of $66,220,000. MRFSS estimates of the number of sharks landed indicate an equivalent use value of $183 per shark.

Characteristics of Billfish Anglers in the U.S. Atlantic Ocean

A mail survey of 1,984 U.S. billfish tournament anglers was completed to examine their fishing activity, attitudes, trip expenditures, consumer's surplus, catch levels, and management preferences. A sample of 1,984 anglers was drawn from billfish tournaments in the western Atlantic Ocean (from Maine to Texas, including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands) during 1989. A response rate of 61% was obtained (excluding nondeliverables). Anglers averaged 13 billfish trips per year, catching a billfish 40% of the time while 89% of billfish caught were released with <1 billfish per year per angler retained. Catch and retention rates varied by region. Expenditures averaged $1,600 per trip, but varied by region. The annual consumer's surplus was $262 per angler, but increased to $448 per angler if billfish populations were to increase. An estimated 7,915 tournament anglers in the U.S. western Atlantic spent $179,425,000 in pursuit of billfish in 1989. Anglers opposed management options that would diminish their ability to catch a billfish, but supported options limiting the number of billfish landed.

Avaliação do custo-efetividade da incorporação do Espectômetro de Massa em Tandem no Programa Nacional de Triagem Neonatal no Brasil para diagnóstico da Fenilcetonúria e MCAD.

A Espectrometria de Massa em Tandem (MS/MS) é mundialmente considerada padrão ouro para a Triagem Neonatal (TN) de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo (IEM). Além de apresentar melhor sensibilidade e especificidade possibilita rastrear uma vasta gama de IEM usando um único teste. Atualmente o Programa Nacional de Triagem Neonatal (PNTN) rastreia cinco doenças (Fenilcetonúria, Hipotiroidismo Congênito, Fibrose Cística, Hemoglobinopatias e Deficiência da Biotinidase). Uma das metas do PNTN é o aprimoramento e a incorporação de novas doenças e/ou tecnologias. Com a recente recomendação da CONITEC (Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologias) para aquisição do MS/MS para diagnóstico de doenças raras, vislumbra-se o incremento desta tecnologia para ampliação de doenças triadas, melhora da qualidade do teste diagnóstico, corroborando para melhorar qualidade de vida das crianças acometidas pelos EIM. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma análise de custo efetividade, para incorporação da tecnologia de tandem MS/MS na triagem neonatal, sob a perspectiva do SUS. Desta maneira buscou-se comparar diferentes cenários da TN com a tecnologia atualmente utilizada (Fluorimetria) somente para Fenilcetonúria (PKU), e com MS/MS para rastreio da PKU e da Deficiência de Cadeia Média Acyl-Coenzima Desidrogenase (MCAD). Para tanto construiu-se um modelo matemático de decisão baseados em cadeias de Markov que simulou a TN da PKU e da MCAD, bem como a história natural da MCAD. Foi acompanhada uma coorte hipotética de cem mil recém-nascidos. O horizonte temporal adotado foi a expectativa de vida da população brasileira de 78 anos de acordo com IBGE. Utilizou-se uma taxa de desconto de 5% para os custos e consequências clínicas para ambos os cenários propostos. Quando incorporado o MS/MS para triagem da PKU os ganhos em saúde continuaram os mesmos, pois o desempenho do MS/MS e da Fluorimetria foram praticamente iguais (efetividade), porém o custo incremental foi quatro vezes maior para a mesma efetividade, o que torna o MS/MS somente para PKU não custo efetiva (dominada). No entanto, quando analisado o cenário do MS/MS para triagem da PKU e da MCAD o custo incremental do MS/MS no PNTN foi menor por causa da economia feita uma vez que é possível realizar ambos os testes no mesmo o teste do pezinho atual.

Yield- and biomass-per-recruit analysis for rotational fisheries, with an application to the Atlantic sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus)

A general model for yield-per-recruit analysis of rotational (periodic) fisheries is developed and applied to the sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) fishery of the northwest Atlantic. Rotational fishing slightly increases both yield- and biomass-per-recruit for sea scallops at FMAX. These quantities decline less quickly when fishing mortality is increased beyond FMAX than when fishing is at a constant rate. The improvement in biomass-per-recruit appears to be nearly independent of the selectivity pattern but increased size-at-entry can reduce or eliminate the yield-per-recruit advantage of rotation. Area closures and rotational fishing can cause difficulties with the use of standard spatially averaged fishing mortality metrics and reference points. The concept of temporally averaged fishing mortality is introduced as one that is more appropriate for sedentary resources when fishing mortality varies in time and space.

Value chain analysis of the Egyptian aquaculture feed industry

The commercial aquaculture feed industry in Egypt is growing at a rapid rate. As a result, the number of fish feed mills has increased from just 5 mills producing about 20,000 t per year in 1999, to over 60 mills with a current production estimate of 800,000–1,000,000 t/year. The performance of the aquafeed industry in Egypt is not well understood, as the value chain structure has not yet been mapped. This study aims to assess the status of the fish feed sector in Egypt, with an emphasis on: mapping and understanding fish feed value chains, describing the main actors and stakeholders within the chain, assessing value chain performance, identifying major strengths and weakness of the sector, and suggesting appropriate actions, management and development strategies.

Population dynamics of the ribbon fish, Lepturacanthus savala (Cuvier 1829) from the north-eastern part of the Bay of Bengal

Population parameters of Lepturacanthus savala from the trawl catches in the north-eastern part of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh were investigated based on length frequency data, using complete ELEFAN computer program. The asymptotic length (Lα) and growth constant (K) were estimated to be 106.50 cm (total length) and 0.80/year respectively. Based on these growth parameters, the total mortality (Z) was estimated to be 1.89. The estimated values for natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) were 1.08 and 0.81 respectively. The estimated value for the exploitation rate (E) using the length converted catch curve was 0.43. The recruitment pattern showed two peaks per year. The estimated sizes of L. savala at 25, 50 and 75% probabilities of capture were 57.49, 60.39 and 63.28 cm respectively. The estimated length weight relationship for combined sex was W=0.00093 TL(super)2.97

A record production from an integrated farming system utilising sewage enriched water

The results of experiments conducted on a pond dyke (655m²) in the Wastewater Aquaculture Division of the Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Rahara, during 1992-93 for maximising production through optimum utilisation of resources are communicated. Round the year intensive cultivation of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), amaranth (Amaranthus gangeticus and A. viridus), water-bind weed (Ipomea aquatica), Indian spinach (Basella rubra), radish (Raphanus sativum), amaranth (Amaranthus viridis), cauliflower (Brassica oleracia var. votrytis), cabbage (Brassica oleracia var. capitota) and papaya (Carica papaya) was undertaken using the treated sewage water from fish ponds for irrigation. The pond dyke yielded 5,626.5 kg vegetable which worked out to 85.9 tons per ha per year. Multiple cropping with these vegetables excluding papaya on a 460 m² dyke recorded a production of 4,926.5 kg at the rate of 107.1t per ha/yr. An improved yearly net return of about 35% over investment could be achieved through the selection of highly productive and pest resistant vegetable crops of longer duration for integration into the system. Introduction of this type of integrated farming would enhance the overall productivity and returns from farming.

Sequence evolution of the CCR5 chemokine receptor gene in primates

The chemokine receptor CCR5 can serve as a coreceptor for M-tropic HIV-1 infection and both M-tropic and T-tropic SIV infection. We sequenced the entire CCR5 gene from 10 nonhuman primates: Pongo pygmaeus, Hylobates leucogenys, Trachypithecus francoisi, Trachypithecus phayrei, Pygathrix nemaeus, Rhinopithecus roxellanae, Rhinopithecus bieti, Rhinopithecus avunculus, Macaca assamensis, and Macaca arctoides. When compared with CCR5 sequences from humans and other primates, our results demonstrate that:(1) nucleotide and amino acid sequences of CCR5 among primates are highly homologous, with variations slightly concentrated on the amino and carboxyl termini; and (2) site Asp13, which is critical for CD4-independent binding of SIV gp120 to Macaca mulatta CCR5, was also present in all other nonhuman primates tested here, suggesting that those nonhuman primate CCR5s might also bind SIV gp120 without the presence of CD4. The topologies of CCR5 gene trees constructed here conflict with the putative opinion that the snub-nosed langurs compose a monophyletic group, suggesting that the CCR5 gene may not be a good genetic marker for low-level phylogenetic analysis. The evolutionary rate of CCR5 was calculated, and our results suggest a slowdown in primates after they diverged from rodents. The synonymous mutation rate of CCR5 in primates is constant, about 1.1 x 10(-9) synonymous mutations per site per year. Comparisons of K-a and K-s suggest that the CCR5 genes have undergone negative or purifying selection. K-a/K-s ratios from cercopithecines and colobines are significantly different, implying that selective pressures have played different roles in the two lineages.

Feeding habits and trophic levels of some demersal fish species in the Persian Gulf (Bushehr Province) using Ecopath model

A trophic study was carried out in February of 2012 to January 2013 on the ecosystem in the Persian Gulf, Bushehr provience. A total of 2,948 samples of stomach contents were analyzed based on the weight and number of food items and were identified about 40 preys. Crustacean and bony fish were as a main prey in most of the stomach contents . The mean average trophic level was estimated at 3.6 by Ecopath software. In this research, the mean level were studied between eight species varied from 3.47 to 4.61, Saurida tumbil occupy the highest and the Argyrops spinifer was the lowest level. The ranges of total mortality varied from 0.7 to 3.05 per years. The food consumption rate was estimated about 69.82 per year. The overlap index showed that the prey items such as fish, crustacean, bivalve and echinoderm were shared about 65, 15, 15 and 6 percent in all stomach of individual in respectively. Mixed trophic analysis indicates that benthos have a positive effect on most of the fish species. Most species have a negative impact on themselves, interpreted here as reflecting increased with in group competition for resources. This preliminary model can be helpful to determine the gaps in the present knowledge about demersal system of the Persian Gulf.

Population dynamics and stock assessment of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea

In order to come up with the responsible fishing pattern of common carp, there was a need to identify some of the biological characteristics and stock assessment of carp in Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea .The fork length ,weight ,age ,growth parameters of von bertalanffy and mortality rates of common carp were estimated from oct 2006 to sept 2007.Based on the exponential relationship between length and weight in the size range 6.3-65.6 cm ,b was calculated 2.895, 2.843 and 2.925 respectively for combined sexes ,males and females. The mean condition factor was 1.9 which is close to the ideal condition.The results from measuring 3170 specimens ,were showed the first fork length of maturity was 30 cm for males and 32 cm for females. The results indicated that females were predominate and sex ratio was 0.66:1 (M:F) and chi-squares analysis showeda significant difference between males and females.(p<0.05).Length infinity and growth coefficient were calculated by three different methods as below: Length frequency analysis : k=0.17 L∞ =68.04 Age-Length Key k=0.15 L∞ =74.25 Back calculation : k=0.14 L∞ =68.4 The mortality parameters and exploitation rate were estimated as below : Z=0.73 per year M=0.31 per year F=0.42 per year E=0.56 Refer to amount of common carp catch in 2007 -08 ,biomass was calculated 9640.2 tones by jone's cohort analysis and MSY 2374.5 tones.According to analysis ,the number of common carp in the distribution area (Iranian part of the Caspian Sea ) was estimated 24 millions in the 2006-07.

Kilka population dynamics in the south of the Caspian Sea

Populations of kilka in the Caspian Sea have important role in the food chain. This study was conducted to determine population parameters of three species of kilka in the south of the Caspian Sea, during 2006-2007. Mean length was 102.4±9.7 mm for common kilka, 117.8±6.9 mm for anchovy and 119.5±10.9 mm for bigeye. The relationship between length and weight indicated the negative allometric growth in the all three species. Mean age for common kilka, anchovy and bigeye were 3.6, 4.6 and 4.6 years, respectively. Sex ratio (M:F) were 0.52:1 for anchovy, 0.60:1 for common kilka and 1.60:1 for bigeye. The value of growth coefficient (K) was the highest (0.321) for the common kilka, (0.267) for the bigeye, and the lowest for the anchovy kilka (0.245). Total mortality estimated from the descending of the catch curve using the age structure, Z=1.280 yr-1 for common kilka, Z=1.067 yr-1 for anchovy, and Z=1.015 yr-1 for bigeye. Natural mortality (M) were estimated using Pauly formula as M=0.622, M=0.537 and M=0.503 per year for common kilka, bigeye and anchovy, respectively. Value of fishing mortality (F) were estimated from Z and M, as F=0.658 for common kilka, F=0.564 for anchovy and F=0.478 for bigeye. The exploitation rate (E) were estimated E=0.514 for common kilka, E=0.528 for anchovy and E= 0.471 for bigeye. The estimate of MCY (Maximum Constant Yield) was calculated using the more reliable time series of commercial catch data from 2001-2007, which resulted in an estimate of MCY for the kilka fishery of 14100 tonnes.