Le réengagement du Canada dans les Amériques : déficits démocratiques, intégration économique et insécurité

En 2007, le premier ministre Stephen Harper a annoncé que le renouvellement de l’engagement du Canada dans les Amériques était une priorité internationale pour son gouvernement. Le document qui a formalisé la nouvelle priorité accordée à l’hémisphère occidental stipule que le Canada s’est engagé à faire progresser concurremment la démocratie, l’intégration économique et la sécurité. Cette recherche a pour but de remettre en cause le discours officiel en analysant la politique du Canada à l’égard de la Colombie et du Honduras. L’étude sur le cas colombien porte sur les effets de l’intégration économique sur les droits humains et la sécurité. Elle montre que le texte de l’accord de libre-échange Canada-Colombie et les évaluations d’impact sur les droits humains n’abordent pas convenablement les risques entourant les investissements canadiens et que leurs lacunes diluent l’engagement d’Ottawa envers la protection des droits humains et la résolution du conflit. L’étude sur le cas hondurien porte sur l’impact des déficits démocratiques et de l’insécurité sur l’intégration économique. Elle montre que le virage à droite qui a suivi le coup d’État de 2009 a permis au gouvernement canadien d’entreprendre des négociations de libre-échange bilatérales et de prendre part à la réforme du code minier du Honduras, tandis que les déficits démocratiques et l’insécurité ont empêché la population hondurienne de participer d’une manière significative au processus d’intégration économique. Nous concluons que ces deux cas contredisent le discours officiel dans la mesure où l’objectif de l’intégration économique a été atteint aux dépens des autres objectifs.

«Pour l'amour de Dieu madame, n'annulez pas votre venue!» : la migration familiale au Nouveau Monde espagnol d’après les «Cartas privadas de emigrantes a Indias», 1540-1616

Le mouvement migratoire espagnol en Amérique à l'époque moderne peut être partagé en deux phases distinctes : La première est essentiellement masculine alors que la seconde intègre un nombre considérable de femmes et d'enfants. En analysant la correspondance privée provenant des Indes espagnoles entre 1540 et 1616, avec une attention particulière aux missives échangées entre les membres d'une même famille, l’objectif de ce mémoire est d’accéder au quotidien et à l'intimité des migrants et des migrantes et d’expliquer les origines et les modalités de la migration familiale dont l'apogée se situe entre 1560 et 1620. L'analyse dans la perspective du genre des « Cartas privadas de emigrantes a Indias » jette ainsi une lumière nouvelle sur les pratiques épistolaires familiales, les motifs des réunions des familles et sur l’agentivité des Espagnoles dans la construction de la société coloniale.

Habeas Corpus Reform in El Salvador

In this paper I compare the habeas corpus systems of El Salvador, the United States and Argentina. My purpose is to develop a general understanding of the procedure for bringing the writ in each country and analyze the substantive law governing the rights of habeas corpus petitioners in each country. I evaluate the systems against the backdrop of each country’s political and legal history with respect to the writ of habeas corpus. The ultimate aim of this paper is to reform the habeas corpus law of El Salvador by analyzing the Salvadoran system as compared to the Argentine and U.S. systems. I conclude that the Argentine habeas corpus system provides a better model for the Salvadoran system than does the U.S. system. I draw this conclusion because the two countries share common foundations for their legal systems, in addition to common histories of civil war, during which there were numerous disappearances and denial of habeas corpus rights. Moreover, Argentina’s habeas corpus law protects the liberty interest of the detained individual more so than U.S. habeas corpus law. This heightened protection of the right to liberty largely results from the country’s past history of forced disappearances and incommunicado detention. Because El Salvador witnessed similar problems in its past, the Argentine model provides a good model for Salvadoran reform.

Labor Provisions from NAFTA to CAFTA: Standards That Work, or a Work in Progress?

The emerging U.S. approach linking free trade to domestic labor protections is a practical framework on which to base substantive and procedural rights. Nevertheless, much more can be done in future agreements to improve these safeguards for workers in a way that will maximize the gains from trade and reduce the most harmful effects of development. In order to improve future agreements, the U.S. should expand access to consultations within the dispute resolution mechanism, focus complaints on core rights such as organization and bargaining, encourage the development of small independent unions in corporatist cultures, and incorporate the ILO into the dispute settlement process. Finally, the civil law systems of Central America and the Anglo-American common law system may have fundamentally different understandings of the rule of law. This difference in understanding may pose a significant disadvantage for developing or civil law systems entering treaties with the U.S., and should be better understood by both sides in order to maintain the credibility of the law and the effectiveness of the treaty.

Supporting Parallel Legal Systems as a Means of Improving Access to Justice in Guatemala

Parallel legal systems can and do exist within a single sovereign nation, and rural Guatemala offers one example. Such parallel systems are generally viewed as failures of legal penetration which compromise the rule of law. The question addressed in this paper is whether the de facto existence of parallel systems in Guatemala benefits the indigenous population, or whether the ultimate goal of attaining access to justice requires a complete overhaul of the official legal system. Ultimately, the author concludes that while the official justice system needs a lot of work in order to expand access to justice, especially for the rural poor, the existence of a parallel legal system can be a vehicle for, rather than a hindrance to, expanding such access.

Modern Judicial Reform in El Salvador and Brazil

A comparative assessment of the successes and failures of the judicial reform efforts of El Salvador and Brazil in the 1980’s produces striking results. The reforms varied greatly in scope and were conducted in very different socio-political and economic backgrounds. While El Salvador’s reforms seemed narrow and ill-planned, on paper it appeared that Brazil’s broad reforms would be a successful model for any country with a fledgling democracy. Brazil’s reforms were an exercise in constitutionalism, implementing genuine separation of powers and receiving legislative and executive support. I was very surprised that these different approaches produced strikingly similar negative effects on the people’s assessment of the judiciary. From this outcome I concluded that while judicial reform of a corrupt or inefficient judiciary is an important step in ensuring the rule of law in society, it can not be the vehicle through which democratic reform is implemented. Quite to the contrary, for successful judicial reform to take place there must be considerable penetration of the law in society through enforcement of unbiased legislation, consistency in the laws and their enforcement, and sufficient time for the reform to have an effect on society.

New Standards of Justice: Uncovering Motivations for Mexico’s Recent Judicial Reforms amid a Security Crisis

From the introduction: Mexico is in a state of siege. In recent years, organized crime and drug-related violence have escalated dramatically, taking innocent lives and leaving the country mired in bloodshed. The Mexican government, under the leadership of President Felipe Calderón, has responded in part by significantly extending the reach of its security operations, deploying thousands of federal police officers and military troops to combat the activities of drug cartels, and collaborating with the United States on an extensive regional security plan known as the Mérida Initiative. In the midst of the security crisis, however, the government has somewhat paradoxically adopted judicial reforms that protect human rights and civil liberties rather than erode them, specifically the presumption of innocence standard in criminal proceedings and the implementation of oral trials. Assuming that the new laws on the books will be applied in practice, these reforms represent an important commitment on the part of the government to uphold human rights and civil liberties. This is in stark contrast to the infamous judicial reforms in Colombia—the institutionalization of anonymous or “faceless” prosecutions in special courts—implemented after a surge in leftist and cartel brutality, and the murders of several prominent public and judicial officials in the 1980s.

Domestic policy responses to the food price crisis: The case of Bolivia

In face of the global food crisis of 2007-2008, severe concerns arose about how developing countries would be affected by the extreme short-term fluctuations in international commodity prices. We examine the effects of the crisis on Bolivia, one of the poorest countries of the Americas. We focus on the effectiveness of the domestic policy interventions in preventing spillovers of the development of international food prices to domestic markets. Using a cointegration model, we study price interdependencies of wheat flour, sunflower oil and poultry. The analysis suggests that the policy measures taken had little effect on food security during the food crisis. Throughout the entire period, perfect price transmission between the Bolivian poultry and sunflower oil markets and the respective international reference markets existed. Bolivian prices were determined by international prices and the policy interventions in the markets of these two commodities were not found to have had an effect. The government's large-scale wheat flour imports did not shield Bolivian consumers from the shocks of international prices.

Caimanes and the Water - Infinite Legal Struggles about a Finite Good

This report is intended to shed more light on the ongoing water struggle in Caimanes, a small urban area in the central northern area of Chile, neighbouring Latin America’s biggest tailings dam. Undoubtedly, the water in Caimanes is running out and the conflict between the opponents of the dam and its owner, a multinational copper enterprise, is getting more and more attention by the national and also international media. In the discussion a judgment of the Chilean Supreme Court from last October plays a central role, because it is said to have granted the people from Caimanes their right to water. After a short introduction with some details about Camaines and the tailings from the dam El Mauro, the key points of this judgment shall be outlined. The final part of the report is dedicated to various institutional problems of the Chilean resources law and policy that can become virulent for the water supply and the environmental well-being of many other urban areas in the industrialized north of Chile.

Avances de la integración económica en la Comunidad Andina de Naciones a nivel intrarregional, regional e interregional, a partir de la retirada de Venezuela en el año 2006.

El continente americano es la región del mundo que cuenta con el mayor número de sistemas de integración regional (ALENA, MERCOSUR, CAN, MCCA, CARICOM, G2), y es necesario admitir que estos procesos se han llevado a cabo más por la lógica económica que por la voluntad política de integración. En América del Sur los procesos más importantes de integración que se pueden encontrar son MERCOSUR y la CAN. Durante el año 2006 la Comunidad Andina va a experimentar una de sus mas grandes crisis institucionales con la retirada de Venezuela durante el ejercicio de la presidencia pro tempore de la organizacion. Esta coyuntura politico-economica va a establecer nuevos roles para los paises miembros. Colombia comenzará a jugar un papel relevante debido a sus capacidades como pais emergente, liderando procesos de integracion a diferentes niveles.

Análisis de iniciativas de memoria colectiva de víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia a través de expresiones artísticas musicales en Bogotá. Periodo 1991−2010

Dentro del conflicto armado en Colombia, algunas expresiones artísticas musicales se han convertido en mecanismos alternativos de construcción de memoria colectiva, al rescatar y hacer público memorias de individuos y hechos violentos que los relatos oficiales de poder pretenden olvidar.

Más allá de lo impuesto: análisis del rol de los funcionarios representantes de los estados de las Américas en la securitización del problema de las drogas y en la construcción del régimen hemisférico al respecto (1986-1996)

Esta monografía buscó describir y caracterizar la participación de los representantes de los Estados de las Américas en el proceso de securitización que dio origen al régimen contra las drogas en la región entre los años 1986 y 1996. Así mismo, buscó analizar la forma en que se articuló la participación de dichos actores, con las características de los Estados a los que representaron, y a su vez con las dinámicas de seguridad y relaciones de poder en el hemisferio.

Valores del capital humano y las competencias del líder que facilitan la implantación de la estrategia organizacional

La obtención de una ventaja competitiva, el desarrollo, el crecimiento, la perdurabilidad, entre otros, son los aspectos que buscan las organizaciones a través de las estrategias que se definen. Sin embargo, no es suficiente con diseñar las metas y los objetivos que se quieren alcanzar, es necesario aterrizar estos propósitos en planes de acción e involucrar a todos los miembros de la organización, lo cual se consigue a través de la implantación de la estrategia. En este sentido, la etapa de implantación de la estrategia en una organización, da curso al camino establecido en la etapa de formulación de la estrategia, por lo tanto, se relaciona directamente con su éxito o su fracaso. No obstante, este proceso no depende de algunos pocos miembros de la organización, de directivos o de funcionarios, sino que depende de la buena sincronización y armonía de todos aquellos que hacen parte de ella. La presente investigación a través de la revisión teórica y de evidencias empíricas, busca poner de manifiesto la incidencia de dos aspectos clave en la organización sobre la implantación de la estrategia, por un lado, los líderes, a partir de sus competencias interpersonales y por otro el capital humano, a partir de sus valores. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que tanto las competencias del líder como los valores del capital humano son determinantes para la adecuada implantación de la estrategia organizacional.