978 resultados para 336.3435
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1868/03/22 (Numéro 336).
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This doctoral thesis presents a study on the development of a liquid-cooled frame salient pole permanent-magnet-exited traction machine for a four-wheel-driven electric car. The emphasis of the thesis is put on a radial flux machine design in order to achieve a light-weight machine structure for traction applications. The design features combine electromagnetic and thermal design methods, because traction machine operation does not have a strict operating point. Arbitrary load cycles and the flexible supply require special attention in the design process. It is shown that accurate modelling of the machine magnetic state is essential for high-performance operation. The saturation effect related to the cross-saturation has to be taken carefully into account in order to achieve the desired operation. Two prototype machines have been designed and built for testing: one totally enclosed machine with a special magnet module pole arrangement and another through-ventilated machine with a more traditional embedded magnet structure. Both structures are built with magnetically salient structures in order to increase the torque production capability with the reluctance torque component. Both machine structures show potential for traction usage. However, the traditional embedded magnet design turns out to be mechanically the more secure one of these two machine options.
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OBJETIVOS: conhecer o consumo dietético de gestantes avaliando a ingestão de macronutrientes e micronutrientes, e verificar o ganho ponderal materno na gravidez. MÉTODOS: estudo retrospectivo do período de junho de 2002 a junho de 2008 com gestantes que receberam orientação nutricional durante pré-natal em hospital universitário, agrupadas de acordo com o estado nutricional antropométrico classificado pelo índice de massa corpórea (IMC) pré-gestacional. O consumo dietético foi analisado pelas informações de entrevista de frequência alimentar realizada na primeira avaliação da gestante no serviço de nutrição, para obter os dados do hábito alimentar, calculando-se a ingestão de macronutrientes e micronutrientes. As gestantes receberam aconselhamento nutricional, e foi analisado o ganho ponderal materno na gravidez. RESULTADOS: do total de 187 gestantes que receberam orientação nutricional, 23 (12,2%) eram de baixo peso, 84 (45,0%), eutróficas, 37 (19,8%) com sobrepeso, e 43 (23,0%), obesas. As gestantes de baixo peso apresentaram menor consumo de lípides quando comparadas ao grupo com eutrofia (101,4 versus 137,3 g; p=0,043). A média do consumo de ferro foi maior nas gestantes eutróficas (14,6 mg/d) quando comparadas às com sobrepeso (12,2 mg/d) ou obesidade (10,9 mg/d; p<0,001). A média da ingestão de folatos foi maior nas gestantes eutróficas quando comparadas às obesas (336,5 versus 234,5 µg/d; p=0,002). O ganho de peso excessivo, acima do recomendado, foi significativamente mais frequente (p=0,009) nas gestantes com sobrepeso (56,7%) e obesidade (39,5%) quando comparadas às com baixo peso (17,4%) e eutrofia (31,0%). CONCLUSÕES: o ganho ponderal materno acima do recomendado associou-se ao sobrepeso e à obesidade. O consumo dietético de gestantes difere conforme o estado nutricional antropométrico materno, com menor ingestão diária de ferro nas gestantes com sobrepeso e obesidade, e menor ingestão de folatos nas obesas, o que reforça a importância da suplementação vitamínica pré-natal.
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OBJETIVO: Comparar a frequência do resultado citopatológico de ASCUS em mulheres gestantes e não gestantes, estratificadas em grupos etários. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 1.336.180 resultados de exames citopatológicos realizados de forma oportunística, no período entre 2000 e 2009 (10 anos) com a finalidade de rastreamento do carcinoma do colo do útero. Foram feitas comparações entre gestantes e não gestantes, com estratificação das amostras em três grupos etários (20-24, 25-29 e 30-34 anos). Foi utilizado o teste do χ2 e a medida da magnitude da associação foi analisada por valores estimados de Odds Ratio (OR) com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). RESULTADOS: Ao total, 447.489 amostras foram excluídas com base nos critérios adotados, totalizando uma amostra final de 37.137 mulheres gestantes e 851.554 não gestantes. O resultado citopatológico de ASCUS foi detectado em 1,2% dos casos, havendo diferença significante entre gestantes e não gestantes nas faixas etárias entre 20-24 anos (OR=0,85; IC95% 0,75-0,97) e 25-29 anos (OR=0,78; IC95% 0,63-0,96). Não houve diferença no grupo entre 30-34 anos (OR=0,76; IC95% 0,57-1,03). CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo sugeriu que mulheres não gestantes apresentam maior prevalência de ASCUS, mais evidente no grupo etário de 20 a 29 anos. A coleta do exame citopatológico não deve ser um exame compulsório na rotina do pré-natal.
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Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar os aspectos clínicos e as características físico-químicas do leite em ovelhas com mastite induzida experimentalmente com Staphylococcus aureus. Foram utilizados dez animais da raça Santa Inês, com peso médio de 30 kg, fêmeas, primíparas recém-paridas, mantidos em apriscos e clinicamente sadios. Após se estabelecer os padrões de normalidade para as variáveis estudadas, os animais foram inoculados experimentalmente numa mama com uma cepa de S. aureus, empregando-se o inóculo de 1,0x10(4)ufc/ml, enquanto a outra serviu como controle. As observações clínicas e laboratoriais foram realizadas nos intervalos de 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132, 168, 180, 288 e 336 horas após a inoculação do agente etiológico (PI). Todos os animais apresentaram manifestações clínicas sistêmicas e nas glândulas inoculadas, observadas com mais intensidade a partir de 24 horas após a inoculação. Alterações significativas (P<0,05) na produção e nos componentes físico-químicos do leite em relação aos seus controles ocorreram, reduzindo o volume e gordura. O pH, o teor de cloretos e a CCS atingiram índices muito elevados (P<0,05), acompanhados da reação na prova do CMT. O exame bacteriológico revelou a presença do S. aureus durante a fase de infecção. Após a instituição do tratamento nas ovelhas às 36 h PI, um animal morreu 48h PI; nas demais ocorreu a recuperação clínica, no entanto não houve o restabelecimento fisiológico das mamas inoculadas, que perderam a sua funcionalidade.
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Kirjallisuusarvostelu
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1818/06/24 (Numéro 336).
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Wastes and side streams in the mining industry and different anthropogenic wastes often contain valuable metals in such concentrations their recovery may be economically viable. These raw materials are collectively called secondary raw materials. The recovery of metals from these materials is also environmentally favorable, since many of the metals, for example heavy metals, are hazardous to the environment. This has been noticed in legislative bodies, and strict regulations for handling both mining and anthropogenic wastes have been developed, mainly in the last decade. In the mining and metallurgy industry, important secondary raw materials include, for example, steelmaking dusts (recoverable metals e.g. Zn and Mo), zinc plant residues (Ag, Au, Ga, Ge, In) and waste slurry from Bayer process alumina production (Ga, REE, Ti, V). From anthropogenic wastes, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), among them LCD screens and fluorescent lamps, are clearly the most important from a metals recovery point of view. Metals that are commonly recovered from WEEE include, for example, Ag, Au, Cu, Pd and Pt. In LCD screens indium, and in fluorescent lamps, REEs, are possible target metals. Hydrometallurgical processing routes are highly suitable for the treatment of complex and/or low grade raw materials, as secondary raw materials often are. These solid or liquid raw materials often contain large amounts of base metals, for example. Thus, in order to recover valuable metals, with small concentrations, highly selective separation methods, such as hydrometallurgical routes, are needed. In addition, hydrometallurgical processes are also seen as more environmental friendly, and they have lower energy consumption, when compared to pyrometallurgical processes. In this thesis, solvent extraction and ion exchange are the most important hydrometallurgical separation methods studied. Solvent extraction is a mainstream unit operation in the metallurgical industry for all kinds of metals, but for ion exchange, practical applications are not as widespread. However, ion exchange is known to be particularly suitable for dilute feed solutions and complex separation tasks, which makes it a viable option, especially for processing secondary raw materials. Recovering valuable metals was studied with five different raw materials, which included liquid and solid side streams from metallurgical industries and WEEE. Recovery of high purity (99.7%) In, from LCD screens, was achieved by leaching with H2SO4, extracting In and Sn to D2EHPA, and selectively stripping In to HCl. In was also concentrated in the solvent extraction stage from 44 mg/L to 6.5 g/L. Ge was recovered as a side product from two different base metal process liquors with Nmethylglucamine functional chelating ion exchange resin (IRA-743). Based on equilibrium and dynamic modeling, a mechanism for this moderately complex adsorption process was suggested. Eu and Y were leached with high yields (91 and 83%) by 2 M H2SO4 from a fluorescent lamp precipitate of waste treatment plant. The waste also contained significant amounts of other REEs such as Gd and Tb, but these were not leached with common mineral acids in ambient conditions. Zn was selectively leached over Fe from steelmaking dusts with a controlled acidic leaching method, in which the pH did not go below, but was held close as possible to, 3. Mo was also present in the other studied dust, and was leached with pure water more effectively than with the acidic methods. Good yield and selectivity in the solvent extraction of Zn was achieved by D2EHPA. However, Fe needs to be eliminated in advance, either by the controlled leaching method or, for example, by precipitation. 100% Pure Mo/Cr product was achieved with quaternary ammonium salt (Aliquat 336) directly from the water leachate, without pH adjustment (pH 13.7). A Mo/Cr mixture was also obtained from H2SO4 leachates with hydroxyoxime LIX 84-I and trioctylamine (TOA), but the purities were 70% at most. However with Aliquat 336, again an over 99% pure mixture was obtained. High selectivity for Mo over Cr was not achieved with any of the studied reagents. Ag-NaCl solution was purified from divalent impurity metals by aminomethylphosphonium functional Lewatit TP-260 ion exchange resin. A novel preconditioning method, named controlled partial neutralization, with conjugate bases of weak organic acids, was used to control the pH in the column to avoid capacity losses or precipitations. Counter-current SMB was shown to be a better process configuration than either batch column operation or the cross-current operation conventionally used in the metallurgical industry. The raw materials used in this thesis were also evaluated from an economic point of view, and the precipitate from a waste fluorescent lamp treatment process was clearly shown to be the most promising.
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Volunteer canola (Brassica napus) and Sinapis arvensis are well identified weeds of different cropping systems. Quantitative information on regarding seed production by them is limited. Such information is necessary to model dynamics of soil seed banks. The aim of this work was to quantify seed production as a function of the size of those weeds. A wide range of plant size was produced by using a fan seeding system performed at two sowing dates (environments). Plant size varied from 3 to 167 g per plant for canola and from 6 to 104 g per plant for S. arvensis. Seed production ranged from 543 to14,773 seeds per plant for canola, and from 264 to 10,336 seeds per plant for S. arvensis. There was a close relationship between seed production per plant and plant size which was well-described by a power function (y = 130.6x0.94; R² = 0.93 for canola and y = 28x1.27; R² = 0.95 for S. arvensis). There was also strong relationships among the number of pods produced in individual plants and the quantity of seeds produced (g per plant) with the size of the plant. The relationships found in this study can be used in dynamic seed bank models of volunteer canola and S. arvensis.
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Para avaliar o efeito de doses de fluazifop-p-butil no desempenho do feijoeiro consorciado com braquiária, foi conduzido um experimento em Coimbra, MG, nas safras da seca de 2007 e das águas de 2007-2008. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial, envolvendo duas espécies de braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha e B. decumbens), seis doses de fluazifop-pbutil (0; 7,81; 15,62; 31,25; 62,50; e 125,00 g ha-1), mais o monocultivo de ambas as culturas. O feijoeiro foi plantado a 0,5 m entre linhas, com as sementes de braquiária sendo semeadas nas mesmas fileiras do feijão. Nos sistemas consorciados, além das doses de fluazifop-pbutil, utilizou-se fomesafen (125 g ha-1) e bentazon (336 g ha-1). Para o feijão solteiro foi utilizada uma mistura dos herbicidas fomesafen (125 g ha-1) e fluazifop-p-butil (100 g ha-1). Foram avaliados o estande final de plantas e o rendimento de grãos do feijoeiro com seus componentes primários. Os dados foram submetidos à analise de variância, sendo os efeitos das espécies de braquiária e das safras estudados pelo teste F, e os efeitos das doses de fluazifop-p-butil, por análise de regressão. Conclui-se que B. decumbens é mais competitiva com o feijão que B. hrizantha. Na safra da seca, a utilização de 7,81 g ha-1 de fluazifop-p-butil no consórcio com B. decumbens proporciona rendimento de grãos de feijão equivalente ao do monocultivo. O consórcio com B. brizantha dispensa o uso do herbicida. Na safra das águas, independentemente da espécie de braquiária, é necessária a aplicação de 31,25 g ha-1 de fluazifop-p-butil.
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The role of sympathetic nerve activity in the changes in arterial blood pressure and renal function caused by the chronic administration of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, was examined in sham and bilaterally renal denervated rats. Several studies have demonstrated that sympathetic nerve activity is elevated acutely after L-NAME administration. To evaluate the role of renal nerve activity in L-NAME-induced hypertension, we compared the blood pressure response in four groups (N = 10 each) of male Wistar-Hannover rats weighing 200 to 250 g: 1) sham-operated vehicle-treated, 2) sham-operated L-NAME-treated, 3) denervated vehicle-treated, and 4) denervated L-NAME-treated rats. After renal denervation or sham surgery, one control week was followed by three weeks of oral administration of L-NAME by gavage. Arterial pressure was measured weekly in conscious rats by a tail-cuff method and renal function tests were performed in individual metabolic cages 0, 7, 14 and 21 days after the beginning of L-NAME administration. L-NAME (60 mg kg-1 day-1) progressively increased arterial pressure from 108 ± 6.0 to 149 ± 12 mmHg (P<0.05) in the sham-operated group by the third week of treatment which was accompanied by a fall in creatinine clearance from 336 ± 18 to 222 ± 59 µl min-1 100 g body weight-1 (P<0.05) and a rise in fractional urinary sodium excretion from 0.2 ± 0.04 to 1.62 ± 0.35% (P<0.05) and in sodium post-proximal fractional excretion from 0.54 ± 0.09 to 4.7 ± 0.86% (P<0.05). The development of hypertension was significantly delayed and attenuated in denervated L-NAME-treated rats. This was accompanied by a striking additional increase in fractional renal sodium and potassium excretion from 0.2 ± 0.04 to 4.5 ± 1.6% and from 0.1 ± 0.015 to 1.21 ± 0.37%, respectively, and an enhanced post-proximal sodium excretion compared to the sham-operated group. These differences occurred despite an unchanged creatinine clearance and Na+ filtered load. These results suggest that bilateral renal denervation delayed and attenuated the L-NAME-induced hypertension by promoting an additional decrease in tubule sodium reabsorption in the post-proximal segments of nephrons. Much of the hypertension caused by chronic NO synthesis inhibition is thus dependent on renal nerve activity.