Numerical Studies of Dark Energy Models and Observations

The cosmological standard view is based on the assumptions of homogeneity, isotropy and general relativistic gravitational interaction. These alone are not sufficient for describing the current cosmological observations of accelerated expansion of space. Although general relativity is extremely accurately tested to describe the local gravitational phenomena, there is a strong demand for modifying either the energy content of the universe or the gravitational interaction itself to account for the accelerated expansion. By adding a non-luminous matter component and a constant energy component with negative pressure, the observations can be explained with general relativity. Gravitation, cosmological models and their observational phenomenology are discussed in this thesis. Several classes of dark energy models that are motivated by theories outside the standard formulation of physics were studied with emphasis on the observational interpretation. All the cosmological models that seek to explain the cosmological observations, must also conform to the local phenomena. This poses stringent conditions for the physically viable cosmological models. Predictions from a supergravity quintessence model was compared to Supernova 1a data and several metric gravity models were studied with local experimental results. Polytropic stellar configurations of solar, white dwarf and neutron stars were numerically studied with modified gravity models. The main interest was to study the spacetime around the stars. The results shed light on the viability of the studied cosmological models.

Profile of three Brazilian birth cohort studies in Ribeirão Preto, SP and São Luís, MA

We describe three birth cohort studies, respectively carried out in 1978/79 and 1994 in Ribeirão Preto, a city located in the most developed region of Brazil, and in 1997/98 in São Luís, a city located in a less developed region. The objective of the present report was to describe the methods used in these three studies, presenting their history, methodological design, objectives, developments, and difficulties faced along 28 years of research. The first Ribeirão Preto study, initially perinatal, later encompassed questions regarding the repercussions of intrauterine development on future growth and chronic adult diseases. The subjects were evaluated at birth (N = 6827), at school age (N = 2861), at the time of recruitment for military service (N = 2048), and at 23/25 years of age (N = 2063). The study of the second cohort, which started in 1994 (N = 2846), permitted comparison of aspects of perinatal health between the two groups in the same region, such as birth weight, mortality and health care use. In 1997/98, a new birth cohort study was started in São Luís (N = 2443), capital of the State of Maranhão. The 1994 Ribeirão Preto cohort and the São Luís cohort are in the second phase of joint follow-up. These studies permit comparative temporal analyses in the same place (Ribeirão Preto 1978/79 and 1994) and comparisons of two contrasting populations regarding cultural, economic and sociodemographic conditions (Ribeirão Preto and São Luís).

Social-business tensions and their management in social enterprise: evidence from Finland.

This thesis aims to provide insight into the social-business tensions the social enterprises face in their operation and how they manage them. The social-business tensions are examined from four theoretical perspectives using triangulation approach. The theoretical lenses chosen are organizational identity, stakeholder theory, paradox theory and institutional theory. The theories aim to clarify, how the tensions are formed, how they appear and how they are managed in social enterprises. One viewpoint of this thesis is to examine the competence of these theories in explaining the social-business tensions in practise. The qualitative data was collected by interviewing persons from the management of two social enterprises. The empirical evidence of this thesis suggests that the appearing of social-business tensions varies between the social enterprises and they can be seen both as an advantage and as a challenge. Most of the social-business tensions arise from the enterprise’s multiple incoherent objectives, their stakeholders’ various demands and the differing understanding of the company’s central operation among the members of the organization. According to this thesis, the theories of organizational identity, stakeholder, paradox and institution are all able to provide unique insight into the identification and management of the social-business tensions. However, the paradox theory turned out to be the most abstract of the theories and thus being the farthest from the practise.

Adolescent females' self-concept and physical education : a Q-sort analysis /

This research illuminates the relationship between female adolescents' self-concept and their experience of physical education. This was accomplished through three stages of interviews and a Qsort. The topics through which the research was categorized included peer support, teachers as significant others, meaningful connections to the body, and curriculum content. During stage one female physical education specialists, curriculum coordinators, and adolescents were interviewed to develop Q-items for the Q-sort. The second stage Involved two groups of females between the ages of 12 and 14 years who participated in the Q-sort. The final stage involved an insight group that consisted of four Q-sort participants who interpreted the highest ranking Q-items. Critical to this research was giving these adolescents the opportunity to voice what was important to them. The results of the research included descriptions of the elements in physical education that were deemed most important by female adolescent students. The topics of "peer support" and "meaningful connections to the body" were ranked the highest. By interpreting the rich insights of the discussion group, it was found that peers were most influential to these young girls. Perceiving and bestowing respect were imperative in this stage of their lives.

The only child grows up: exploring adult only-child educators /

The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of adult only-child educators. The researcher explored the extent to which the experiences of growing up in a one-child family influenced the participants' professional experiences. This was a qualitative study. A narrative case study approach was used, and data were collected from 4 participants through 1 -to- 1 interviews. The narratives were analyzed, and common themes were identified. The findings showed that many of the participants' only-child experiences have influenced their professional roles as educators. This was largely with respect to their interactions with students. These participants valued positive relationships founded on genuine care and concern for their students. The participants also fostered a positive educational environment that provided high levels of support for the social learning and character development of their students. There are several implications for educational practice resulting from this study. Educators and other school personnel must be critically aware of meeting the socialization needs of their students. Consideration must be given to developing schoolwide initiatives related to the social skills development and character education of students. In addition, preservice and inservice teacher education programs must ensure that educators are prepared to provide rich environments where relationships with students are central and social learning opportunities are prevalent.

Fast atom bombardment and electron impact mass spectrometry studies of some aryltin compounds and ferrocenes

Both El MS and FAB MS behavior of two groups of compounds, aryltin and ferrocene compounds, have been studied. For the aryltin compounds, the effect of substituent group position, substituent group type and ligand type on the El spectra have been explored in the El MS studies. The fragmentation mechanism has been investigated under El with linked scans, such as fragment ion scans(BJE), parent ion scans(B2JE) and constant neutral radical loss scans(B2(1-E)JE2). In the FAB MS studies, matrix optimization experiments have been carried out. The positive ion FAB MS studies focused on the effect of substituent group position, substituent group type and ligand type on the spectra. The fragmentation mechanisms of all the samples under positive ion FAB have been studied by means of the linked scans. The CA positive ion FAB fragmentation studies were also carried out for a typical sample. Negative ion FAB experiments of all the compounds have been done. And finally, the comparison of the El MS and FAB MS has been made. For ferrocenes, the studies concentrated on the fragmentation mechanism of each compound under El with linked scan techniques in the first field-free region and the applicability of positive/negative ion FAB MS to this group of compounds. The fragmentation mechanisms under positive ion FAB of those ferrocenes which can give positive ion FAB MS spectra were studied with the linked scan techniques. The CA +ve F AB fragmentation studies were carried out for a typical sample. Comparison of the E1 MS and FAB MS has been made.

Worldview awareness and adult education /

This research derived data from two sets of interviews with 18 participants who were involved in adult education in either a community college or a university. The purpose was to explore their worldview awareness. Through the interviews, the participants shared their understanding of worldview as a term and concept and as something that might be seen to apply in their practice of teaching. The responses indicated that there are three kinds of awareness (noetic, experiential, and integrative) which appeared to develop upon a landscape of constraints and opportunities. Constraints were seen to fall into the 5 broad categories of institutional, circumstantial, self-imposed, other-imposed, and discipline-related constraints. Opportunities for developing awareness were linked to individual experiences and could occur to different extents in many directions, on different occasions, and in different phases of life. Through this research, and in spite of the prevalence of worldview in the human experience, it was foimd that the term and concept have remained on the margins of educational discourse. Consequently, theory, research, and practice have been deprived of a useful and usable concept.

Predictors of shy children's coping with a social conflict : mediators and moderators

Shy children are at risk for later maladjustment due to ineffective coping with social conflicts through reliance on avoidance, rather than approach-focused, coping. The purpose of the present study was to explore whether the relation between shyness and children's coping was mediated by attributions and moderated by personality selftheories and gender. Participants included a classroom-based sample of 175 children (93 boys), aged 9-13 years (M = 10.11 years, SD = 0.92). Children completed self-report measures assessing shyness, attributions, personality self-theories and coping strategies. Results showed that negative attribution biases partially mediated the negative relations between shyness and social support seeking, as well as problem-solving, and the positive association between shyness and externalizing. Moreover, self-theories moderated the relation between shyness and internalizing coping at the trend level, such that the positive relation was exacerbated among entity-oriented children to a greater degree than incrementally-oriented children. In terms of gender differences, shyness was related to lower use of social support and problem-solving among incrementally-oriented boys and entity-oriented girls. Thus, shy children's perceptions of social conflicts as the outcome of an enduring trait (e.g., social incompetence) may partially explain why they do not act assertively and aggress as a means of social coping. Furthermore, entity-oriented beliefs may exacerbate shy children's reliance on internalizing actions, such as crying. Although an incrementally-oriented stance may enhance shy girls' reliance on approach strategies, it does not appear to serve the same protective role for shy boys. Therefore, copingoriented interventions may need to focus on restructuring shy children's social cognitions and implementing gender-specific programming for their personality biases.

Social competence following mild head injury and moderate traumatic brain injury: Investigating the neuropsychological relationships between arousal, social decision-making and depression

Client-directed long-term rehabilitative goals and life satisfaction following head injury emphasize the importance of social inclusion, rather than cognitive or physical, outcomes. However, very little research has explored the socio-emotional factors that pose as barriers to social reintegration following injury. This study investigates social barriers following head injury (i.e., decision-making - Iowa Gambling Task [IGT] and mood – depression) and possible amelioration of those challenges (through treatment) in both highly functioning university students with and without mild head injury (MHI) and in individuals with moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI). An arousal manipulation using emotionally evocative stimuli was introduced to manipulate the subject’s physiological arousal state. Seventy-five university students (37.6% reporting a MHI) and 11 patients with documented moderate TBI were recruited to participate in this quasi-experimental study. Those with head injury were found to be physiologically underaroused (on measures of electrodermal activation [EDA] and pulse) and were less sensitive to the negative effects of punishment (i.e., losses) in the gambling task than those without head injury, with greater impairment being observed for the moderate TBI group. The arousal manipulation, while effective, was not able to maintain a higher state of arousal in the injury groups across trials (i.e., their arousal state returned to pre-manipulation levels more quickly than their non-injured cohort), and, subsequently, a performance improvement was not observed on the IGT. Lastly, head injury was found to contribute to the relationship between IGT performance and depressive symptom acknowledgment and mood status in persons with head injury. This study indicates the possible important role of physiological arousal on socio- emotional behaviours (decision-making, mood) in persons with even mild, non-complicated head injuries and across the injury severity continuum.

Les TOD dans la région de Montréal : la demande et les barrières à l'offre

Le développement axé sur le transport en commun (transit-oriented development ou TOD) est un concept urbanistique souvent proposé comme solution aux problèmes associés à l’étalement urbain. La majorité des recherches sur ce concept sont descriptives ; rares sont les études qui examinent l’impact des projets de TOD sur les comportements en transport. Certains chercheurs proposent d’étudier les raisons qui expliquent la rareté de véritables TOD en Amérique du Nord. Cette approche s’appuie sur l’hypothèse que ce manque d’exemples est le résultat d’une faible demande, ou d’une multiplicité de barrières, quelles soient financière, réglementaire, politique, organisationnelle ou structurelle. Notre étude s’inscrit dans ce courant, afin d’examiner le développement de TOD dans la région métropolitaine de Montréal. L’étude empirique se concentre sur la perspective des promoteurs immobiliers quant à l’ampleur de la demande et des barrières à l’offre de TOD. La méthodologie de notre étude consiste en des entrevues avec les promoteurs immobiliers travaillant dans la banlieue montréalaise. Les résultats montrent que la demande est en croissance pour les produits ayant certaines caractéristiques de TOD, mais que la demande pour des TOD reste faible. Deux barrières principales ressortent de cette étude, soit le manque de terrains et l’offre insuffisante de service de transport en commun. On peut identifier d’autres obstacles majeurs dont le manque d’une définition commune du TOD et une structure de l’industrie de l’industrie mal adaptée à ces formes de développement. L’étude conclue que la réalisation de TOD dans le contexte montréalais requiert que les acteurs gouvernementaux assument un rôle plus proactif et visionnaire.

Réintroduire la multifonctionnalité des paysages en zone d’intensification agricole : contribution des approches intégrées en écologie du paysage

Depuis l’avènement de l’agriculture productiviste, les paysages des zones d’intensification agricole des pays industrialisés ont été marqués par la perte sévère de leur diversité et la dégradation de leurs fonctions environnementales, récréatives, esthétiques et sociales. Au moment où la qualité des paysages constitue un facteur clé du dynamisme des collectivités rurales, il devient urgent de développer des stratégies d’aménagement aptes à réintroduire le caractère multifonctionnel de ces paysages. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse propose un éclairage sur les enjeux d’aménagement de ces paysages sous l’angle des approches dialectiques en paysage issues de la Holistic Landscape Ecology. En développant un modèle conceptuel des trajectoires des paysages s’inscrivant dans les approches intégrées en paysage, elle établit une double lecture des dynamiques physico-spatiale et socioculturelle des paysages des zones d’intensification agricole afin d’en arriver à qualifier les écarts entre celles-ci. Pour y parvenir, elle prend appui sur une étude de cas d’un bassin versant agricole du sud du Québec. En puisant tantôt dans l’écologie du paysage, tantôt dans la sociologie du paysage, les résultats de cette thèse soulignent d’une part le poids des forces politiques et économiques dans le façonnement de ces paysages. Mais ils révèlent également le rôle des valorisations paysagères des agriculteurs dans la modulation de ces forces. Plus encore, l’étude des dynamiques socioculturelles révèle une diversité au sein des populations locales au plan des valorisations de ces paysages et des pratiques qui les façonnent qui vient renouveler l’image d’uniformité de ces territoires. Le maintien et l’accentuation de cette diversité apparaissent susceptibles de contribuer significativement à la réintroduction du caractère multifonctionnel des paysages au sein des zones d’intensification agricole. Des pistes concrètes pour l’aménagement concluent cette thèse.

Les effets du débat public dans la nouvelle ville de Montréal : regard sur le plan d'urbanisme et sa mise en oeuvre

Débat public, participation, délibération, autant de termes utilisés pour parler de normes et de dispositifs qui participeraient au nouvel « impératif délibératif » (Blondiaux et Sintomer 2002). Ce mémoire présente une analyse du débat public sur le plan d'urbanisme de Montréal avec un schéma d'analyse inspiré de celui de Simard et Fourniau (2007). Notre discussion du processus de débat porte non seulement sur la phase formelle des audiences publiques, mais aussi sur les étapes de concertation en amont et sur divers processus plus ou moins publicisés en aval. Ceci permet une réflexion d'ordre procédural plus riche qui considère la diversité des dispositifs dans une perspective de complémentarité. Pour chercher des effets du débat public sur le plan d'urbanisme, nous adoptons le parti de la congruence (Offner 1993), ce qui nous amène à une analyse de l'interaction entre des dynamiques contextuelles et des mobilisations des participants au débat. Certaines de ces congruences concordent avec des modifications au plan d'urbanisme. Notre étude propose aussi des implications du contexte particulier de la nouvelle ville de Montréal (avec la création des arrondissements) sur le contenu du débat public, sur certaines de ses manifestations procédurales ainsi que sur sa portée. Notre dernier chapitre montre que la dynamique du débat public en aval, dans la phase de mise en oeuvre du plan d'urbanisme, se déploie beaucoup plus dans les débats sur les grands projets que sur les mécanismes prévus à cette fin, qui comportent des embûches de par leur faible publicité et le caractère technique du processus réglementaire. Dans l'ensemble, notre étude met en lumière l'importance du contexte : autant le processus de débat que ses effets s'inscrivent dans des dynamiques contextuelles.

Influence des structures commerciales de types lifestyle centers sur la centralité de leurs régions périphériques : le cas du Quartier DIX30 à Brossard

Le commerce a connu à travers le temps de nombreuses évolutions, tant dans sa forme que dans son implantation, passant de grands magasins prestigieux dans le cœur des villes au début du XXe siècle à de grands centres commerciaux à la jonction d’autoroute dans les années 2000. Le lifestyle center est la forme commerciale la plus aboutie, concept américain existant depuis les années 80, il est apparu pour la première fois au Québec en 2006 à Brossard sur la Rive-Sud de Montréal. Ses caractéristiques hors du commun ; une surface de vente de près de 2 000 000 pi² faisant de lui un centre d’envergure supra régional, son agencement de boutiques en plein air regroupé autour d’une rue piétonne ainsi qu’un mix commercial extrêmement varié rompt avec les traditionnels centres commerciaux existants. Ainsi en s’implantant à Brossard le Quartier DIX30 est venu modifier profondément la structure commerciale de la Rive-Sud en s’imposant comme un contre poids de taille par rapport à la domination du pôle des Promenades Saint-Bruno. Cependant, le Quartier DIX30 ne va pas seulement modifier cette structure commerciale, mais plus globalement la centralité urbaine de la Rive-Sud en s’imposant comme un pôle central majeur. Le Quartier DIX30 grâce à sa mixité d’activité et son concept favorisant les interactions sociales est en train d’insuffler un mouvement de concentration d’activité commerciale et tertiaire. Ainsi aujourd’hui se développe au pourtour du Quartier DIX30 de nombreux locaux à bureaux. Cependant, cette nouvelle centralité créée par le Quartier DIX30 soulève des interrogations notamment vis-à-vis de la privatisation d’un espace s’imposant de plus en plus comme un des pôles principaux de croissance de la Rive-Sud. Ainsi, une question légitime se pose, ne sommes-nous pas en train d’assister à une privatisation d’un centre-ville en devenir ?

Tables de concertation et préservation du patrimoine, solution porteuse ou chimère ? : deux cas d’étude, le Vieux-Montréal et le mont Royal

La concertation est un phénomène récent, de plus en plus répandu. Elle s’applique à de nombreux domaines notamment en urbanisme et plus récemment à la protection du patrimoine. Elle semble être un outil approprié pour les autorités municipales afin de faire face aux conflits autour des projets d’aménagement particulièrement ceux liés à la protection du patrimoine. Notre questionnement porte sur l’apport de la concertation dans le domaine de la préservation du patrimoine et sur la pertinence des moyens mis en place pour atteindre un tel objectif. Les tables de concertation, en tant que processus de concertation, sont-elles appropriées pour la gestion des sites patrimoniaux ? À la lumière d’une discussion théorique sur le concept de la concertation en aménagement, nous faisons l’analyse comparative de deux Tables de concertation, celle du Vieux-Montréal et celle du Mont-Royal. Notre analyse porte sur l’évaluation du processus de concertation et sur la construction d’une vision globale pour le devenir des secteurs patrimoniaux concernés. L’objectif est de caractériser le processus de concertation utilisé à Montréal et d’en apprécier l’apport dans le domaine de la protection du patrimoine. L’analyse de nos deux cas d’étude révèle l’existence d’un processus de concertation propre à Montréal, avec ses caractéristiques spécifiques, mais qui reste à parfaire pour son optimisation. Notre recherche se conclut sur la nécessité d’améliorer le processus de concertation, tel qu’étudié, à travers un certain nombre de pistes à explorer.