Etymological notes on Aleut (III). With methodological notes on (Eskimo-Aleut) historical linguistics

[EN] The goal of this contribution is twofold: on the one hand, to review two relatively recent contributions in the field of Eskimo-Aleut historical linguistics in which it is proposed that Eskimo-Aleut languages are related genealogically to Wakashan (Holst 2004) and?/or Nostratic (Krougly-Enke 2008). These contributions can be characterized by saying that their authors have taken little care to be diligent and responsible in the application of the comparative method, and that their familiarity with the languages involved is insufficient. Eskimo-Aleut languages belong to a very exclusive group of language families that have been (and still are) used, sometimes compulsively, in the business of so-called “long-range comparisons”. Those carrying out such studies are very often unaware of the most basic facts regarding the philological and linguistic traditions of those languages, as a result of what mountains of very low quality works with almost no-relevancy for the specialist grow every year to the desperation of the scientific community, whose attitude toward them ranges from the most profound indifference to the toughest (and most explicit) critical tone. Since Basque also belongs to this group of “compare-with-everything-you-come- across” languages, it is my intention to provide the Basque readership with a sort of “pedagogical case” to show that little known languages, far from underrepresented in the field, already have a very long tradition in historical and comparative linguistics, i.e. nobody can approach them without previous acquaintance with the materials. Studies dealing with the methodological inappropriateness of the Moscow School’s Nostratic hypothesis or the incorrectness of many of the proposed new taxonomic Amerindian subfamilies (several of them involving the aforementioned Wakashan languages), that is to say, the frameworks on which Krougly-Enke and Holst work, respectively, are plenty (i.a. Campbell 1997: 260-329, Campbell & Poser 2008: 234-96), therefore there is no reason to insist once more on the very same point. This is the reason why I will not discuss per se Eskimo-Aleut–Wakashan or Eskimo-Aleut–Nostratic. On the contrary, I will focus attention upon very concrete aspects of Krougly-Enke and Holst´s proposals, i.e. when they work on “less ambitious” problems, for example, dealing with the minutiae of internal facts or analyzing certain words from the sole perspective of Eskimo-Aleut materials (in other words, those cases in which even they do not invoke the ad hoc help of Nostratic stuff). I will try to explain why some of their proposals are wrong, demonstrate where the problem lies, and fix it if possible. In doing so, I will propose new etymologies in an attempt at showing how we may proceed. The main difference between this and handbook examples lies in the reality of what we are doing: this is a pure etymological exercise from beginning to end. I will try to throw a bit of light on a couple of problematic questions regarding Aleut historical phonology, demonstrating how much work should be done at the lowest level of the Eskimo-Aleut pyramid; it is technically impossible to reach the peak of the pyramid without having completed the base. As far as Aleut is regarded, I will mainly profit not only from the use of the traditional philological analysis of Aleut (and, eventually, of Eskimo) materials, but also of diachronic typology, bringing into discussion what in my opinion seems useful, and in some cases I think decisive, parallels. It is worth noting that this paper makes up yet another part of a series of exploratory works dealing with etymological aspects of the reconstruction of Proto-Eskimo-Aleut, with special emphasis on Aleut (vid. i.a. Alonso de la Fuente 2006/2007, 2008a, 2008b, 2010a), whose main goal is to become the solid basis for an etymological dictionary of the Aleut language, currently in progress.

Age and growth of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) caught by the Hawaii-based pelagic longline fishery

We verified the age and growth of swordfish (Xiphias gla-dius) by comparing ages determined from annuli in fin ray sections with daily growth increments in otoliths. Growth of swordfish of exploitable sizes is described on the basis of annuli present in cross sections of the second ray of the first anal fins of 1292 specimens (60−260 cm eye-to-fork length, EFL) caught in the region of the Hawaii-based pelagic longline fishery. The position of the initial fin ray annulus of swordfish was verified for the first time with the use of scanning electron micrographs of presumed daily growth increments present in the otoliths of juveniles. Fish growth through age 7 was validated by marginal increment analysis. Faster growth of females was confirmed, and the standard von Bertalanffy growth model was identified as the most parsimonious for describing growth in length for fish greater than 60 cm EFL. The observed growth of three fish, a year-old in size when first caught and then recaptured from 364 to1490 days later, is consistent with modeled growth for fish of this size range. Our novel approach to verifying age and growth should increase confidence in conducting an age-structured stock assessment for swordfish in the North Pacific Ocean.

Programa Aqui tem Farmácia Popular: expansão entre 2006-2012 e comparação com os custos da assistência farmacêutica na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro

Em 2004 o governo federal anunciou um novo mecanismo para melhorar o acesso da população brasileira aos medicamentos, chamado de "Programa Farmácia Popular do Brasil" (PFPB) que disponibiliza um rol de produtos subsidiados pelo governo, utilizando ou não sistema de copagamento. O PFPB está dividido em três vertentes: (a) no setor público, chamada Rede Própria; (b) expansão em 2006, com o comércio farmacêutico denominado "Aqui Tem Farmácia Popular" (ATFP) e; (c) isenção de copagamento, em 2011, em todas as farmácias no âmbito do Programa, para anti-hipertensivos, antidiabéticos e antiasmáticos. Este estudo examinou o modelo de provisão de medicamentos na versão ATFP, comparando-o ao tradicionalmente praticado na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro (SMS-Rio), com vistas a avaliar seus custos para os setores públicos envolvidos. Foram levantados os gastos do Ministério da Saúde (MS) com pagamentos no Programa ATFP em fontes secundárias, como o Fundo Nacional de Saúde e a Sala de Apoio à Gestão Estratégica, de 2006 a 2012. Dados sobre o volume de pagamentos por medicamentos, perfil dos usuários atendidos e unidades farmacotécnicas (UF) dispensadas foram mapeados por contato direto com o Sistema Eletrônico do Serviço de Informações ao Cidadão. Estimativas dos custos da SMS-Rio, com aquisição, logística e dispensação de 25 medicamentos, restritas ao ano de 2012, foram realizadas. No período ocorreu forte expansão do Programa ATFP, tanto de unidades credenciadas, como de municípios cobertos, de 750% e 528%, respectivamente. Gastos federais com medicamentos no ATFP foram de aproximadamente R$ 3,4 bilhões, em valores ajustados para 31/12/2012. Houve inversão do fluxo dos pagamentos para entidades com matriz fora das capitais, representando aumento da capilaridade do Programa, e relativa concentração de pagamentos em grandes redes varejistas. No município do Rio de Janeiro, estes gastos foram superiores a R$ 260 milhões e, desde 2008, são maiores que as transferências do MS para aquisição de medicamentos básicos. Custos comparativos entre o menor Valor de Referência (VR) do Programa ATFP, e o custo estimado por UF na SMS-Rio dos medicamentos mostrou-se, na média geral, quase 255% vezes maior que o custo municipal. A comparação de custo foi mais favorável à SMS-Rio em 20 dos 25 itens comuns. Simulação considerando a demanda de cada medicamento consumido pela SMS-Rio em 2012 mostrou que, se a municipalidade os adquirisse pelo menor VR, incorreria em mais de R$ 95 milhões no custo global para os mesmos 25 produtos. O programa ministerial representou melhoria no acesso a medicamentos, mas os gastos expressivos repercutem em sua interface com o sistema descentralizado de financiamento da assistência farmacêutica. Alguns dos VR poderiam ser objetos de exame e avaliação, frente aos custos sistematicamente mais favoráveis nos valores levantados para a SMS-Rio.