Influência do estado nutricional materno em vitamina A sobre os níveis de imunoglobulina A no colostro humano

Mothers with good vitamin A nutritional status during gestation and lactation are better able to nourish and protect their infant with maternal milk. Our hypothesis is that women with more serum retinol have more retinol and secretory immunoglobulin A in colostrum. 190 healthy puerperal women from a Brazilian public maternity were recruited and divided according to the cutoff point for serum retinol (30 μg/dL). A number of the women was supplemented with 200000 UI (60 mg) of retinyl palmitate in the immediate postpartum. Serum and colostrum were collected on the 1st day postpartum and colostrum again on the following day. Retinol (serum and colostrum) was analyzed by HPLC and SIgA (colostrum) by turbidimetry. The mothers presented with adequate biochemical indicators of nutritional status, according to serum retinol (44.6 μg/dL). There were significant differences (p= 0.0017 and p= 0.043, respectively) in retinol and SIgA levels in the colostrum of mothers with serum retinol > 30 μg/dL and < 30 μg/dL. The concentration of SIgA in the colostrum of non-supplemented mothers on the 1st day postpartum was 822.6 mg/dL, decreasing after 24 hours to 343.7 mg/dL. Supplemented mothers showed levels of SIgA in colostrum of 498.9 mg/dL on the 2nd day postpartum (p= 0.00006). The colostrum of women with good vitamin A nutritional status had more retinol and SIgA. Additionally, maternal supplementation increases the levels of SIgA in colostrum. The higher levels of SIgA on the 1st day postpartum showed the importance of early breastfeeding, given that it provides considerable immunological benefits to newborn infants

Anticipatory Accounts

C. Wright Mills called for a truly sociological analysis of actors’ “motive talk,” which decouples the commonsense link between the reasons actors give for their actions and their mental state prior to those actions. Subsequent theoretical and empirical work has focused almost entirely on actors’ retrospective accounting for untoward conduct that has already taken place. The other aspect of Mills’s program, the reasons actors give for potentially untoward future conduct and in particular the empirical investigation of the link between the availability of an acceptable vocabulary of motives for anticipated conduct and the eventual enactment of that conduct, has been largely ignored. This article seeks to rehabilitate these lost dimensions using data from a longitudinal study of mothers’ infant feeding choices and practices. It examines how mothers account, in advance, for the possibility that they may eventually feed their babies in ways they consider suboptimal. Thirty of the thirty-six women interviewed indicated that they intended to breastfeed, emphasizing the benefits of this practice to their babies. However, seventeen of these women also anticipated that they might abandon breastfeeding and presented elaborate accounts of the motives that could lead them to do so. The findings support Mills’s claim that the availability of an acceptable vocabulary of motives for untoward conduct increases the probability that one will engage in such conduct. Mothers who had offered elaborate anticipatory accounts for abandoning breastfeeding were much more likely to do so than those who did not offer such accounts.

Factors associated with obesity in Brazilian children enrolled in the School Health Program: a case-control study

Case-control studies evaluating the factors associated with childhood obesity are scarce in Brazil. We aimed to analyze the factors associated with obesity in Brazilian schoolchildren enrolled in the School Health Program.A case-control study was conducted on 80 schoolchildren aged 7 to 9 years, 40 of them obese and 40 of normal weight according to the cut-off points established by the World Health Organization (2007). Weight, height and waist circumference were obtained. Socioeconomic, demographic, health, eating behavior and lifestyle data were collected by applying a questionnaire to the person responsible and by determining his/her nutritional status. A binary unconditional logistic regression model (univariate and multivariate) was used for data analysis. The prevalence of obesity was 7.21%. The final model showed that duration of breast-feeding ≥6 months of age (OR 5.3; 95% CI: 1.3-22.1), excess weight of the person responsible (OR 7.1; 95% CI: 1.2-40.2), a sedentary level of physical activity (OR 4.1; 95% CI: 1.115.5), and fast chewing (OR 7.4; 95% CI: 2.1-26.9) were significantly associated with childhood obesity. The factors associated with obesity in schoolchildren were duration of breast-feeding ≥6 months, persons responsible with excess weight, and sedentary children who chew fast. The present study contributes information to be used for the health actions planned by the School Health Program.

Early consumption of liquids different to breast milk in Mexican infants under 1 year: results of the probabilistic National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012

Introduction: Studies on infant dietary intake do not generally focus on the types of liquids consumed. Objective: To document by age and breastfeeding status, the types of liquids present in the diet of Mexican children under 1 year of age (< 1 y) who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012 (ENSANUT-2012). Methods: Analysis of the infant < 1 y feeding practices from the ENSANUT-2012 survey in non-breastfed (non-BF) and breastfed (BF) infants by status quo for the consumption of liquids grouped in: water, formula, fortified LICONSA milk, nutritive liquids (NL; thin cereal-based gruel with water or milk and coffee with milk) and non-nutritive liquids (non-NL) as sugared water, water-based drinks, tea, beans or chicken broth, aguamiel and coffee. In this infants < 1 y we analyzed the not grouped consumption of liquids in the first three days of life (newborns) from the mother's recall. Percentage and confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated adjusting for survey design. Statistical differences were analyzed by Z test. Results: We observed a high consumption of human milk followed by formula (56.7%) and water (51.1%) in infants under 6 months of age (< 6 mo). The proportion of non-BF infants consuming non-NL was higher than for BF infants (p < 0.05). More than 60% of older infants (6 mo and < 1 y) consumed formula and were non-BF. In newborns formula consumption was predominant, followed by tea or infusion and water. Conclusions: Non-breast milk liquids are present undesirably in Mexican infants' diet and non-NL are consumed earlier than NL, revealing inadequate early dietary practices.

Prevalencia de destete precoz y factores asociados en niños y niñas de 0 a 2 años. Centro de Salud 1. Cuenca-Ecuador 2015

ANTECEDENTES: Destete precoz se refiere al retiro de lactancia materna exclusiva antes de los seis meses. Se considera un problema de salud pública; causado por varios factores, llevando a elevada morbilidad y mortalidad de lactantes. Según OMS en 2014 el 38% de lactantes de cero a seis meses se alimentan exclusivamente con leche materna. OBJETIVO GENERAL: Determinar prevalencia del destete precoz y factores asociados en niños y niñas de 0 a 2 años que asisten al Centro de Salud Nº 1 de la ciudad de Cuenca, en el 2015. METODOLOGIA: Se realizó mediante estudio de tipo transversal. Universo utilizado fue 8060 niños/niñas de cero a dos años, muestra de 346 niños/niñas, elegidos mediante muestreo subjetivo por decisión razonada. Datos obtenidos se presentaron en tablas, se buscó asociación estadística utilizando CHI2 con nivel de confianza de 95%, valor de p (0.05). RESULTADOS: De 346 niños y niñas de cero a dos años encuestadas en Centro de Salud N°1 existe prevalencia de destete precoz del 14.5% encontrándose en 70% de cero a dos meses. Predominio del destete precoz en niños/niñas y factores asociados fueron: cuyas madres son mayores de 30 años (18%), residentes en zona urbana (15%), que se dedican a estudiar (16%), con un nivel de instrucción superior ( 18%) y solteras ( 18%). CONCLUSIONES: en esta investigación el destete precoz se encuentra con una prevalencia del 14.5% siendo el motivo principal hipogalactia (44%). Sin embargo no se encontraron valores estadísticamente significativos con los factores asociados descritos en esta investigación

Correlación del estado socioeconómico con los conocimientos de lactancia materna en embarazadas que acuden a los subcentros de salud de Totoracocha, el Paraíso y Pumapungo, Cuenca 2015

Introducción: la lactancia materna ayuda al desarrollo del niño, además brinda beneficios a la madre, familia, sociedad; siendo su desconocimiento un problema de salud pública. Objetivo: determinar la correlación entre el conocimiento de la lactancia materna y el estado socioeconómico de las gestantes que acuden a los subcentros de salud Totoracocha, El Paraíso y Pumapungo, Cuenca 2015. Metodología: se realizó una encuesta a 170 gestantes, recogiendo datos referentes al estado económico y una evaluación del conocimiento en el tema; para el análisis de los datos se trabajó con el programa estadístico SPSS 15, utilizando los estadísticos de prueba respectivos. Resultados: la edad media fue de 25.3 años, de las cuales el 41,8% son casadas, la mayor parte de madres tienen embarazos previos, el 54,7% de las madres son amas de casa, la gran parte poseen un nivel socioeconómico medio bajo (44,7%); el 90% tuvo conocimientos insuficientes, y no existió correlación entre el conocimiento en lactancia materna y el nivel socioeconómico. El nivel de conocimiento de lactancia materna en las primigestas y adolecentes es menor que las multigestas y grupos de edad mayor respectivamente. Conclusiones: de entre las madres que acuden a los centros de salud de Totoracocha, El Paraiso y Pumapungo el estatus social de la madre gestante no mide su nivel de conocimiento en lactancia materna, así las líneas de acción deberían regirse a proporcionar información suficiente y de calidad a toda la población sin distinción de condiciones

How to Increase Milk Supply

This sheet printed in English and Spanish gives tips on increasing milk supply during breastfeeding. It includes a daily log.

Plugged ducts

This sheet printed in both English and Spanish discusses plugged or clogged ducts during breastfeeding, their prevention and treatment.

Establishment and development of infant gut microbiota

The nascent gut microbiota at birth is established in concert with numerous developmental parameters. Here, in the INFAMTET study, we chronicled the impact of some factors which are key determinants of the infant gut microbiota, namely; mode of birth, gestational age, and type of feeding. We determined that the aggregated microbiota profile of naturally delivered, initially breastfed infants are relatively stable from one week to six months of age and are not significantly altered by increased duration of breastfeeding. Contrastingly, there is significant development of the microbiota profile of C-section delivered infants, and this development is significantly influenced by breastfeeding duration. Preterm infants, born by either mode of birth, initially have a high proportion of Proteobacteria, and demonstrate significant development of the gut microbiota from week 1 to later time-points. The microbiota is still slightly, but significantly, affected by birth mode at one year of age although no specific genera were found to be significantly altered in relative abundance. By two years of age, there is no effect of either birth mode or gestational age. However this does not preclude the possibility that symptoms developed later in life, which are associated with preterm or C-section birth, are as a result of the early perturbation of the neonatal gut microbiota. It is likely that the combination of relatively low exposure (breast fed), high exposure (formula fed) or delayed exposure (C-section and preterm) to specific antigens and the resulting inflammatory responses, in this crucial window of host-microbiota interaction, influence systemic health of the individual throughout life.

Sjuksköterskans betydelse för viktnedgång hos överviktiga patienter : En litteraturstudie

         Övervikt klassas som en pandemi sedan 2012, och följderna av övervikt är skadliga för hälsan. Patienter söker ofta vården då hälsan börjar svikta till följd av övervikt. Syfte med denna studie var att belysa hur sjuksköterskan i sin yrkesroll och med sin omvårdnadskunskap kan påverka patienter till en livsstilsförändring, vilket en viktnedgång innebär. En litteraturstudie har gjorts, av 10 artiklar som valdes ut från artikelsökningar i CINAHL, PubMed samt PsykInfo. Manuella sökningar har gjorts. Kvalitetsgranskning med granskningsmallar av Polit och Beck (2012) är gjord av artiklar vilka ingår i studien. Resultatet visar att sjuksköterskan har en stor betydelse i patientens viktnedgång. Att stötta patienten till en ökad motivation leder till resultat i form av viktnedgång. Slutsatsen visaratt med utbildning i Motiverande samtal och kunskap om övervikt och dess följdsjukdomar, kan sjuksköterskan göra ett mycket bra och viktigt arbete, som leder till livsstilsförändring och en bestående viktnedgång hos den överviktige patienten.            

Ingestão proteica na infância e risco de obesidade

Trabalho Complementar apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de licenciada em Ciências da Nutrição

2016 West Nile Virus Cases

Most people get infected with West Nile virus by the bite of an infected mosquito. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds. Infected mosquitoes can then spread the virus to humans and other animals. In a very small number of cases, West Nile virus has been spread through blood transfusions, organ transplants, and from mother to baby during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. Recovery from severe disease may take several weeks or months. Some of the neurologic effects may be permanent. About 10 percent of people who develop neurologic infection due to West Nile virus will die.

Déterminants biologiques et maternels des problèmes de comportement chez l’enfant inuit d’âge scolaire

Méthodologie: Corrélations de Pearson, Matrice de Raven

Relação precoce mãe-filho. Revisão dos indicadores pós-parto do projeto Maternidade com Qualidade no CHBM-EPE

O aleitamento materno exclusivo é uma recomendação universal e o contacto pele-a-pele mãe/recém-nascido é fator de desenvolvimento para a díade. O trabalho académico desenvolvido centra-se nos indicadores de medida e evidência - amamentação na 1ª hora de vida & contacto pele a pele entre a díade. Tal enraíza-se no projeto Maternidade com Qualidade, da Ordem dos Enfermeiros Portugueses e em curso no Centro Hospitalar Barreiro-Montijo EPE. O projeto iniciou-se em setembro de 2015, seguindo-se os procedimentos que se relatam no atual documento. No diagnóstico de situação recolheu-se o estado dos indicadores. A vertente de investigação considerou como amostras profissionais e utentes do Centro Hospitalar Barreiro-Montijo e recolheu dados. A intervenção realizada produziu evolução positiva nos indicadores. O bonding em período sensível é reconhecido pelos profissionais como um elemento relevante nos cuidados. Com a implementação deste projeto contribuiu-se para a melhoria da qualidade dos cuidados na área de saúde materna; Mother-Child early relationship. Evaluating postpartum indicators from the Project Maternity with Quality at CHBM-EPE ABSTRACT: Exclusive breastfeeding is a universal recommendation and skin-to-skin mother / newborn is a development factor for the dyad. The academic work focuses on the measurement indicators and evidence - breastfeeding within the 1st hour of life & skin-to-skin between the dyad. This is rooted in the Maternity design with quality, of the Portuguese Nurses and ongoing in-Hospital Center Barreiro Montijo EPE. The project began in September 2015, following the procedures that are reported in the current document. In the situation analysis was collected status indicators. The research strand considers sample practitioners and users Barreiro-Montijo Hospital Center and collects data. The intervention performed produced positive results for these indicators. The bonding in the sensitive period is recognized by professionals as an important element in the care. With the implementation of this project contributed to improving the quality of care in maternal health.

Empoderamento da puérpera para o sucesso no aleitamento materno

São muitas as vantagens do aleitamento materno para a mãe e recém-nascido, havendo consenso de que a sua prática exclusiva deve ser até aos seis meses de vida. A intervenção teve como objetivo empoderar a puérpera para o sucesso no aleitamento materno. Foram aplicados três questionários a duas populações-alvo: um aos enfermeiros do Serviço de Obstetrícia do Centro Hospitalar Barreiro-Montijo, Entidade Pública Empresarial e outros dois às puérperas, que permitiram a recolha de informações sobre os conhecimentos dos enfermeiros acerca das práticas no aleitamento materno e da perceção das puérperas, quanto aos cuidados recebidos durante o internamento. Os resultados apontaram para a necessidade de formação dos enfermeiros sobre o aleitamento materno e a necessidade de empoderamento/acompanhamento no pós-parto. Desenvolveram-se atividades formativas e educacionais, quer para os profissionais, quer para as puérperas. A intervenção profissional revelou-se benéfica para a melhoria contínua dos cuidados de enfermagem na promoção do aleitamento materno exclusivo; EMPOWERMENT OF POSTPARTUM WOMEN FOR SUCCESSFUL BREASTFEEDING ABSTRACT: Breastfeeding presents several advantages to the mother and child, being generally agreed that its practice should be exclusive until six months of age. The goal of this intervention was to empower the puerpera towards breastfeeding success. Three questionnaires were applied to two populations: one to the nurses from the Obstetric Department of the Centro Hospitalar Barreiro-Montijo, Entidade Pública Empresarial and other two to puerperas, which allowed collection of information on the nurses’ knowledge about breastfeeding practices and the puerperas’ perception on received care during hospitalization. The results demonstrated the nurses’ need of training on breastfeeding and the need of empowerment/follow-up during the post-partum period. Educational and training activities, directed to professionals and puerperas, were developed. The professional intervention demonstrated benefits to the improvement of the nursing care in the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding.