Intrapulmonary 3He gas distribution depending on bolus size and temporal bolus placement

OBJECTIVE: Dynamic ventilation (3)He-MRI is a new method to assess pulmonary gas inflow. As differing airway diameters throughout the ventilatory cycle can influence gas inflow this study intends to investigate the influence of volume and timing of a He gas bolus with respect to the beginning of the tidal volume on inspiratory gas distribution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An ultrafast 2-dimensional spoiled gradient echo sequence (temporal resolution 100 milliseconds) was used for dynamic ventilation (3)He-MRI of 11 anesthetized and mechanically ventilated pigs. The applied (3)He gas bolus was varied in volume between 100 and 200 mL. A 150-mL bolus was varied in its application time after the beginning of the tidal volume between 0 and 1200 milliseconds. Signal kinetics were evaluated using an in-house developed software after definition of parameters for the quantitative description of (3)He gas inflow. RESULTS: The signal rise time (time interval between signal in the parenchyma reaches 10% and 90% of its maximum) was prolonged with increasing bolus volume. The parameter was shortened with increasing delay of (3)He application after the beginning of the tidal volume. Timing variation as well as volume variation showed no clear interrelation to the signal delay time 10 (time interval between signal in the trachea reaches 50% of its maximum and signal in the parenchyma reaches 10% of its maximum). CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic ventilation (3)He-MRI is able to detect differences in bolus geometry performed by volume variation. Pulmonary gas inflow as investigated by dynamic ventilation (3)He-MRI tends to be accelerated by an increasing application delay of a (3)He gas bolus after the beginning of the tidal volume.

Diel variation in a dynamic sexual display and its association with female mate-searching behaviour

Dynamic sexual signals often show a diel rhythm and may vary substantially with time of day. Diel and short-term fluctuations in such sexual signals pose a puzzle for condition capture models of mate choice, which assume a female preference for male traits that reliably reflect a male's quality. Here we experimentally manipulated the food supply of individual male field crickets Gryllus campestris in their natural habitat in two consecutive seasons to determine (i) the effect of male nutritional condition on the fine-scaled variation of diel investment in acoustic signalling and (ii) the temporal association between the diel variation in male signalling and female mate-searching behaviour. Overall food-supplemented males signalled more often, but the effect was only visible during the daytime. In the evening and the night, signal output was still high but the time spent signalling was unrelated to a male's nutritional condition. Females' mate-searching behaviour also showed a diel rhythm with peak activity during the afternoon, when differences among calling males were highest, and where signal output reliably reflects male quality. These findings suggest that males differing in nutritional condition may optimize their investment in signalling in relation to time of day as to maximize mating success.

Regional variation in orthopedic surgery in Switzerland

The study systematically describes the frequency and geographic variability of major surgical interventions for musculoskeletal disorders in Switzerland. Age- and sex-standardized rates for joint replacements, arthroscopies, spine surgery and hip fracture repair were calculated for hospital service regions. Various statistical analyses were used to measure the extent of variation. The authors argue that the surgery of hip fractures can be used as index surgery in the context of analyzing variations in orthopedic surgery. Temporal trends imply that patient demand and supply factors related to clinical ambiguity and non-medical incentives of providers are far more important components leading to increased use than the sole effect of an aging population.

The construal of constructions: causal and temporal interpretations in change constructions

In this paper I first discuss some non-causal change constructions which have largely gone unnoticed in the literature, such as The butler bowed the guests in (which is said to code mild causation) and The supporters booed Newcastle off at the interval (which only codes temporal coextension between its two constitutive subevents). Since the same structure (i.e. the transitive object-oriented change construction) can be used to code a wide spectrum of causal and temporal relations, the question arises of what cognitive mechanisms may be involved in such meaning shifts. I argue that variation can be motivated on the basis of the figure/ground segregation which the conceptualiser can impose upon the integrated scene coded by the change construction. The integrated scene depicts a force-dynamic scenario but also evokes a unique temporal setting (i.e. temporal overlap or coextension between the constitutive subevents). Such a “bias” towards temporal overlap can be used by the conceptualiser to background causation and highlight temporal overlap interpretations. It is also shown that figure/ground segregation can be appealed to to account for the causal interpretation of intransitive change constructions, e.g. The kettle boiled dry. If the conceptual distance between the verbal event and the non-verbal event is (relatively) great, causality can be highlighted even in intransitive patterns.

Interannual variation in land-use intensity enhances grassland multidiversity

Although temporal heterogeneity is a well-accepted driver of biodiversity, effects of interannual variation in land-use intensity (LUI) have not been addressed yet. Additionally, responses to land use can differ greatly among different organisms; therefore, overall effects of land-use on total local biodiversity are hardly known. To test for effects of LUI (quantified as the combined intensity of fertilization, grazing, and mowing) and interannual variation in LUI (SD in LUI across time), we introduce a unique measure of whole-ecosystem biodiversity, multidiversity. This synthesizes individual diversity measures across up to 49 taxonomic groups of plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria from 150 grasslands. Multidiversity declined with increasing LUI among grasslands, particularly for rarer species and aboveground organisms, whereas common species and belowground groups were less sensitive. However, a high level of interannual variation in LUI increased overall multidiversity at low LUI and was even more beneficial for rarer species because it slowed the rate at which the multidiversity of rare species declined with increasing LUI. In more intensively managed grasslands, the diversity of rarer species was, on average, 18% of the maximum diversity across all grasslands when LUI was static over time but increased to 31% of the maximum when LUI changed maximally over time. In addition to decreasing overall LUI, we suggest varying LUI across years as a complementary strategy to promote biodiversity conservation.

Impact of above- and below-ground invertebrates on temporal and spatial stability of grassland of different diversity

1. Recent theoretical studies suggest that the stability of ecosystem processes is not governed by diversity per se, but by multitrophic interactions in complex communities. However, experimental evidence supporting this assumption is scarce.2. We investigated the impact of plant diversity and the presence of above- and below-ground invertebrates on the stability of plant community productivity in space and time, as well as the interrelationship between both stability measures in experimental grassland communities.3. We sampled above-ground plant biomass on subplots with manipulated above- and below-ground invertebrate densities of a grassland biodiversity experiment (Jena Experiment) 1, 4 and 6 years after the establishment of the treatments to investigate temporal stability. Moreover, we harvested spatial replicates at the last sampling date to explore spatial stability.4. The coefficient of variation of spatial and temporal replicates served as a proxy for ecosystem stability. Both spatial and temporal stability increased to a similar extent with plant diversity. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between spatial and temporal stability, and elevated plant density might be a crucial factor governing the stability of diverse plant communities.5. Above-ground insects generally increased temporal stability, whereas impacts of both earthworms and above-ground insects depended on plant species richness and the presence of grasses. These results suggest that inconsistent results of previous studies on the diversity–stability relationship have in part been due to neglecting higher trophic-level interactions governing ecosystem stability.6. Changes in plant species diversity in one trophic level are thus unlikely to mirror changes in multitrophic interrelationships. Our results suggest that both above- and below-ground invertebrates decouple the relationship between spatial and temporal stability of plant community productivity by differently affecting the homogenizing mechanisms of plants in diverse plant communities.7.Synthesis. Species extinctions and accompanying changes in multitrophic interactions are likely to result not only in alterations in the magnitude of ecosystem functions but also in its variability complicating the assessment and prediction of consequences of current biodiversity loss.

Bicentenario, identidad y cambio lingüístico : El sistema verbal de referencia temporal futura en San Juan, Argentina, durante el siglo XIX

En este trabajo enmarcado en la teoría funcional variacionista que relaciona forma, motivación y cultura, pretendemos mostrar cómo el hablante del siglo XIX en San Juan, Argentina, alterna en sus cartas familiares formas lingüísticas sintéticas y perifrásticas para referenciar el futuro, según sus propósitos comunicativos. El corpus, constituido por cartas escritas entre 1837 y 1889, se inserta en el 'siglo de las independencias políticas y las creaciones de los nuevos estados, en que comienza a gestarse la lucha por la identidad en América Latina' (Majfud, 2002). Consideramos que las construcciones alternantes no equivalen entre sí sintáctica, semántica ni pragmáticamente, siendo favorecidas por ciertos parámetros, de los cuales analizamos aquel por el cual creemos entró la innovación de la perífrasis 'ir a + infinitivo'. Adherimos al hecho de que 'las explicaciones funcionales de los cambios lingüísticos no excluyen, sino que implican, las explicaciones culturales' (Coseriu, 1977). Esta aproximación pragmática al uso lingüístico exige un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo a la vez. 'Importará no sólo qué estructuras contiene la lengua, sino también, cuándo se recurre a ellas y, sobre todo, cuánto se recurre cuándo a qué estructura' (García, 1995)

Variación temporal y espacial de parches, corredores y matriz en un humedal ("mallín") del centro-oeste de la provincia de Neuquén

Los procesos naturales, como las actividades humanas, cambian los paisajes. Esta realidad no es ajena a los humedales (mallines) en Patagonia. Los mallines son importantes ecosistemas naturales que sirven como recurso forrajero para la ganadería extensiva. Los mismos representan el 4 de la superficie patagónica. Los períodos húmedos y secos modifican la dinámica hidrológica del mallín. Esto repercute en la evolución de los parches, corredores y matriz, que se agrava con la actividad antrópica. En una secuencia temporal se puede apreciar la fragmentación del hábitat: en la variación y tamaño del número de parches, su forma, conectividad y aislamiento, que entre otros factores inciden sobre numerosos procesos ecológicos. El conocimiento de la dinámica temporal y espacial de los parches, corredores y matriz entre un período húmedo y uno seco en un humedal permite la planificación del uso del recurso vegetación, ya que los patrones espaciales controlan fuertemente sus movimientos, flujos y cambios.

Bicentenario, identidad y cambio lingüístico : El sistema verbal de referencia temporal futura en San Juan, Argentina, durante el siglo XIX

En este trabajo enmarcado en la teoría funcional variacionista que relaciona forma, motivación y cultura, pretendemos mostrar cómo el hablante del siglo XIX en San Juan, Argentina, alterna en sus cartas familiares formas lingüísticas sintéticas y perifrásticas para referenciar el futuro, según sus propósitos comunicativos. El corpus, constituido por cartas escritas entre 1837 y 1889, se inserta en el 'siglo de las independencias políticas y las creaciones de los nuevos estados, en que comienza a gestarse la lucha por la identidad en América Latina' (Majfud, 2002). Consideramos que las construcciones alternantes no equivalen entre sí sintáctica, semántica ni pragmáticamente, siendo favorecidas por ciertos parámetros, de los cuales analizamos aquel por el cual creemos entró la innovación de la perífrasis 'ir a + infinitivo'. Adherimos al hecho de que 'las explicaciones funcionales de los cambios lingüísticos no excluyen, sino que implican, las explicaciones culturales' (Coseriu, 1977). Esta aproximación pragmática al uso lingüístico exige un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo a la vez. 'Importará no sólo qué estructuras contiene la lengua, sino también, cuándo se recurre a ellas y, sobre todo, cuánto se recurre cuándo a qué estructura' (García, 1995)

Variación temporal y espacial de parches, corredores y matriz en un humedal ("mallín") del centro-oeste de la provincia de Neuquén

Los procesos naturales, como las actividades humanas, cambian los paisajes. Esta realidad no es ajena a los humedales (mallines) en Patagonia. Los mallines son importantes ecosistemas naturales que sirven como recurso forrajero para la ganadería extensiva. Los mismos representan el 4 de la superficie patagónica. Los períodos húmedos y secos modifican la dinámica hidrológica del mallín. Esto repercute en la evolución de los parches, corredores y matriz, que se agrava con la actividad antrópica. En una secuencia temporal se puede apreciar la fragmentación del hábitat: en la variación y tamaño del número de parches, su forma, conectividad y aislamiento, que entre otros factores inciden sobre numerosos procesos ecológicos. El conocimiento de la dinámica temporal y espacial de los parches, corredores y matriz entre un período húmedo y uno seco en un humedal permite la planificación del uso del recurso vegetación, ya que los patrones espaciales controlan fuertemente sus movimientos, flujos y cambios.

Bicentenario, identidad y cambio lingüístico : El sistema verbal de referencia temporal futura en San Juan, Argentina, durante el siglo XIX

En este trabajo enmarcado en la teoría funcional variacionista que relaciona forma, motivación y cultura, pretendemos mostrar cómo el hablante del siglo XIX en San Juan, Argentina, alterna en sus cartas familiares formas lingüísticas sintéticas y perifrásticas para referenciar el futuro, según sus propósitos comunicativos. El corpus, constituido por cartas escritas entre 1837 y 1889, se inserta en el 'siglo de las independencias políticas y las creaciones de los nuevos estados, en que comienza a gestarse la lucha por la identidad en América Latina' (Majfud, 2002). Consideramos que las construcciones alternantes no equivalen entre sí sintáctica, semántica ni pragmáticamente, siendo favorecidas por ciertos parámetros, de los cuales analizamos aquel por el cual creemos entró la innovación de la perífrasis 'ir a + infinitivo'. Adherimos al hecho de que 'las explicaciones funcionales de los cambios lingüísticos no excluyen, sino que implican, las explicaciones culturales' (Coseriu, 1977). Esta aproximación pragmática al uso lingüístico exige un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo a la vez. 'Importará no sólo qué estructuras contiene la lengua, sino también, cuándo se recurre a ellas y, sobre todo, cuánto se recurre cuándo a qué estructura' (García, 1995)

Variación temporal y espacial de parches, corredores y matriz en un humedal ("mallín") del centro-oeste de la provincia de Neuquén

Los procesos naturales, como las actividades humanas, cambian los paisajes. Esta realidad no es ajena a los humedales (mallines) en Patagonia. Los mallines son importantes ecosistemas naturales que sirven como recurso forrajero para la ganadería extensiva. Los mismos representan el 4 de la superficie patagónica. Los períodos húmedos y secos modifican la dinámica hidrológica del mallín. Esto repercute en la evolución de los parches, corredores y matriz, que se agrava con la actividad antrópica. En una secuencia temporal se puede apreciar la fragmentación del hábitat: en la variación y tamaño del número de parches, su forma, conectividad y aislamiento, que entre otros factores inciden sobre numerosos procesos ecológicos. El conocimiento de la dinámica temporal y espacial de los parches, corredores y matriz entre un período húmedo y uno seco en un humedal permite la planificación del uso del recurso vegetación, ya que los patrones espaciales controlan fuertemente sus movimientos, flujos y cambios.

(Table 4) Seasonal variation of sea spray sodium concentrations during 2004-2007 at Concordia Station, Antarctica

From November 2004 to December 2007, size-segregated aerosol samples were collected all-year-round at Dome C (East Antarctica) by using PM10 and PM2.5 samplers, and multi-stage impactors. The data set obtained from the chemical analysis provided the longest and the most time-resolved record of sea spray aerosol (sea salt Na+) in inner Antarctica. Sea spray showed a sharp seasonal pattern. The highest values measured in winter (Apr-Nov) were about ten times larger than in summer (Dec-Mar). For the first time, a size-distribution seasonal pattern was also shown: in winter, sea spray particles are mainly submicrometric, while their summer size-mode is around 1-2 µm. Meteorological analysis on a synoptic scale allowed the definition of atmospheric conditions leading sea spray to Dome C. An extreme-value approach along with specific environmental based criteria was taken to yield stronger fingerprints linking atmospheric circulation (means and anomalies) to extreme sea spray events. Air mass back-trajectory analyses for some high sea spray events allowed the identification of two major air mass pathways, reflecting different size distributions: micrometric fractions for transport from the closer Indian-Pacific sector, and sub-micrometric particles for longer trajectories over the Antarctic Plateau. The seasonal pattern of the SO4**2- /Na+ ratio enabled the identification of few events depleted in sulphate, with respect to the seawater composition. By using methanesulphonic acid (MSA) profile to evaluate the biogenic SO4**2- contribution, a more reliable sea salt sulphate was calculated. In this way, few events (mainly in April and in September) were identified originating probably from the "frost flower" source. A comparison with daily-collected superficial snow samples revealed that there is a temporal shift between aerosol and snow sea spray trends. This feature could imply a more complex deposition processes of sea spray, involving significant contribution of wet and diamond dust deposition, but further work has to be carried out to rule out the effect of wind re-distribution and to have more statistic significance.

Multi-temporal mapping of seagrass cover, species and biomass of the Eastern Banks, Moreton Bay, Australia, with links to shapefiles

The spatial and temporal dynamics of seagrasses have been studied from the leaf to patch (100 m**2) scales. However, landscape scale (> 100 km**2) seagrass population dynamics are unresolved in seagrass ecology. Previous remote sensing approaches have lacked the temporal or spatial resolution, or ecologically appropriate mapping, to fully address this issue. This paper presents a robust, semi-automated object-based image analysis approach for mapping dominant seagrass species, percentage cover and above ground biomass using a time series of field data and coincident high spatial resolution satellite imagery. The study area was a 142 km**2 shallow, clear water seagrass habitat (the Eastern Banks, Moreton Bay, Australia). Nine data sets acquired between 2004 and 2013 were used to create seagrass species and percentage cover maps through the integration of seagrass photo transect field data, and atmospherically and geometrically corrected high spatial resolution satellite image data (WorldView-2, IKONOS and Quickbird-2) using an object based image analysis approach. Biomass maps were derived using empirical models trained with in-situ above ground biomass data per seagrass species. Maps and summary plots identified inter- and intra-annual variation of seagrass species composition, percentage cover level and above ground biomass. The methods provide a rigorous approach for field and image data collection and pre-processing, a semi-automated approach to extract seagrass species and cover maps and assess accuracy, and the subsequent empirical modelling of seagrass biomass. The resultant maps provide a fundamental data set for understanding landscape scale seagrass dynamics in a shallow water environment. Our findings provide proof of concept for the use of time-series analysis of remotely sensed seagrass products for use in seagrass ecology and management.

Spatial and temporal precipitation patterns of the Ebro River Basin, Spain

The Ebro River Basin, with around 85 000 km2 and located in NE Spain, is characterized by the high spatial heterogeneity of its geology, topography, climatology and land use. Rainfall is one of the most important climatic variables studied owing to its non-homogenous behaviour in event and intensity, which creates drought, water runoff and soil erosion with negative environmental and social consequences. In this work we characterized the rainfall variability pattern in the Ebro River Basin using universal multifractal (UM) analysis, which estimates the concentration of the data around the precipitation average (C1, codimension average), the degree of multiscaling behaviour in time (? index) and the maximum probable singularity in the rainfall distribution ( s). A spatial and temporal analysis of the UM parameters is applied to study the possible changes. With this porpoise, 60 daily rainfall series were selected from 132 synthetic series generated by Luna and Balairón (AEMet). These daily rainfall series present a length of 60 years, from 1950 to 2009. Each one of them was subdivided (1950?1970 and 1980?2009) to analyse the difference between the two periods. The range of variation of precipitation amounts and the frequency of dry events between both periods are discussed, as well as the evolution of the UM parameters through the years.