Quality of Learners' Time and Learning Performance Beyond Quantitative Time-on-Task

Peer-reviewed

Organofosforiyhdisteille (TBEP ja TEHP) altistuminen työpaikoilla

Työssä mitattiin työilman TBEP- ja TEHP-pitoisuuksia siivousalalla (3 kohdetta) ja muovituoteteollisuudessa (2 kohdetta). Pitoisuutta ilmassa verrattiin työntekijöidenbiomonitorointinäytteistä analysoitujen 2-butoksietikkahapon (2-BAA) ja 2-etyyliheksaanihapon (2-EHA) pitoisuuteen. Tavoitteena oli biomonitoroin-timenetelmän soveltuvuuden selvittäminen altistumisen arvioinnissa sekä tarvittavien lisäsuojaus- ja torjunta-tarpeiden selvittäminen. Biomonitorointia sekoittavien tekijöiden (2-butoksietanoli ja 2-etyyli-1-heksanoli) pitoisuus mitattiin työntekijöidenhengitysilmasta kerätystä VOC-näytteestä. OVS-keräimiin kerätyt TBEP- ja TEHP-näytteet uutettiin ultraäänellä sopivalla liuottimella ja analysoitiin kaasukromatografisesti (GC). VOC-näytteet kerättiin Tenax GR ¿adsorbenttiin, irrotettiin keräimestä termodesorptiolla ja analysoitiin GC:lla. Biomonitorointinäytteiden (virtsa) 2-BAA- ja 2-EHA -pitoisuus analysoitiin myös GC:lla. Lattianvahauksen aikana siivoojien hengitysilmasta mitatuissa TBEP-näytteissä pitoisuudet vaihtelivat välillä 70 - 860 ng/m3 sekä VOC-näytteistä 88 %:sta löytyi2-butoksietanolia, jonka pitoisuus vaihteli välillä 3 - 1800 µg/m3. Virtsan 2-BAA:n pitoisuudet vaihtelivat välillä <0,3 - 26 mmol/mol kreatiniinia ollen korkeimmillaan 43 % toimenpiderajasta. Raskaana olevien toimenpideraja ylitettiin 30 % näytteistä. Muovituotetehtaissa TEHP-pitoisuus työntekijöiden hengitysilmassa oli alle määritysrajan (eli < 1 - < 3 ng/m3). Muovituotetehtaissa kerätyistä VOC-näytteistä 16 %:sta löydettiin 2-etyyli-1-heksanolia, jonka pitoisuus vaihteli välillä 90 - 100 µg/m3. Virtsan 2-EHA-pitoisuudet olivat välillä <0,1 - 0,2 mmol/mol kreatiniinia. Tulosten perusteella siivoojat altistuvat TBEP:lle ja 2-butoksietanolille lattianvahauksen yhteydessä, muttaaltistuminen ei ilman pitoisuuksien ja biomonitoroinnin tulosten mukaan aiheutaterveyshaittaa ainakaan yhden mahdollisen metaboliitin 2-BAA:n kautta. Pois lukien raskaana olevat työntekijät, joille 2-butoksietanolia sisältävän vahanpoistotuotteen käsitteleminen aiheuttaa mahdollista terveyshaittaa. Käytetyillä biomonitorointimenetelmillä ei voitu osoittaa altistumista tapahtuneen mitatuilla TBEP:n ja TEHP:n pitoi-suustasoilla. Metaboliareittien varmistamisen jälkeen on mahdollista tutkia toimivampaa menetelmää altistumisen arviointiin biomonitoroinnin avulla. Työntekijöiden suojautuminen niin muovituotetehtaissa kuin siivoustyössäkin mitattujen yhdisteiden osalta oli pääosin riittävää. Ainoastaan raskaana olevien työntekijöiden, jotka siivoustyössään altistuvat 2-butoksietanolille, suojaukseen tulisi kiinnittää huomiota.

Pollination requirements of seeded and seedless mini watermelon varieties cultivated under protected environment

The objective of this work was to evaluate the floral biology and pollination requirements of seeded and seedless mini watermelon varieties, and to determine the best varieties to cultivate under protected environment. Three seedless (HA-5106, HA-5158, and HA-5161) and two seeded (Minipol and Polimore) genotypes were tested. Flowers were monitored from the pre-anthesis stage to senescence, and fruit quality was also evaluated. The evaluated treatments were hand-geitonogamous pollination (MG), cross-pollination with pollen from the Polimore variety (MCP), cross-pollination with pollen from the Minipol variety (MCM), and restricted pollination. All varieties had monoecious plants with diclinous flowers, and the stigmas remained receptive throughout anthesis. Fruit set rates of 84.62% (MG), 61.54% (MCP), 48% (MCM), and 0% (restricted) were obtained for seeded varieties, but of 0% (MG), 76.36% (MCP), 82.69% (MCM), and 0% (restricted) for seedless varieties. Fruits did not differ in quality among treatments within each genotype. Therefore, all the studied varieties require a pollination agent and diploid pollen for fruit set to occur, regardless of the donor variety; and Minipol or Polimore with HA-5106 or HA-5158 are the varieties recommended for cultivation in protected environment.

Monitoring System Resources During Automated Testing in Symbian Operating System

Tässä diplomityössä esitellään ohjelmistotestauksen ja verifioinnin yleisiä periaatteita sekä käsitellään tarkemmin älypuhelinohjelmistojen verifiointia. Työssä esitellään myös älypuhelimissa käytettävä Symbian-käyttöjärjestelmä. Työn käytännön osuudessa suunniteltiin ja toteutettiin Symbian-käyttöjärjestelmässä toimiva palvelin, joka tarkkailee ja tallentaa järjestelmäresurssien käyttöä. Verifiointi on tärkeä ja kuluja aiheuttava tehtävä älypuhelinohjelmistojen kehityssyklissä. Kuluja voidaan vähentää automatisoimalla osa verifiointiprosessista. Toteutettu palvelin automatisoijärjestelmäresurssien tarkkailun tallentamalla tietoja niistä tiedostoon testien ajon aikana. Kun testit ajetaan uudestaan, uusia tuloksia vertaillaan lähdetallenteeseen. Jos tulokset eivät ole käyttäjän asettamien virherajojen sisällä, siitä ilmoitetaan käyttäjälle. Virherajojen ja lähdetallenteen määrittäminen saattaa osoittautua vaikeaksi. Kuitenkin, jos ne määritetään sopivasti, palvelin tuottaa hyödyllistä tietoa poikkeamista järjestelmäresurssien kulutuksessa testaajille.

3G SGSN Toiminnallisuustestauksen Automatisointi

3G SGSN (3rd Generation Serving GPRS Support Node) onUMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) pakettiverkon verkkoelementti, joka toimii linkkinä ulkoisen verkon(kuten Internet) ja radioverkon välillä. 3G SGSN ylläpitää tilaajan tietoja ja paikannustietoja päätelaitteen liikkuessa verkon sisällä ja välittää myös dataa ulkoisen verkon ja mobiilipäätelaitteen välillä. Tämän diplomityön aiheena on 3G SGSN toiminnallisuus-testauksen automatisointi. Työssä kehitetään 3G SGSN toiminnallisuustestaukseen soveltuva testauksen automatisointijärjestelmä Linux-ympäristössä AuTS (Automated Test Sequences)-automatisointityökalulla. Kehitystyöhön kuuluu järjestelmän suunnittelu ja toteutus. Toteutettu automatisointijärjestelmä suorittaa 3G SGSN toiminnallisuustestauksen istunnon- ja liikkuvuudenhallinnan testitapauksia.Suoritettujen testitapausten tuloksista luodaan HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)-raportti, joka sisältää tiedot ja analyysit suoritetuista testitapauksista sekä linkit testitapausten lokitietoihin. Hyvä automatisointi vaatii suunnittelua, jossa huomioidaan käytettävyys ja ylläpidettävyys. Näihin ominaisuuksiin on toteutuksessa kiinnitetty erityistä huomiota. Lopputuloksena saatiin toimiva automatisointijärjestelmä, joka osoittaa automatisoinnin tuovan huomattavia etuja toiminnallisuustestauksen tehokkuuteen. Työssä käsitelläänmyös ohjelmistotestausta sekä testauksen automatisointia ja niiden periaatteita.

Therapeutisches Drug-Monitoring in der Psychiatrie : Kurze Zusammenfassung des neuen Konsensuspapiers der Arbeitsgruppe TDM der AGNP [Therapeutic drug monitoring in psychiatry : A brief summary of the new consensus paper by the task force on TDM of the AGNP].

In October 2011 the Task Force Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of the Association for Neuropsychopharmacology and Pharmacopsychiatry (AGNP) published an update (Pharmacopsychiatry 2011, 44: 195-235) of the first version of the consensus paper on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) published in 2004. This article summarizes the essential statements to make them accessible to a wider readership in German speaking countries.

Task Support in Scenario Process: Case LUT 2016

This thesis attempts to find whether scenario planning supports the organizational strategy as a method for addressing uncertainty. The main issues are why, what and how scenario planning fits in organizational strategy and how the process could be supported to make it more effective. The study follows the constructive approach. It starts with examination of competitive advantage and the way that an organization develops strategy and how it addresses the uncertainty in its operational environment. Based on the conducted literature review, scenario methods would seem to provide versatile platform for addressing future uncertainties. The construction is formed by examining the scenario methods and presenting suitable support methods, which results in forming of the theoretical proposition for supporter scenario process. The theoretical framework is tested in laboratory conditions, and the results from the test sessions are used a basis for scenario stories. The process of forming the scenarios and the results are illustrated and presented for scrutiny

Adaptive changes in a radial maze task: Efficient selection of baited arms with reduced foraging in senescent hooded rats

Qualitative differences in strategy selection during foraging in a partially baited maze were assessed in young and old rats. The baited and non-baited arms were at a fixed position in space and marked by a specific olfactory cue. The senescent rats did more re-entries during the first four-trial block but were more rapid than the young rats in selecting the reinforced arms during the first visits. Dissociation between the olfactory spatial cue reference by rotating the maze revealed that only few old subjects relied on olfactory cues to select the baited arms and the remainder relied mainly on the visuo-spatial cues.

Database Rights in Safe European Home: The Path to More Rigorous Protection of Information

1. Introduction "The one that has compiled ... a database, the collection, securing the validity or presentation of which has required an essential investment, has the sole right to control the content over the whole work or over either a qualitatively or quantitatively substantial part of the work both by means of reproduction and by making them available to the public", Finnish Copyright Act, section 49.1 These are the laconic words that implemented the much-awaited and hotly debated European Community Directive on the legal protection of databases,2 the EDD, into Finnish Copyright legislation in 1998. Now in the year 2005, after more than half a decade of the domestic implementation it is yet uncertain as to the proper meaning and construction of the convoluted qualitative criteria the current legislation employs as a prerequisite for the database protection both in Finland and within the European Union. Further, this opaque Pan-European instrument has the potential of bringing about a number of far-reaching economic and cultural ramifications, which have remained largely uncharted or unobserved. Thus the task of understanding this particular and currently peculiarly European new intellectual property regime is twofold: first, to understand the mechanics and functioning of the EDD and second, to realise the potential and risks inherent in the new legislation in economic, cultural and societal dimensions. 2. Subject-matter of the study: basic issues The first part of the task mentioned above is straightforward: questions such as what is meant by the key concepts triggering the functioning of the EDD such as presentation of independent information, what constitutes an essential investment in acquiring data and when the reproduction of a given database reaches either qualitatively or quantitatively the threshold of substantiality before the right-holder of a database can avail himself of the remedies provided by the statutory framework remain unclear and call for a careful analysis. As for second task, it is already obvious that the practical importance of the legal protection providedby the database right is in the rapid increase. The accelerating transformationof information into digital form is an existing fact, not merely a reflection of a shape of things to come in the future. To take a simple example, the digitisation of a map, traditionally in paper format and protected by copyright, can provide the consumer a markedly easier and faster access to the wanted material and the price can be, depending on the current state of the marketplace, cheaper than that of the traditional form or even free by means of public lending libraries providing access to the information online. This also renders it possible for authors and publishers to make available and sell their products to markedly larger, international markets while the production and distribution costs can be kept at minimum due to the new electronic production, marketing and distributionmechanisms to mention a few. The troublesome side is for authors and publishers the vastly enhanced potential for illegal copying by electronic means, producing numerous virtually identical copies at speed. The fear of illegal copying canlead to stark technical protection that in turn can dampen down the demand for information goods and services and furthermore, efficiently hamper the right of access to the materials available lawfully in electronic form and thus weaken the possibility of access to information, education and the cultural heritage of anation or nations, a condition precedent for a functioning democracy. 3. Particular issues in Digital Economy and Information Networks All what is said above applies a fortiori to the databases. As a result of the ubiquity of the Internet and the pending breakthrough of Mobile Internet, peer-to-peer Networks, Localand Wide Local Area Networks, a rapidly increasing amount of information not protected by traditional copyright, such as various lists, catalogues and tables,3previously protected partially by the old section 49 of the Finnish Copyright act are available free or for consideration in the Internet, and by the same token importantly, numerous databases are collected in order to enable the marketing, tendering and selling products and services in above mentioned networks. Databases and the information embedded therein constitutes a pivotal element in virtually any commercial operation including product and service development, scientific research and education. A poignant but not instantaneously an obvious example of this is a database consisting of physical coordinates of a certain selected group of customers for marketing purposes through cellular phones, laptops and several handheld or vehicle-based devices connected online. These practical needs call for answer to a plethora of questions already outlined above: Has thecollection and securing the validity of this information required an essential input? What qualifies as a quantitatively or qualitatively significant investment? According to the Directive, the database comprises works, information and other independent materials, which are arranged in systematic or methodical way andare individually accessible by electronic or other means. Under what circumstances then, are the materials regarded as arranged in systematic or methodical way? Only when the protected elements of a database are established, the question concerning the scope of protection becomes acute. In digital context, the traditional notions of reproduction and making available to the public of digital materials seem to fit ill or lead into interpretations that are at variance with analogous domain as regards the lawful and illegal uses of information. This may well interfere with or rework the way in which the commercial and other operators have to establish themselves and function in the existing value networks of information products and services. 4. International sphere After the expiry of the implementation period for the European Community Directive on legal protection of databases, the goals of the Directive must have been consolidated into the domestic legislations of the current twenty-five Member States within the European Union. On one hand, these fundamental questions readily imply that the problemsrelated to correct construction of the Directive underlying the domestic legislation transpire the national boundaries. On the other hand, the disputes arisingon account of the implementation and interpretation of the Directive on the European level attract significance domestically. Consequently, the guidelines on correct interpretation of the Directive importing the practical, business-oriented solutions may well have application on European level. This underlines the exigency for a thorough analysis on the implications of the meaning and potential scope of Database protection in Finland and the European Union. This position hasto be contrasted with the larger, international sphere, which in early 2005 does differ markedly from European Union stance, directly having a negative effect on international trade particularly in digital content. A particular case in point is the USA, a database producer primus inter pares, not at least yet having aSui Generis database regime or its kin, while both the political and academic discourse on the matter abounds. 5. The objectives of the study The above mentioned background with its several open issues calls for the detailed study of thefollowing questions: -What is a database-at-law and when is a database protected by intellectual property rights, particularly by the European database regime?What is the international situation? -How is a database protected and what is its relation with other intellectual property regimes, particularly in the Digital context? -The opportunities and threats provided by current protection to creators, users and the society as a whole, including the commercial and cultural implications? -The difficult question on relation of the Database protection and protection of factual information as such. 6. Dsiposition The Study, in purporting to analyse and cast light on the questions above, is divided into three mainparts. The first part has the purpose of introducing the political and rationalbackground and subsequent legislative evolution path of the European database protection, reflected against the international backdrop on the issue. An introduction to databases, originally a vehicle of modern computing and information andcommunication technology, is also incorporated. The second part sets out the chosen and existing two-tier model of the database protection, reviewing both itscopyright and Sui Generis right facets in detail together with the emergent application of the machinery in real-life societal and particularly commercial context. Furthermore, a general outline of copyright, relevant in context of copyright databases is provided. For purposes of further comparison, a chapter on the precursor of Sui Generi, database right, the Nordic catalogue rule also ensues. The third and final part analyses the positive and negative impact of the database protection system and attempts to scrutinize the implications further in the future with some caveats and tentative recommendations, in particular as regards the convoluted issue concerning the IPR protection of information per se, a new tenet in the domain of copyright and related rights.

[Place of volunteers in home care setting for taking care of individuals with Alzheimer's disease related dementia: Qualitative survey in a specialized unit] Place du bénévolat en EHPAD dans la prise en charge des personnes atteintes de la maladie d'Alzheimer ou démences apparentées : enquête qualitative dans une unité protégée.

Objectifs En EHPAD, selon les recommandations de la Haute Autorité de santé (HAS), la prise en charge non médicamenteuse des troubles psychocomportementaux associés à la maladie d'Alzheimer ou aux syndromes apparentés, implique une réorganisation, une formation spécifique du personnel et du temps. Se pose ici la question du rôle des bénévoles dans cette prise en charge. Matériels et méthodes Enquête descriptive à partir de questionnaires distribués aux différents intervenants (bénévoles, professionnels de santé et aidants familiaux) d'une unité protégée de l'EHPAD de la clinique du Diaconat (Colmar, France) et spécifiquement élaborés pour évaluer leur vécu de l'expérience de bénévolat dans la prise en charge des résidents souffrant d'une maladie d'Alzheimer ou d'un syndrome apparenté. Résultats Sur les 101 questionnaires qui ont été remplis, 85,7 % des aidants, 60 % des bénévoles et 42,1 % des professionnels constataient des bénéfices pour eux-mêmes. Les professionnels et les aidants avaient confiance dans l'intervention des bénévoles. Cependant, les bénévoles semblaient manquer de compétence pour le soutien des aidants et dans les techniques de communication avec les résidents. Les points essentiels pour permettre un fonctionnement harmonieux entre les différents intervenants étaient de bien définir préalablement le rôle de bénévoles et d'en informer les autres intervenants, de former les bénévoles à ce rôle et de favoriser la communication entre les bénévoles et les professionnels. Conclusion Cette enquête montre que les bénévoles ont une place aux côtés des équipes soignantes pour participer à la prise en charge non médicamenteuse des personnes atteintes de maladie d'Alzheimer ou syndromes apparentés. Ils ont une position singulière et jouent un rôle complémentaire de celui des soignants et des aidants. Objectives According to the recommendation of the French High Authority of Health (HAS), the non-pharmaceutical management of psycho-behavioural disorders associated with Alzheimer's disease or related disorders in a nursing home, involves reorganization an specific training for staff members and time. This raises the question of the role of volunteering in this approach. Materials and methods A descriptive survey using questionnaires distributed to various stakeholders (volunteers, healthcare professionals and caregivers) of a protected unit of the nursing home of the Diaconat clinic (Colmar, France) and specifically designed to assess their experience of the volunteering in supporting residents suffering from Alzheimer's diseases or related disorders. Results Of the 101 questionnaires that were filled in, 85.7% of caregivers, 60% of volunteers and 42.1% of professionals recorded benefits for themselves. Professionals and informal carers had confidence in the intervention of volunteers. However, volunteers seemed to lack skills to support informal caregivers and specific knowledge about the technique of communicating with residents. The key points to favor harmonious collaborations between the different stakeholders were: to properly define the role of volunteers and to inform other stakeholders about this role previously, and to specifically educate themselves in this task and to promote communication between volunteers and all other professionals. Conclusion This study shows that volunteers have a place alongside medical teams to participate in the non-pharmaceutical treatment for people with Alzheimer's disease or related syndromes. They have a unique position and play a complementary role to that of carers and informal caregivers.

What interventions facilitate client progress through the assimilation model? A task analysis of interventions in the psychodynamic treatment of depression.

A variation of task analysis was used to build an empirical model of how therapists may facilitate client assimilation process, described in the Assimilation of Problematic Experiences Scale. A rational model was specified and considered in light of an analysis of therapist in-session performances (N = 117) drawn from six inpatient therapies for depression. The therapist interventions were measured by the Comprehensive Psychotherapeutic Interventions Rating Scale. Consistent with the rational model, confronting interventions were particularly useful in helping clients elaborate insight. However, rather than there being a small number of progress-related interventions at lower levels of assimilation, therapists' use of interventions was broader than hypothesized and drew from a wide range of therapeutic approaches. Concerning the higher levels of assimilation, there was insufficient data to allow an analysis of the therapist's progress-related interventions.

Task-induced deactivation from rest extends beyond the default mode brain network

Activity decreases, or deactivations, of midline and parietal cortical brain regions are routinely observed in human functional neuroimaging studies that compare periods of task-based cognitive performance with passive states, such as rest. It is now widely held that such task-induced deactivations index a highly organized"default-mode network" (DMN): a large-scale brain system whose discovery has had broad implications in the study of human brain function and behavior. In this work, we show that common task-induced deactivations from rest also occur outside of the DMN as a function of increased task demand. Fifty healthy adult subjects performed two distinct functional magnetic resonance imaging tasks that were designed to reliably map deactivations from a resting baseline. As primary findings, increases in task demand consistently modulated the regional anatomy of DMN deactivation. At high levels of task demand, robust deactivation was observed in non-DMN regions, most notably, the posterior insular cortex. Deactivation of this region was directly implicated in a performance-based analysis of experienced task difficulty. Together, these findings suggest that task-induced deactivations from rest are not limited to the DMN and extend to brain regions typically associated with integrative sensory and interoceptive processes.