Gas-phase ion chemistry of silyl cations obtained from hexamethyldisilazane

The gas-phase ion-molecule reactions of the Me3SiN(H)SiMe2+ ion, obtained by electron ionization from Me3SiN(H)SiMe3, have been studied in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance spectrometer in order to understand the mechanistic details of an important chemical system presently used in film formation. This silyl cation has been observed to undergo addition reactions at electron rich centers to form stable adducts that may undergo further methane elimination in the case of alcohols and amines. The most important feature of these reactions is the fact that a metathesis type reaction can be observed in the presence of H2O, and other hydrogen labile substrates like alcohols, leading to the formation of the corresponding oxygen-containing ion, i.e. Me3SiOSiMe2+. For alcohols (ROH), facile formation of a tertiary product ion, presumably corresponding to an Me3Si-O-Si(Me)=O+-R structure with elimination of an amine reveals the strong tendency of these nitrogen-containing ions to undergo metathesis type reactions with oxygen containing substrates.

Product Data Managemet as a Key Success Factor in After Sales Business

The objective of this master’s thesis is to define Larox´s Product Data present state and future development needs from after sales point of view. In particular the object was to investigate after sales needs, which data related to products need to be managed by using Product Data Management. Empirical material of thesis was collected mainly through interviews, benchmark visits, and personal experience. Among the interviewees were internal stakeholders who are closely related to the product process, as well as external stakeholders. Interviews revealed that each stakeholder group has deviating needs for product data management and that at present all the needs are not met to take the best possible way. The main requirement was availability of up-to-date information, which plays a key role in after sales business. At the end of study is concentrated to find development targets at Larox, especially from after sales point of view. In addition, consideration of how the product data management advantages can utilized in making internal processes more efficient. Development needs are collected together as project descriptions, whose headings are shown at the end of the study.

Organic chicken product authentication: state-of-the-art and future perspectives

Organic food products are highly susceptible to fraud. Currently, administrative controls are conducted to detect fraud, but having an analytical tool able to verify the organic identity of food would be very supportive. The state-of-the-art in food authentication relies on fingerprinting approaches that find characteristic analytical patterns to unequivocally identify authentic products. While wide research on authentication has been conducted for other commodities, the authentication of organic chicken products is still in its infancy. Challenges include finding fingerprints to discriminate organic from conventional products, and recruiting sample sets that cover natural variability. Future research might be oriented towards developing new authentication models for organic feed, eggs and chicken meat, keeping models updated and implementing them into regulations. Meanwhile, these models might be very supportive to the administrative controls directing inspections towards suspicious fraudulent samples.

Informed recommender: basing recommendations on consumer product reviews

Recommender systems attempt to predict items in which a user might be interested, given some information about the user's and items' profiles. Most existing recommender systems use content-based or collaborative filtering methods or hybrid methods that combine both techniques (see the sidebar for more details). We created Informed Recommender to address the problem of using consumer opinion about products, expressed online in free-form text, to generate product recommendations. Informed recommender uses prioritized consumer product reviews to make recommendations. Using text-mining techniques, it maps each piece of each review comment automatically into an ontology

Bio-based composites from stone groundwood applied to new product development

This paper deals with the product design, engineering, and material selection intended for the manufacturing of an eco-friendly chair. The final product is expected to combine design attributes with technical and legal feasibility with the implementation of new bio-based materials. Considering the industrial design, a range of objectives and trends were determined after setting the market requirements, and the final concept was proposed and modeled. The product geometry, production technology, and legal specifications were the input data for product engineering. The material selection was based on the technical requirements. Polypropylene (PP) composite materials based on coupled-fiberglass, sized-fiberglass, and coupled-stone ground wood reinforcements were prepared and characterized. Final formulations based on these PP composites are proposed and justified

Development of Collaborative Product Structure Management

The purpose of this thesis is to develop an environment or network that enables effective collaborative product structure management among stakeholders in each unit, throughout the entire product lifecycle and product data management. This thesis uses framework models as an approach to the problem. Framework model methods for development of collaborative product structure management are proposed in this study, there are three unique models depicted to support collaborative product structure management: organization model, process model and product model. In the organization model, the formation of product data management system (eDSTAT) key user network is specified. In the process model, development is based on the case company’s product development matrix. In the product model framework, product model management, product knowledge management and design knowledge management are defined as development tools and collaboration is based on web-based product structure management. Collaborative management is executed using all these approaches. A case study from an actual project at the case company is presented as an implementation; this is to verify the models’ applicability. A computer assisted design tool and the web-based product structure manager, have been used as tools of this collaboration with the support of the key user. The current PDM system, eDSTAT, is used as a piloting case for key user role. The result of this development is that the role of key user as a collaboration channel is defined and established. The key user is able to provide one on one support for the elevator projects. Also the management activities are improved through the application of process workflow by following criteria for each project milestone. The development shows effectiveness of product structure management in product lifecycle, improved production process by eliminating barriers (e.g. improvement of two-way communication) during design phase and production phase. The key user role is applicable on a global scale in the company.

Tutkimus- ja kehitysvaiheen toteuttaminen teknologisessa innovaatioprosessissa

Through the ages technological changes have created new challenges and possibilities to develop products, services, processes or organizations. Management of the technology concerns all of those activities from technical invention to commercial application. Management of the technologic innovation process is the more challenging the more technology is involved in a process. Researches of the technological innovations are seldom concern the implementation of early phases and especially in product manufacturing company. Still there are research and development activities. Therefore the purpose of this research is to develop the pattern for implementation of research and development phases in technological innovation process. This study focuses the main elements of the technological innovation management and main obstacles and drivers. This study also focuses decision making and the other influencing elements of the decision making. The research design of this explorative research applies a qualitative research strategy where a case study method is utilized to collect and analyze the data. The study consisted of a single case to utilize of technological ideas and possibilities. The selected case company was the product manufacturing company which didn’t have own technological research and development organization. The case was a process which was analyzed from two different perspectives. The main unit of analysis was the whole process. The data collecting method of this study included semi-structured and open interviews, participant-observations and experimental tests. Analyzing the case data relies on the theoretical propositions of the framework based on the previous research. Based on this research the key elements of the research and development phases in technological innovation process were technical expertise and preliminary investigation. The obstacles and drivers in the R&D phases by the case were management of the whole process and resources and knowing objectives of process and learning during the process. In addition to the result of the research was the feature of decision making to optimize used time. The findings of this study gave further insight implementation of the technological innovation in the product manufacturing company. The research was based a single case which means the results cannot be generalized to different companies or industry fields. Therefore the results generalizing require further research with multiple researchers.

Muotin suunnittelu- ja valmistusprossin parantaminen solumuoviteollisuudessa

Diplomityö tehtiin Pohjoismainen Solumuovi Oy:lle. Tutkimusongelmaksi määriteltiin hyvin selkeästi tiedon puute muottien suunnittelusta sekä valmistuksesta. Työn tavoite oli parantaa solumuovituotteiden valmistuksessa käytettävien muottien laatua. Työn rajaus asettuu uusien muottien suunnittelu- ja valmistusprosessin parantamiseen. Työssä käsiteltiin tämän prosessin lisäksi mm. mallisuunnittelua, sekä koneen ja prosessien ominaisuuksia niiden muoteille asettamien vaatimusten pohjalta. Muottien ominaisuuksien oikeaoppinen suunnittelu on erittäin tärkeässä roolissa tulevien tuotantokustannusten muodostumisessa. Oikeaoppisella suunnittelulla tarkoitetaan työssä muottien eri osa-alueiden toisiinsa kytkeytymisen ymmärtämistä, niin muotin toimivuuden, lopputuotteen laadun sekä muotin tehokkuuden kannalta. Muottien ominaisuudet määräävät ideaalitilanteessa pitkälti koneiden sykliaikoja käytettävän raaka-aineen ja kappaleen dimensioiden lisäksi. Tämän vuoksi tilanteessa, jossa itse kone toimii moitteettomasti vakuumin, materiaalinsyötön, jäähdytyksen ja höyrytyksen osalta, saadaan muotin oikeaoppisella suunnittelulla lyhennettyä sykliaikoja ja vähennettyä virhekappaleiden määrää. Solumuovimuotin suunnitteluperiaatteita on lähes yhtä monta kuin suunnittelijoita. Mitään yksittäistä periaatetta ei voida suoraan tuomita vääränä, koska näillä muoteilla pystytään valmistamaan laadun kriteerit täyttäviä tuotteita. Useimmat suunnitteluperiaatteet pohjautuvat kuitenkin vain tietyn osa-alueen hallintaan, jonka jälkeen loput osa-alueet suunnitellaan tämän ehdoilla. Työssä saatujen tulosten pohjalta voidaan sanoa, että muotin tuottavuus on erityisesti kiinni kokonaisuudesta, ei yksittäisestä osa-alueesta.

Modeling and developing a customer-oriented configuration process in a mass customization environment

In this thesis the main objective is to examine and model configuration system and related processes. When and where configuration information is created in product development process and how it is utilized in order-delivery process? These two processes are the essential part of the whole configuration system from the information point of view. Empirical part of the work was done as a constructive research inside a company that follows a mass customization approach. Data models and documentation are created for different development stages of the configuration system. A base data model already existed for new structures and relations between these structures. This model was used as the basis for the later data modeling work. Data models include different data structures, their key objects and attributes, and relations between. Representation of configuration rules for the to-be configuration system was defined as one of the key focus point. Further, it is examined how the customer needs and requirements information can be integrated into the product development process. Requirements hierarchy and classification system is presented. It is shown how individual requirement specifications can be connected for physical design structure via features by developing the existing base data model further.

Tutkimus- ja kehitysvaiheen toteuttaminen teknologisessa innovaatioprosessissa

Teknologiset muutokset ovat kautta aikojen luoneet uusia haasteita ja mahdollisuuksia tuotteiden, palveluiden, prosessien tai organisaatioiden kehittämiseen. Teknologian johtaminen tarkoittaa kaikki niitä toimia, joiden avulla teknologisesta keksinnöstä saadaan kaupallinen sovellus. Teknologisen innovaatioprosessin johtaminen on, sitä haasteellisempaa, mitä enemmän siinä on mukana teknologiaa. Harvoin teknologisten innovaatioiden tutkimukset ovat kohdistuneet prosessin varhaisen vaiheen toteutukseen ja erityisesti tuotannolliseen toimintaan keskittyvissä yrityksissä, vaikka kaikissa tuotteita valmistavissa teollisuuksissa tapahtuu tutkimus- ja kehitystyötä. Siksi tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on kehittää toimintamalli teknologisen innovaatioprosessin tutkimus- ja kehitysvaiheen toteuttamiselle. Tutkimus keskittyy teknologisen innovaatioprosessin tärkeimpiin elementteihin johtamisen ja prosessin kannalta sekä sen estäviin ja edistäviin tekijöihin. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan myös päätöksentekoa ja siihen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Tutkimus oli kartoittava ja sillä oli laadullinen tutkimusstrategia. Tarkempi tutkimusmenetelmä kerätä ja analysoida tutkimustietoa oli tapaustutkimus. Tämä tutkimus perustui yhteen tapaukseen teknologisten ideoiden ja mahdollisuuksien hyödyntämisestä. Valittu tapausyritys oli tuotteita valmistava yritys, jolla ei ollut varsinaista tutkimus- ja kehitysorganisaatiota teknologian kehittämistä varten. Itse tapaus oli prosessi, jota analysoitiin kahdesta eri näkökulmasta, mutta primääri analysointiyksikkö oli koko prosessi. Aineiston hankintamenetelmät olivat puolistrukturoidut ja avoimet haastattelut, osallistuva havainnointi ja kokeelliset tutkimukset. Aineiston analysointi perustui aikaisemmin tutkimuksen yhteydessä rakennettuun teoreettiseen viitekehykseen. Teknologisen innovaatioprosessin tutkimus- ja kehitysvaiheen tärkeimmät elementit tutkimuksen mukaan olivat oman teknologian asiantuntemus ja esitutkimusvaihe. Tekijät, jotka tutkimuksen mukaan estivät ja edistivät T&K -vaiheen onnistumista, olivat koko prosessin ja resurssien johtaminen sekä tietoisuus prosessin tavoitteista ja prosessin aikainen oppiminen. Tutkimuksessa löydettiin myös päätöksentekoon liittyvä ominaisuus optimoida siihen käytettävää aikaa. Tutkimuksen tulokset lisäsivät näkemystä teknologisten innovaatioiden toteuttamisesta tuotteita valmistavassa yrityksessä. Tutkimus perustui yhteen tapaukseen, minkä vuoksi tulokset eivät ole yleistettävissä muihin yrityksiin tai toimialoihin. Tulosten yleistämistä varten tutkimuksia tulisi suorittaa lisää ja käyttää useita tutkijoita.

Outsourcing process in pharmaceutical product development

The aim of this study was to create an outsourcing process for pharmaceutical product development. This study focuses on two main questions. The first question is “What is the outsourcing process model?” In the second phase key success factors of the outsourcing process are identified. As a result of the literature reviews, a general outsourcing process was created. Transaction cost economics and resource based view were used to derived a theoretical framework to the process by combining the existing processes presented in the literature. The model of process is considered used to the outsourcing broadly. The general outsourcing process was then developed further with the key factors that affect the success of pharmaceutical product development and the interviews of pharmaceutical outsourcing experts. The result of the research was the process consists of seven phases with key activities and expected outputs for each of the phases. In addition, the strategic decision-making framework for outsourcing decision in pharmaceutical product development is giving as well as the tools for selecting supplier and preparing structured contract. This study also gives some recommendations for managing the outsourcing process.

Product costing model for laser welded hollow core steel panels

The aim of the study was to create an easily upgradable product costing model for laser welded hollow core steel panels to help in pricing decisions. The theory section includes a literature review to identify traditional and modern cost accounting methodologies, which are used by manufacturing companies. The theory section also presents the basics of steel panel structures and their manufacturing methods and manufacturing costs based on previous research. Activity-Based costing turned out to be the most appropriate methodology for the costing model because of wide product variations. Activity analysis and the determination of cost drivers based on observations and interviews were the key steps in the creation of the model. The created model was used to test how panel parameters affect the costs caused by the main manufacturing stages and materials. By comparing cost structures, it was possible to find the panel types that are the most economic and uneconomic to manufacture. A sensitivity analysis proved that the model gives sufficiently reliable cost information to support pricing decisions. More reliable cost information could be achieved by determining the cost drivers more accurately. Alternative methods for manufacturing the cores were compared with the model. The comparison proved that roll forming can be more advantageous and flexible than press brake bending. However, more extensive research showed that roll forming is possible only when the cores are designed to be manufactured by roll forming. Due to that fact, when new panels are designed consideration should be given to the possibility of using roll forming.

Examining the Role of Rebranding in Perceived Image of a Product Line

The main objective for this study was to explore certain organization’s product line rebranding process and its impact on product line’s perceived image. The case company is a global paper, packaging and forest products company, business segment paper board. The audience explored is one of the company’s major customers, merchant in Germany. The research was performed as a descriptive case study with a purpose to provide longitudinal insight into the product line image and its eventual alteration as a result of the case company’s rebranding process. Mainly qualitative methods were used for conducting the research. The data for the empirical part was collected with a web-based survey at two different points of time; before the rebranded products entered the market and after they had been available approximately six months. The results of this study reveal that the case company has performed well in its attempt to improve product line’s brand image through rebranding. It was found that between the two brand image measurements the product brand image seems to have improved in all of the areas which according to theoretical framework of this study contribute to formation of brand image; brand associations, marketing communications and interpersonal relationships, not forgetting the original platform that initiated the change; technical quality modifications. In other words it may be concluded that as technical quality was brought to a new level, also assessments about the brand image improved respectively.

Carbon footprint as part of a company’s external environmental communication

The aim of this thesis was to find out how the carbon footprint calculations can be utilized in the company’s external environmental communication, what is the demand for carbon footprint from the market, and how the other actors in the forest industry have approached the issue. The aim was to recognize the best practises to communicate carbon footprints and to find possibilities to extend the UPM-Kymmene Wood Oy’s mill specific carbon footprints. This research included a literature review, an inquiry to the UPM-Kymmene Wood Oy’s sales offices, and Internet survey concerning the external environmental communication in the forest industry and three small case studies based on mill specific parameters. The inquiry to the sales offices showed that the carbon footprint is not yet a common demand from the customers in the wood product sector. In addition, the Internet survey showed that generally in the forest industry, not much has been done concerning carbon footprint communication so far. The biggest challenge in carbon footprint communication is the variation in the knowledge level of the receivers. In addition btob and btoc communication situations demand a different approach to the issue. Carbon profile brochures developed in the company can be seen as suitable for btob communication situations. Case studies have shown that the contribution of final product transport to the overall carbon footprint was significant. It was recommended to include post mill transport in the carbon footprint information supplied to the btob customers. When discussing environmental communication on a general level it can be stated that a good external environmental communication is based on facts, is open and proactive and takes into account the needs of the receiver. However, the openness and the quality of external environmental communication are essentially strategic decisions. The significance of internal communication as well as the knowhow in the communication and marketing networks play a major role in achieving success in external environmental communication. Carbon footprints are only one part of good balanced external environmental communication. One specific environmental feature like carbon footprint should not be over emphasized to the detriment of other important environmental aspects.