Influência ecológica no desenvolvimento do fruto e no teor de óleo na polpa do abacate (Persea americana Miller)

Conduziu-se, um experimento para verificar a evolução do teor de óleo na polpa do abacate, em três regiões ecologicamente diferentes do Estado de São Paulo (Novo Horizonte, Limeira e Itapetininga), com a finalidade de se determinar o estágio adequado de colheita dos frutos para um maior rendimento industrial na produção de óleo. Em cada região, utilizou-se três pomares e em cada pomar selecionou-se cinco árvores das cultivares 'Wagner, 'Prince' e 'Collinson', colhendo-se dois frutos de cada árvore, que no conjunto (dez frutos) formaram a amostra a ser analisada, para cada cultivar. Efetuaram-se colheitas em épocas predeterminadas, visando a análise do desenvolvimento do fruto, desde a sua formação até a época de maturação. Efetuou-se também análises em amostras deixadas amadurecer até o ponto de consumo (polpa mole). Através dos estudos realizados, verificou-se que o clima da região exerce influência no ciclo de frutificação (do florescimento à maturação) do abacate. Relacionando-se as regiões estudadas, em uma determinada data, os frutos se apresentavam em diferentes graus de desenvolvimento fisiológico, mais adiantados na região mais quente e mais atrasados na região mais fria. No estágio final de maturação do abacate, constatou-se uma influência do clima sobre o teor de óleo na polpa. Considera-se que o fator climático a influenciar o teor de óleo foi provavelmente a temperatura, determinando teores mais elevados na região mais fria. Foi observado que a evolução do teor de óleo na polpa do abacate se processa lentamente no início, acentuando-se no final do desenvolvimento do fruto. Constatou-se aumento no teor de óleo na polpa, enquanto o abacate permaneceu na árvore. Não foi constatado influência das características do solo, dos tratos culturais e da idade dos pomares sobre o teor de óleo na polpa do abacate.

Aplicação da cristalização sensitiva na determinação da qualidade da bebida de café

O método da cristalização sensitiva é aplicado na tentativa de determinar a qualidade da bebida de café. Foram efetuadas 50 séries de cristalização, com 3 repetições, envolvendo 9 diferentes concentrações relativas do extrato e do cloreto e 4 tipos de bebida, duas do tipo mole e duas do tipo rio. A conclusão principal é que os resultados obtidos não permitem a identificação do tipo de bebida através do modelo de cristalização. As concentrações do extrato e do cloreto são os fatores mais importantes na variação de um modelo para outro.

Metanotal gland of the genus Eidmanacris (Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae): taxonomic importance

The present study compares the metanotal gland through scanning electron microscopy in five species of Eidmanacris: E. corumbatai Garcia, 1998, E. alboannulata (Piza, 1960), E. dissimilis Desutter-Grandcolas, 1995, E. larvaeformis (Chopard, 1938) and Eidmanacris sp. The general external configuration of the gland was determined by the presence of two median projections with apical opening and a cluster of bristles just above these projections. Although there is a general pattern for this gland, each species has its own pattern, which can be defined mainly by the arrangement of the bristles and the position of the median projections. Our results suggest the taxonomical importance of these structures, which should be better analyzed when describing species of the genus Eidmanacris. In addition, while observing the reproductive behavior of these species, we concluded that the release of this gland secretion is important for the success of mating.

Comparison of calling songs in three allopatric populations of Endecous itatibensis (Orthoptera, Phalangopsinae)

Three isolated populations of the cricket Endecous itatibensis Rehn, 1918 had been analyzed to test the hypothesis of divergence in the calling song estridulation and to discuss its implications in the speciation process. The song registers were obtained from specimens in Corumbataí, Piraciacaba and Itatiba cities, state of São Paulo, Brazil. In the three analyzed populations, calling songs are composed by pairs of notes. Specimens from Corumbataí emit composed phrases with 3 to 18 pairs of notes, while those of Piracicaba and Itatiba have 1 to 3 pairs of notes. Inter- and intrapopulational variability in the frequencies of acoustic signals were detected. While recording the calling songs, other stridulations were registered, possibly from species of Orthoptera or Hemiptera. When the tapes were analyzed in the laboratory, it was verified that there was no overlap among the species' calling songs, in such a way that each species had their particular band of frequencies, avoiding interespecific acoustic competition.

Crescimento somático do caranguejo-uçá Ucides cordatus (Crustacea, Brachyura, Ocypodidae) em laboratório

Em crustáceos, o aumento de tamanho ocorre imediatamente após a muda, quando o animal está com a carapaça mole. O crescimento de Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) foi observado em laboratório, através da ocorrência de muda, incremento de muda e período de intermuda. O estudo foi realizado durante os meses de outubro/2000 a março/2002 e um total de 91 caranguejos (15 machos, 33 fêmeas e 43 juvenis) foi coletado no manguezal de Itacuruçá - Coroa Grande, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Os animais foram mantidos em dois tipos de tanques: os caranguejos adultos foram mantidos em tanques de 1000 l, durante 18 meses, enquanto os juvenis foram mantidos em tanques plásticos de 20 l de capacidade durante oito meses. Os animais foram mantidos em sistema aberto de circulação de água do mar e alimentados duas vezes por semana com folhas de Rhizophora mangle (L.) (Rhizophoraceae) e Laguncularia racemosa (Gaertn.) (Combretaceae). A largura da carapaça variou entre 50,1 a 70,0 mm nos machos, 40,2 a 80,0 mm entre as fêmeas e 1,1 a 40,1 mm entre os juvenis. A sobrevivência dos espécimes estudados foi de 46,7% entre os machos, 39,4% entre as fêmeas após dezoito meses e 67,4% entre os juvenis, após oito meses de observação. Os machos e as fêmeas realizaram três mudas durante o experimento, enquanto os juvenis realizaram até duas mudas. As mudas ocorreram entre agosto e abril, mostrando maior freqüência durante a primavera e o verão. O incremento na largura da carapaça diminuiu com o tamanho do indivíduo, com média de 2,21 ± 1,39% para os machos, 1,28 ± 0,84% para as fêmeas e 2,89 ± 2,13% para os juvenis. A relação entre o incremento percentual e a largura da carapaça pode ser expresso pela equação IM = -0.0707LC + 4.645 (r²= 0.40). O período de intermuda foi de 191 ± 140 dias entre os machos, 216 ± 76,2 dias entre as fêmeas e 54 ± 1,41 dia entre os juvenis. O incremento de muda foi estatisticamente significativo (p<0,05) quando comparados machos e fêmeas, e adultos e juvenis.

Recognition characters and new records of two species of Phylloscyrtini (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Trigonidiinae) from southern Brazil

The Phylloscyrtini occurs from eastern United States to Argentina and includes 21 valid species. It is a highly neglected group of crickets and little is known about its biology and distribution. Cranistus colliurides Stål, 1861 and Phylloscyrtus amoenus (Burmeister, 1880) were recorded for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, and information on calling song, stridulatory file and recognition characters were provided.

The evolution of inbred social systems in spiders and other organisms: from short-term gains to long-term evolutionary dead-ends?

The question of why some social systems have evolved close inbreeding is particularly intriguing given expected short- and long-term negative effects of this breeding system. Using social spiders as a case study, we quantitatively show that the potential costs of avoiding inbreeding through dispersal and solitary living could have outweighed the costs of inbreeding depression in the origin of inbred spider sociality. We further review the evidence that despite being favored in the short term, inbred spider sociality may constitute in the long run an evolutionary dead end. We also review other cases, such as the naked mole rats and some bark and ambrosia beetles, mites, psocids, thrips, parasitic ants, and termites, in which inbreeding and sociality are associated and the evidence for and against this breeding system being, in general, an evolutionary dead end.

Two New Species of Nematodes (Rhabditida: Diplogasteridae and Rhabditidae) Parasites of Gryllodes laplatae (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) in Argentina

Cephalobium magdalensis n. sp. (Rhabditida: Diplogasteridae) found in Magdalena, Buenos Aires, and Cruznema lincolnensis n. sp. (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae) found in Lincoln, Buenos Aires, parasitizing the cricket Gryllodes laplatae (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) are described and illustrated. C. magdalensis n. sp. is characterized by having the excretory pore between the pseudobulb and the basal bulb and seven pairs of postanal papillae in the male. C. lincolnensis n. sp. can be distiguished by having meanly two pairs of preanal papillae, one pair of adanal papillae and six pairs of postanal papillae in the male.

Neyraiella distinctus n. sp. (Oxyurida, Blattophilidae) Parasite of Nymphs of Gryllodes laplatae Sauss (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) in Argentina

Neyraiella distinctus n. sp. was found parasitizing nymphs of the cricket Gryllodes laplatae Sauss in City Bell, Argentina. This species was characterized by having the excretory pore in the posterior end of the basal bulb, vulva protruding with one lip well developed in the 1/3 end of the body, anus of the female with wings, male with a single spicule without any sculpture, gubernaculum and bursa are absent, six pairs of genital papillae arranged in two preanal pairs, one adanal pair and three postanal pairs, and the tail appendage in both sexes was short and conic.

Partitioning of reproduction in animal societies.

A key feature differentiating cooperative animal societies Is the apportionment of reproduction among individuals. Only recently have studies started to focus on intraspecific variability in the distribution of reproduction within animal societies, and the available data suggest that this variability might be greater than previously suspected. How can one account for intra-and interspecific variability in partitioning of reproduction? This Is one of the most intriguing problems in the study of social behaviour, and understanding the factors underlying this variability is one of the keys to understanding the properties of complex animal societies.

Diets based on virgin olive oil or fish oil but not on sunflower oil prevent age-related alveolar bone resorption by mitochondrial-related mechanisms.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Aging enhances frequency of chronic diseases like cardiovascular diseases or periodontitis. Here we reproduced an age-dependent model of the periodontium, a fully physiological approach to periodontal conditions, to evaluate the impact of dietary fat type on gingival tissue of young (6 months old) and old (24 months old) rats. METHODS/FINDINGS Animals were fed life-long on diets based on monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) as virgin olive oil, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6PUFA), as sunflower oil, or n-3PUFA, as fish oil. Age-related alveolar bone loss was higher in n-6PUFA fed rats, probably as a consequence of the ablation of the cell capacity to adapt to aging. Gene expression analysis suggests that MUFA or n-3PUFA allowed mitochondria to maintain an adequate turnover through induction of biogenesis, autophagy and the antioxidant systems, and avoiding mitochondrial electron transport system alterations. CONCLUSIONS The main finding is that the enhanced alveolar bone loss associated to age may be targeted by an appropriate dietary treatment. The mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are related with an ablation of the cell capacity to adapt to aging. Thus, MUFA or n-3PUFA might allow mitochondrial maintaining turnover through biogenesis or autophagy. They might also be able to induce the corresponding antioxidant systems to counteract age-related oxidative stress, and do not inhibit mitochondrial electron transport chain. From the nutritional and clinical point of view, it is noteworthy that the potential treatments to attenuate alveolar bone loss (a feature of periodontal disease) associated to age could be similar to some of the proposed for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, a group of pathologies recently associated with age-related periodontitis.

Le Secret des secrets, attribué à Aristote.

Acquis le 29 juin 1827 de M. Pontier, libraire d'Aix-en-Provence, pour le prix de 25 francs; cf. B.n.F., département des Manuscrits, Archives Modernes 492ter, registre des acquisitions du département des Manuscrits 1821-1830, f. 196 "Ms. in 4° sur velin, maroquin rouge, intitulé Secreta secretorum Aristotelis ad Alexandrum"; — note du XVIe s. "Hunc librum ex Avinione olim attulit nobilis et eruditus vir Guilelmus de Pleurre Priceii ad Albam dum in humanis ageret dominus, quem longo postea tempore possedit, et in pretio habuit ejus filius nobilis atque eruditus nec minus honestus ac praepotens vir Colinus de Pleurre qui anno Domini 1504 mensis martii die tertia medio sublatus, Ludovica Mole ejus conjux cordata atque honesta foemina hunc mihi Nicolao Prunel dono dedit, quam Deus longaevam faveat; Colino vero pro dicto locum pacis misericorditer tribuat. Nicolaus Prunel, abbas coenobii S. Lupi" (75)

Assessment of melanocytic skin lesions with a high-definition laser Doppler imaging system.

BACKGROUND: Early detection is a major goal in the management of malignant melanoma. Besides clinical assessment many noninvasive technologies such as dermoscopy, digital dermoscopy and in vivo laser scanner microscopy are used as additional methods. Herein we tested a system to assess lesional perfusion as a tool for early melanoma detection.¦METHODS: Laser Doppler flow (FluxExplorer) and mole analyser (MA) score (FotoFinder) were applied to histologically verified melanocytic nevi (33) and malignant melanomas (12).¦RESULTS: Mean perfusion and MA scores were significantly increased in melanoma compared to nevi. However, applying an empirically determined threshold of 16% perfusion increase only 42% of the melanomas fulfilled the criterion of malignancy, whereas with the mole analyzer score 82% of the melanomas fulfilled the criterion of malignancy.¦CONCLUSION: Laser Doppler imaging is a highly sensitive technology to assess skin and skin tumor perfusion in vivo. Although mean perfusion is higher in melanomas compared to nevi the high numbers of false negative results hamper the use of this technology for early melanoma detection.

Euromelanoma: a dermatology-led European campaign against nonmelanoma skin cancer and cutaneous melanoma: past, present and future.

Euromelanoma is a dermatologist-led skin cancer prevention programme conducting an annual screening and public education campaign in over 20 European countries. Within its 10-year history, Euromelanoma has screened over 260,000 individuals across Europe, detecting a significant number of cutaneous melanomas and nonmelanoma skin cancers, identifying high-risk individuals for further surveillance and promoting awareness on the suspicious features of melanoma and the hazardous effects of ultraviolet exposure. In this review article, we summarize the history of the Euromelanoma campaign, present its organizational structure and discuss the results of the campaign in individual countries and on a European scale. Euromelanoma has had a significant impact on melanoma prevention and early diagnosis in participating countries and, despite many challenges, has positively influenced public health attitudes towards regular mole examination and the implementation of preventive measures against skin cancer.

Ensaio clínico comparando três modalidades de crioterapia em mulheres não grávidas

O estudo teve como objetivo comparar três modalidades de crioterapia em mulheres saudáveis e não grávidas. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado, não controlado, com 32 alunas do curso de graduação de uma faculdade de enfermagem particular da cidade de São Paulo, divididas em três grupos (gelo água, gelo mole, gelo gel). Foram verificadas as temperaturas (axilar, coxa e das três bolsas de gelo) entre zero e vinte minutos. As temperaturas das bolsas foram: gelo mole de 9°C negativos a 2°C, gelo água de 0°C a 8°C e gelo gel de 11°C negativos a 2°C. Houve diferença significativa entre as médias das temperaturas da coxa com 10 minutos (p=0,007), 15 minutos (p=0,003) e 20 minutos (p=0,005). O gel foi mais eficiente no resfriamento comparado aos outros dois métodos. As três modalidades de crioterapia atingem a temperatura recomendada para analgesia e podem ser aplicadas em puérperas com dor perineal após o parto normal.