Privacidad e intimidad en las interacciones virtuales

El presente trabajo es una revisión de la literatura de investigación en Ciberpsicología centrada en las categorías de privacidad, intimidad, identidad y vulnerabilidad, y en la forma como estas se desarrollan en las redes sociales virtuales. Los principales hallazgos indicaron que son los jóvenes quienes dedican gran parte de su tiempo a interactuar en dichas redes, y a su vez, dado el manejo que les dan, tienen mayor exposición ante los posibles riesgos de estas, como el matoneo, las conductas auto lesivas, la explotación sexual y los trastornos de la alimentación. Se describen estos riesgos y se proponen posibles soluciones.

Análisis del gen adra2a receptor alfa 2a adrenergico en pacientes con trastorno de hiperactividad y déficit de atención

El trastorno de hiperactividad y déficit de atención (THDA), es definido clínicamente como una alteración en el comportamiento, caracterizada por inatención, hiperactividad e impulsividad. Estos aspectos son clasificados en tres subtipos, que son: Inatento, hiperactivo impulsivo y mixto. Clínicamente se describe un espectro amplio que incluye desordenes académicos, trastornos de aprendizaje, déficit cognitivo, trastornos de conducta, personalidad antisocial, pobres relaciones interpersonales y aumento de la ansiedad, que pueden continuar hasta la adultez. A nivel global se ha estimado una prevalencia entre el 1% y el 22%, con amplias variaciones, dadas por la edad, procedencia y características sociales. En Colombia, se han realizado estudios en Bogotá y Antioquia, que han permitido establecer una prevalencia del 5% y 15%, respectivamente. La causa específica no ha sido totalmente esclarecida, sin embargo se ha calculado una heredabilidad cercana al 80% en algunas poblaciones, demostrando el papel fundamental de la genética en la etiología de la enfermedad. Los factores genéticos involucrados se relacionan con cambios neuroquímicos de los sistemas dopaminérgicos, serotoninérgicos y noradrenérgicos, particularmente en los sistemas frontales subcorticales, corteza cerebral prefrontal, en las regiones ventral, medial, dorsolateral y la porción anterior del cíngulo. Basados en los datos de estudios previos que sugieren una herencia poligénica multifactorial, se han realizado esfuerzos continuos en la búsqueda de genes candidatos, a través de diferentes estrategias. Particularmente los receptores Alfa 2 adrenérgicos, se encuentran en la corteza cerebral, cumpliendo funciones de asociación, memoria y es el sitio de acción de fármacos utilizados comúnmente en el tratamiento de este trastorno, siendo esta la principal evidencia de la asociación de este receptor con el desarrollo del THDA. Hasta la fecha se han descrito más de 80 polimorfismos en el gen (ADRA2A), algunos de los cuales se han asociado con la entidad. Sin embargo, los resultados son controversiales y varían según la metodología diagnóstica empleada y la población estudiada, antecedentes y comorbilidades. Este trabajo pretende establecer si las variaciones en la secuencia codificante del gen ADRA2A, podrían relacionarse con el fenotipo del Trastorno de Hiperactividad y el Déficit de Atención.

Allocation rules on networks

When allocating a resource, geographical and infrastructural constraints have to be taken into account. We study the problem of distributing a resource through a network from sources endowed with the resource to citizens with claims. A link between a source and an agent depicts the possibility of a transfer from the source to the agent. Given the supplies at each source, the claims of citizens, and the network, the question is how to allocate the available resources among the citizens. We consider a simple allocation problem that is free of network constraints, where the total amount can be freely distributed. The simple allocation problem is a claims problem where the total amount of claims is greater than what is available. We focus on consistent and resource monotonic rules in claims problems that satisfy equal treatment of equals. We call these rules fairness principles and we extend fairness principles to allocation rules on networks. We require that for each pair of citizens in the network, the extension is robust with respect to the fairness principle. We call this condition pairwise robustness with respect to the fairness principle. We provide an algorithm and show that each fairness principle has a unique extension which is pairwise robust with respect to the fairness principle. We give applications of the algorithm for three fairness principles: egalitarianism, proportionality and equal sacrifice.

Inquisición y judaizantes en América española (siglos XVI-XVII)

A pesar de las numerosas leyes que restringían la emigración hacia el nuevo mundo, la presencia de criptojudíos (o marranos, como se les llamaba despectivamente) en las colonias españolas es perceptible desde el comienzo de la conquista y aumenta considerablemente luego de la unificación de los reinos ibéricos en 1580. Gracias al estudio exhaustivo de la documentación inquisitorial peninsular y americana, el autor logra reconstituir el fresco trágico de los grupos criptojudíos de origen portugués que, pasando por Sevilla, llegaron hasta los confines del nuevo mundo. Más allá del estudio detallado del fenómeno estrictamente religioso, su investigación permite apreciar la vitalidad de las redes comerciales marranas y judías de origen ibérico que, desplegados a una escala planetaria, participaron activamente en el apogeo del mercantilismo.

Common variants of apolipoprotein A-IV differ in their ability to inhibit low density lipoprotein oxidation

Apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) inhibits lipid peroxidation, thus demonstrating potential anti-atherogenic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate how the inhibition of low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation was influenced by common apoA-IV isoforms. Recombinant wild type apoA-IV (100 mu g/ml) significantly inhibited the oxidation of LDL (50 mu g protein/ml) by 5 mu M CuSO4 (P < 0.005), but not by 100 mu M CuSO4, suggesting that it may act by binding copper ions. ApoA-IV also inhibited the oxidation of LDL by the water-soluble free-radical generator 2,2'-azobis(amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH; I mM), as shown by the two-fold increase in the time for half maximal conjugated diene formation (T-1/2; P < 0.05) suggesting it can also scavenge free radicals in the aqueous phase. Compared to wild type apoA-IV, apoA-IV-S347 decreased T-1/2 by 15% (P = 0.036) and apoA-IV-H360 increased T-1/2 by 18% (P = 0.046). All apoA-IV isoforms increased the relative electrophoretic mobility of native LDL, suggesting apoA-IV can bind to LDL and acts as a site-specific antioxidant. The reduced inhibition of LDL oxidation by apoA-IV-S347 compared to wild type apoA-IV may account for the previous association of the APOA4 S347 variant with increased CHD risk and oxidative stress. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dietary long-chain n-3 PUFAs increase LPL gene expression in adipose tissue of subjects with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype

We sought to test the hypothesis that dietary long-chain n-3 PUFA (LC n-3 PUFA) in fish oil stimulate the gene expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in human adipose tissue (AT). In a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, 51 male subjects expressing an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype (ALP) had their diets supplemented with fish oil for 6 weeks. As we previously reported for this group, supplementation with LC n-3 PUFA produced a decrease in fasting plasma triglyceride (TG) (−35%, P < 0.05), attenuation of the postprandial TG response (area and incremental area under the curve; AUC and IAUC, P < 0.05), and a decrease in small, dense LDL. The present study extended these observations by showing that these changes were accompanied by a marked increase in the concentration of LPL mRNA in adipose tissue (AT-LPL mRNA, +55%, P = 0.003) and post-heparin LPL activity (PH-LPL, +31%, P = 0.036). There was also evidence of an association between LPL gene expression and polymorphism in the apolipoprotein E gene. We conclude that the favorable influence of dietary n-3 PUFA on the ALP may be mediated, in part, through an increase in the plasma activity and gene expression of lipoprotein lipase in human adipose tissue.

Influence of the APOC3 −2854T>G polymorphism on plasma lipid levels: effect of age and gender

The APOC3 −2854T>G polymorphism lies in the APOC3–A4 intergenic region. In a group of healthy adults, this polymorphism was associated with circulating triglycerides, with 55% lower fasting levels in the homozygous wild-type (TT) compared to the homozygous rare allele (GG) genotype. Age and gender had a significant impact on genotype–triglyceride interactions.

Lack of association between lipaemia and central adiposity in subjects with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype (ALP)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations between indices of adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype (ALP). SUBJECTS: Fifty-five men, aged 34-69 y, body mass index (BMI) 22-35 kg/m2, with an ALP lipid profile (triglycerides (TG) 1.5-4.0 mmol/l, HDL<1.1 mmol/l; %LDL-3>40% total LDL). DESIGN: Each participant provided a fasting blood sample and underwent an 8 h postprandial assessment and had anthropometric measurements taken. OUTCOME MEASURES: BMI, waist circumference (W), waist-to-hip ratio (W/H), sum of skinfolds (SSK), fasting and postprandial concentrations of glucose, insulin and plasma lipids, post-heparin lipase activity, and apoE genotype. RESULTS: The expected positive associations between BMI, W and SSK and fasting and postprandial insulin were observed (r=0.42-0.65). Little association between glucose responses and any measures of adiposity was evident. Unexpectedly, there were no positive associations between measures of central adiposity (W and W/H) and fasting and postprandial TG responses, with a trend towards negative associations in this study group (TG AUC vs W, r=-0.23, P=0.097; TG IAUC vs W/H, r=-0.26, P=0.068). Subgroup analysis indicated that lack of a positive association between central adiposity and postprandial TG values was more evident in those with one E4 allele (r=-0.42, P=0.077) relative to non-E4 carriers (r=-0.16, P=0.430). The expected positive associations between insulin and TG responses were not observed (r=-0.03 to -0.36). CONCLUSION: In this ALP group the expected positive association between TG responses and a centralized distribution of body fat was not observed, particularly in individuals with an apoE4 genotype. Our findings are not in line with the view that there is a clear causal relationship between insulin resistance and the lipid abnormalities associated with ALP.

ApoE polymorphism and fish oil supplementation in subjects with an antherogenic lipoprotein phenotype

The study assessed the efficacy of fish oil supplementation in counteracting the classic dyslipidemia of the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype (ALP). In addition, the impact of the common apolipoprotein E (apoE) polymorphism on the fasting and postprandial lipid profile and on responsiveness to the dietary intervention was established. Fifty-five ALP males (aged 34 to 69 years, body mass index 22 to 35 kg/m2, triglyceride [TG] levels 1.5 to 4.0 mmol/L, high density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] <1.1 mmol/l, and percent low density lipoprotein [LDL]-3 >40% total LDL) completed a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial of fish oil (3.0 g eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid per day) and placebo (olive oil) capsules with the 6-week treatment arms separated by a 12-week washout period. In addition to fasting blood samples, at the end of each intervention arm, a postprandial assessment of lipid metabolism was carried out. Fish oil supplementation resulted in a reduction in fasting TG level of 35% (P<0.001), in postprandial TG response of 26% (TG area under the curve, P<0.001), and in percent LDL-3 of 26% (P<0.05). However, no change in HDL-C levels was evident (P=0.752). ANCOVA showed that baseline HDL-C levels were significantly lower in apoE4 carriers (P=0.035). The apoE genotype also had a striking impact on lipid responses to fish oil intervention. Individuals with an apoE2 allele displayed a marked reduction in postprandial incremental TG response (TG incremental area under the curve, P=0.023) and a trend toward an increase in lipoprotein lipase activity relative to non-E2 carriers. In apoE4 individuals, a significant increase in total cholesterol and a trend toward a reduction in HDL-C relative to the common homozygous E3/E3 profile was evident. Our data demonstrate the efficacy of fish oil fatty acids in counteracting the proatherogenic lipid profile of the ALP but also that the apoE genotype influences responsiveness to this dietary treatment.

Censimento, catalogazione e ricomposizione dei frammenti di manoscritti ebraici medievali riusati come legature di registri e libri in biblioteche ed archivi italiani

Il lavoro di tesi si è incentrato sull’analisi dei frammenti di manoscritti ebraici medievali rinvenuti in alcuni archivi e biblioteche dell’area emiliano-romagnola ossia, come è noto, la regione italiana che vanta il maggior numero di frammenti rinvenuti; ben 6.000 frammenti sui circa 10.000 censiti sino ad oggi in tutta l’Italia, vale a dire un numero pari al 60% del totale. Nello specifico è stato esaminato il materiale pergamenaceo ebraico conservato in Archivi e Biblioteche delle città di Cesena, Faenza ed Imola, per un totale di 230 frammenti ebraici. Ho, quindi, proceduto all’identificazione di tutti i frammenti che, se dal punto di vista testuale ci documentano parti delle principali opere ebraiche diffuse nel Medioevo, sotto l’aspetto paleografico ci attestano le tre principali tradizioni scrittorie ebraiche utilizzate in Occidente, ossia: quella italiana, la sefardita e quella ashkenazita, oltre che ad alcuni rari esempi di grafia sefardita di tipo provenzale, una tipologia rara, se si considera che fra i quasi 10.000 frammenti finora scoperti in Italia, il numero di quelli vergati in questa grafia è davvero piccolo. Successivamente ho preso in esame le caratteristiche codicologiche e paleografiche dei frammenti, in particolar modo quelle relative a rigatura, foratura, mise en page e alle varianti grafiche individuali dello scriba, fra cui abbreviazioni, segni grafici di riempimento e resa del tetragramma sacro del nome di Dio, elementi che mi hanno consentito di identificare i frammenti smembrati da uno stesso manoscritto. Ciò ha permesso di individuare ben 80 manoscritti dai quali furono smembrati i 230 frammenti ebraici rinvenuti. Infine, sulla base dei dati raccolti, è stato realizzato un catalogo di tutti i frammenti, all’interno del quale i frammenti sono stati ricomposti per manoscritto. A loro volta, i vari manoscritti, suddivisi per soggetto, sono stati ordinati per secolo, dal più antico al più recente, in base alla grafia in cui sono vergati, ossia: Italiana, Sefardita (Provenzale) o Ashkenazita e per stile: quadrata, semicorsiva e corsiva. A motivo, poi, di nuovi ritrovamenti in diverse località italiane, mi sono dedicata ad un aggiornamento della mia ricerca compiuta per la tesi di Laurea, pubblicata nel 2004, sui frammenti talmudici e midrashici scoperti negli archivi e nelle biblioteche italiani; un genere di letteratura i cui rinvenimenti, per vari motivi, sono estremamente rari. In quell’occasione furono catalogati 475 frammenti talmudici, appartenenti a 151 manoscritti diversi, databili su base paleografica tra i secc. X e XV, e 54 frammenti midrashici appartenenti ad 8 manoscritti databili tra i secc. XII e XV. Ad oggi, dopo 4 anni, sono stati scoperti 21 nuovi frammenti talmudici ed un nuovo frammento midrashico. Nello specifico di questi 21 frammenti: 17 contengono parti tratte dal Talmud babilonese e 4 dal Sefer ha-Halakot di Alfasi (un noto compendio talmudico); mentre il frammento midrashico, rinvenuto presso la Sezione di Archivio di Stato di Foligno, contiene una parte del Midrash haggadah a Deuteronomio, costituendo pertanto già di per se stesso un rinvenimento molto importante. Questo frammento, ad una prima analisi, sembrerebbe completare alcune lacune del Midrash Haggadah ai cinque libri della Torah pubblicato a Vienna nel 1894 da S. Buber sulla base del solo manoscritto esistente che, tuttavia, presentava delle lacune, come riferisce lo stesso autore nella prefazione all’opera.

Offenes Sendschreiben an die Nationen Europa's und an die Stände Norwegen's

aus d. Quellen dargest. von M. Pinner

Hebräische Lese-Fibel

A. Horwitz. Im Auftrage des Talmud-Tora-Vorstandes zu Berlin

Une conférence contradictoire religieuse et scientifique sur l'anatomie et la physiologie des organes génitaux de la femme : a l'école de Rami, fils de Samuel et de Rabbi Yitshac, fils de Rabbi Yehoudou la fin du 2me siècle

extraite du talmud ... par Emanuel Rosenbaum