Farming seaweeds at SEAFDEC/AQD

The article presents the practices that have been developed or documented by SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department for farming seaweeds. These practices are: the cage culture of Kappaphycus, and the ‘rice planting’ method for cultivating Gracilaria. The seaweed gathering practices in coastal communities in western Visayas is also presented.

Establishing a mangrove nursery

Mangroves play an important role in creating habitats for a diverse community of organisms ranging from bacteria and fungi to fishes and mammals. They grow in intertidal flats, estuaries and offshore islands. In the Philippines, mangrove forests have dramatically decreased in area since the start of the century, and therefore there is a need to reforest. However, first mangrove nurseries must be established since they serve as sources of planting materials for different mangrove species. Furthermore, nurseries would mean a sustainable source of livelihood for coastal communities because of continuous demand for propagules. A brief account is given of procedures as to the establishment of a mangrove nursery, describing the construction of a nursery, preparation of potting materials, seed collection, seed sowing, and maintenance and protection. Details are provided of the most common true mangrove species in the Philippines. The mangrove nursery is a place for raising and tending seedlings until they are ready for permanent planting. The establishment of mangrove nurseries is in line with government s efforts to rehabilitate the coastal and mangrove ecosystems.

In situ nutrient removal from aquaculture wastewater by aquatic vegetable Ipomoea aquatica on floating beds

Nutrient-rich effluents caused rising concern due to eutrophication of aquatic environment by utilization of a large amount of formula feed. Nutrient removal and water quality were investigated by planting aquatic vegetable on artificial beds in 36-m(2) concrete fishponds. After treatment of 120 days, 30.6% of total nitrogen (TN) and 18.2% of total phosphorus (TP) were removed from the total input nutrients by 6-m(2) aquatic vegetable Ipomoea aquatica. The concentrations of TN, TP, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and chlorophyll a in planted ponds were significantly lower than those in non-planted ponds (P<0.05). Transparency of water in planted ponds was much higher than that of control ponds. No significant differences in the concentration of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) and nitrite nitrogen (NO2--N) were found between planted and non-planted ponds. These results suggested that planting aquatic vegetable with one-sixth covered area of the fishponds could efficiently remove nutrient and improve water quality.

The role of plants in channel-dyke and field irrigation systems for domestic wastewater treatment in an integrated eco-engineering system

Eight kinds of plants were tested in channel-dyke and field irrigation systems. The removal rates of TP, phosphate, TN, ammonia, CODcr and BOD, in the channel-dyke system with napiergrass (Pennisetum purpurem Schumach, x Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng American) were 83.2, 82.3, 76.3, 96.2, 73.5 and 85.8%, respectively. The field irrigation systems with rice I-yuanyou No.1(88-132) (Oryza sativa L.) and rice II- suakoko8 (Oryza glaberrima) had high efficiency for N removal; the removal rate were 84.7 and 84.3%, respectively. The mass balance data revealed that napiergrass, rice I and II were the most important nutrient sinks, assimilating more than 50% of TP and TN. Plant uptake of N and P as percentage of total removal from wastewater correlated with biomass yield of and planting mode. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

乙酰丙酸钾对黄土高原山地红枣生长发育及产量品质的影响

选用9 a生盛果期矮化密植梨枣树为试验材料,研究乙酰丙酸钾叶面喷施对黄土高原山地红枣生长发育及产量品质的影响。结果表明:叶面喷施稀释800倍的乙酰丙酸钾,对枣树的生长发育、产量和品质都有明显的促进作用,建议在黄土高原区红枣实际生产中采用稀释800倍的乙酰丙酸钾喷施。

退耕还林(草)工程对吴起县农村经济发展的驱动力分析

以陕西省吴起县为例,在实地调查的基础上,通过对退耕还林(草)工程实施后农村就业结构变化、基本农田种植结构及种植方式的改变、后续产业的发展与农民收入和农村经济进行相关性分析及灰色关联度分析,结果表明:非农行业就业人数占总人数的比例、农业中间物质消耗以及作为后续产业代表的肉类产量四个驱动因素对农村经济总收入提高的相对贡献率分别为:33.64%,32.17%,34.19%。对农民年收入提高的相对贡献率分别达到了33.30%,33.24%,33.46%。退耕还林(草)工程对农村经济的发展起到了巨大的驱动作用。

长期连续种植苜蓿草地地上部分生物量与土壤水分的空间差异性

基于苜蓿长期连续种植定位试验,研究了不同施肥与采样位置差异对苜蓿草地地上部分生物量和土壤水分的影响。苜蓿长期连续种植19年后,施肥对苜蓿地上部分生物量的影响不显著;试验样地内呈由外及内植株高度逐渐下降、地上部分生物量积累逐渐减小的"生物漏斗"现象,距样地中心位置不同引起的差异远远超过施肥处理引起的差异。中下层土壤水分也呈类似的漏斗状分布。相关分析表明,苜蓿地上部分生物量与1 m以下土壤水分含量呈显著相关,表明在长期连续种植条件下下层土壤水分状况是决定苜蓿草地生长状况的主要因素。

土壤干旱对2个种源野生酸枣幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

以采自陕西杨陵和安塞的2个1年生酸枣幼苗为材料,采用盆栽称重控水法研究了中度和重度土壤干旱胁迫对它们生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,不同程度的水分胁迫均使2种源酸枣新生侧枝长度受到极显著抑制,其苗高和基径也受到一定程度抑制,同时分别使叶片相对含水量和水分饱和亏有一定程度的降低和升高;2种源酸枣叶片的叶绿素a含量在各水分胁迫均极显著降低,它们的总叶绿素含量也在重度干旱下显著降低;随土壤干旱胁迫时间的延续,2种源酸枣叶片保护酶SOD、CAT、APX活性上下波动,其脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量逐渐升高,而超氧阴离子含量在较低水平下波动,丙二醛含量逐渐降低。杨陵酸枣在土壤水分较好的条件下表现良好,而安塞酸枣则具有更强的适应旱生能力。研究发现,在不同程度的土壤干旱胁迫下,2个种源酸枣的生长均受到一定程度的抑制,但它们均能调节自身的保护酶系统活性和渗透调节物质含量来减轻干旱伤害,维持植物体的正常生理代谢功能,表现出较强的抗旱耐旱能力。

定植穴对局部土壤物理性质及苹果生长的影响

为了探索陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区苹果栽植成活率低、树体生长状况差的原因,对3种定植穴土壤物理性状及苹果生长状况进行了监测研究。结果表明定植沟、大定植穴降低了0～100cm土层土壤容重和开挖到雨季的土壤水分,其中开挖到定植是土壤水分散失的主要阶段。定植沟、大定植穴提高了0～100cm土层土壤总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和地面塌陷深度,相对提高了雨季期间的土壤水分,提高了枝条失水量和抽条指数,造成苗木成活率降低,树体生长量和产量降低。陕北丘陵沟壑区栽植苹果不宜采用雨季后开挖定植沟、大定植穴,翌年春季定植;春季定植时应以普通定植穴为主,并边挖边栽。

黄土高原沟壑区果园还耕对土壤水分的影响

在黄土高原沟壑区王东沟小流域,在塬面、梁地和坡地三种地貌类型上,分别选取了盛果期果园、老果园和退耕还田等3种土地利用与管理方式,测定土壤0~400 cm(塬面0~600 cm)水分含量分布,研究果园的利用管理方式变化对土壤剖面中水分含量变化的影响。结果表明,梁地和坡地上,盛果期果园、老果园土壤水分含量均接近作物凋萎湿度(10%);塬面上,盛果期果园、老果园土壤水分含量为15%。退果4年的耕地、坡地0~400 cm土层土壤储水量显著增加,梁地和塬面虽有增加但与老果园相比,剖面储水量并没有达到显著水平;退果4年耕地、坡地和梁地剖面中的60~140 cm和220~400 cm含水量提高最显著,塬面上220~600 cm土层中水分提高显著。

干旱胁迫下本氏针茅光合特性和水分利用效率日动态研究

采用盆栽和人工控制土壤水分的方法,使用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统观测本氏针茅(Stipa bungeana)光合生理生态特征的日变化。结果表明:在不同土壤水分状况下,本氏针茅净光合速率日变化曲线均呈"双峰"型,并有不同程度的"午休"现象,且上午的净光合速率明显高于下午,随着土壤水分的升高而增加;蒸腾速率日变化曲线也呈"双峰"型,表现为较高土壤水分处理针茅具有较高的蒸腾速率;气孔导度受水分和光热胁迫的影响,日变化曲线呈凹型;胞间CO2浓度受空气CO2浓度和气孔导度的双重影响,呈现早晚高,正午低的日变化进程;水分利用效率最高值出现在上午较早的时段,随着土壤水分的增加,水分利用效率却降低。

黄土高原苜蓿草地在不同种植方式下的土壤水分变化

在长期定位试验的基础上,通过田间实地测定0~400 cm土壤含水量,分析和比较了不同种植方式下苜蓿草地土壤水分的变化。结果表明,连作苜蓿地、轮作苜蓿地的400 cm土层平均土壤含水量分别为10.6%和11.4%,均低于土壤稳定湿度,其干燥化指数为24.6%和37.2%,分别属强烈干燥化和严重干燥化,而小麦连作的干燥化指数为86.4%,属轻度干燥化。连作苜蓿地土壤干层最厚,400 cm处仍十分干燥,而轮作苜蓿地和连作小麦地到240 cm以下时,土壤水分开始有所恢复。连作苜蓿地和轮作苜蓿地通过降雨可恢复部分土壤水分,可恢复的土壤深度为40 cm和60 cm,而连作小麦地可达100 cm。不同施肥措施下连作苜蓿地土壤干燥化程度都很严重,施肥措施不是造成土壤干燥化的主要原因。轮作系统中不同轮作年限苜蓿地的土壤水分状况有一定的差异,但是均没有形成深厚的土壤干层。与连作苜蓿相比,轮作苜蓿不会大量消耗土壤深层水分而形成深厚的土壤干层,有利于土壤水分的可持续利用。

黄土高原坡地密植枣园土壤质地与肥力状况分析

采用田间取样与实验室分析相结合的方法,研究了黄土高原坡地密植枣园土壤质地与肥力状况。结果表明,坡地枣园土壤肥力低,氮、磷严重缺乏,钾相对丰富,土壤属于砂壤土,通气性强,保肥、保水性差。0~60 cm土壤有机质含量为1.687~5.002 mg/kg;全氮为0.072~0.316 g/kg;硝酸盐为2.325~16.846 g/kg;铵态氮为1.187~2.146 g/kg,速效磷为0.270~2.480 mg/kg,速效钾为51.9~169.1 mg/kg,并且含量均随剖面向下减少。颗粒组成大部分为粉砂粒,含量一般在65.75%~68.98%;随有机质含量升高,0.25~0.05 mm微团聚体数量呈上升趋势,二者为正相关;<0.05 mm微团聚体含量则逐渐下降,二者呈负相关。黄土高原坡地密植枣园土壤肥力总体水平很低。除了速效钾为中等级外,有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷均为很低等级。

不同年代冬小麦品种根际土浸提液诱导小列当种子发芽的化感作用研究

为筛选在根寄生植物小列当多发地进行诱捕发芽的小麦品种,研究了不同品种冬小麦根分泌的化感物质对小列当(Orobanche minor)种子的诱导发芽率。以冬小麦根际土蒸馏水和甲醇浸提液刺激小列当种子发芽,结果表明,冬小麦品种间化感作用差异显著。20世纪70年代宁冬1号和90年代小偃22号在4个生育期都有较强的发芽刺激作用,而其余3个品种则在个别生育期有非常微弱化感作用。宁冬1号品种刺激小列当发芽率达到最高为42.8%,化感作用最强,可作为抑除小列当的首选品种。