997 resultados para Separação cega de fontes
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
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The use of the History and the Philosophy of Science (HPS) for the teaching of science and scientific subjects has been advocated in recent decades. It has been pointed out that the History of Science could make for a deeper learning of scientific concepts, since it would promote a contact with the problems which that knowledge has set out to solve. Furthermore, historical episodes would serve to put the discussions about the nature of scientific knowledge into context. With a view to explore those potentialities, the literature in the field has sought to identify the challenges and obstacles for the didactic transposition of subjects from the History of Science. Amongst many aspects, the deficiencies in the training of teachers, so that they can work with the insertion of HPS in the classroom have been highlighted. Another aspect that has been mentioned to be a challenge has to do with the didactic transposition of the Primary Sources, that is, of the original texts on the History of Science. The Primary Sources have significant potentialities: making a connection possible between scientists and concepts, showing the difficulties faced during scientific endeavors, perceiving the role of mistakes as obstacles to be surpassed, not as defeat, etc. On the other hand, there has been little exploration of these concepts in an educational context, due to their own peculiarities. The original texts are often hard to understand and their interpretation demands knowledge of the historical and scientific context in which they were written, as well as skills pertaining to the conduction of research in the field of the History of Science. With this scenario in mind, the research towards this Professional MSc degree starts from the challenge of elaborating and discussing proposals which could enable the didactical transposition of the Primary Sources. We have worked specifically with Primary Sources on the History of the Vacuum and of the Atmospheric Pressure, because of the insertion of these subjects in the Brazilian High School curriculum, in connection with the didactical textbooks. "Historic Journals" were made up from clippings of the original historical texts, as was a Didactical Unit, which takes the usual textbooks as a basis and contemplates using the Journals and the entire Primary Sources in High School. At last, we have elaborated and implemented a course designed for the preparation of teachers and for being an opportunity for the discussion of the feasibility of putting these kinds of proposal into practice
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The great majority of analytical models for extragalactic radio sources suppose self-similarity and can be classified into three types: I, II and III. We have developed a model that represents a generalization of most models found in the literature and showed that these three types are particular cases. The model assumes that the area of the head of the jet varies with the jet size according to a power law and the jet luminosity is a function of time. As it is usually done, the basic hypothesis is that there is an equilibrium between the pressure exerted both by the head of the jet and the cocoon walls and the ram pressure of the ambient medium. The equilibrium equations and energy conservation equation allow us to express the size and width of the source and the pressure in the cocoon as a power law and find the respective exponents. All these assumptions can be used to calculate the evolution of the source size, width and radio luminosity. This can then be compared with the observed width-size relation for radio lobes and the power-size (P-D) diagram of both compact (GPS and CSS) and extended sources from the 3CR catalogue. In this work we introduce two important improvement as compared with a previous work: (1)We have put together a larger sample of both compact and extended radio sources
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This work is a detailed study of self-similar models for the expansion of extragalactic radio sources. A review is made of the definitions of AGN, the unified model is discussed and the main characteristics of double radio sources are examined. Three classification schemes are outlined and the self-similar models found in the literature are studied in detail. A self-similar model is proposed that represents a generalization of the models found in the literature. In this model, the area of the head of the jet varies with the size of the jet with a power law with an exponent γ. The atmosphere has a variable density that may or may not be spherically symmetric and it is taken into account the time variation of the cinematic luminosity of the jet according to a power law with an exponent h. It is possible to show that models Type I, II and III are particular cases of the general model and one also discusses the evolution of the sources radio luminosity. One compares the evolutionary curves of the general model with the particular cases and with the observational data in a P-D diagram. The results show that the model allows a better agreement with the observations depending on the appropriate choice of the model parameters.
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Double radio sources have been studied since the discovery of extragalactic radio sources in the decade of 1930. Since then, several numerical studies and analytical models have been proposed seeking a better understanding of the physical phenomena that determines the origin and evolution of such objects. In this thesis, we intended to study the evolution problem of the double radio sources in two fronts: in the ¯rst we have developed an analytical self-similar model that represents a generalization of most models found in the literature and solve some existent problems related to the jet head evolution. We deal with this problem using samples of hot spot sizes to ¯nd a power law relation between the jet head dimension and the source length. Using our model, we were able to draw the evolution curves of the double sources in a PD diagram for both compact sources (GPS and CSS) and extended sources of the 3CR catalogue. We have alson developed a computation tool that allows us to generate synthetic radio maps of the double sources. The objective is to determine the principal physical parameters of those objects by comparing synthetic and observed radio maps. In the second front, we used numeric simulations to study the interaction of the extra- galactic jets with the environment. We simulated situations where the jet propagates in a medium with high density contrast gas clouds capable to block the jet forward motion, forming the distorted structures observed in the morphology of real sources. We have also analyzed the situation in which the jet changes its propagation direction due to a change of the source main axis, creating the X-shaped sources. The comparison between our simulations and the real double radio sources, enable us to determine the values of the main physical parameters responsible for the distortions observed in those objects
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Dans ce texte, nous prenons avec probleme le départment bresilien de Piauí comme espacialité de la Région « Nordeste », suivant les instants de son insertion politique et discursif dans l'identité régionale, qui s'est donnée entre la fin des années 1950 et débuts des années 1970. Pour ceci, nous proposons une analyse de discours identitaires de Piauí comme la littérature et le folklore produits alors, cherchant à rapporter telles discours avec les pratiques et intérêts politiques qui ont concouru pour la « nordestinization » de Piauí. Parmi ces discours et dans dialogue avec eux, nous prenons centralement l'oeuvre du juge et ecrivain João Nonon de Moura Fontes Ibiapina, emisseur de signes qui apparaît en ce moment. Notre objectif est discuter les images élaborées sur Piauí et son inclusion dans les stéréotypes cristallisés de Nordeste, comme la pauvreté et la nécessité, la vie dans le champs et la prédominance d'une « culture populaire » régionale. Dans une période d'importantes mutations dans la société brésilienne, dans la production culturelle, dans heurtes régionalistes Nordeste et dans les formes de penser et pratiquer les espaces, les intellectuels de Piauí que nous étudions ont essayé de recouvrir de mots et de sens la noirceur et l'incommode silence concernant le Piauí dans la Nation bresilienne, quand le déparment s'intégrait, au moyen de la Région, au Brésil urbain et industrialisé
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Recognizing the importance the workplace has on mental health of the individual, the objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the burnout syndrome and the sources of physical and emotional wear which permeate the work conditions of the urban public transport system of the city of Natal. Although existent in international literature, research on burnout in the professional transport category and studies directed to this category are not a tradition in Brazil. The research was carried out using 412 drivers and money-changers of two transport companies of Natal. To collect the data, two questionnaires and a semi-structured interview were used. The first instrument, developed and validated during the research, investigated the sources of wear and the second, the syndrome of burnout. As its main results, two sources of empirical wear were identified as follows: (1) the Conflict of Values and the Lack of Justice at the Workplace, (2) Union and Reward. Besides these, it was observed that there is an incidence of the syndrome of burnout among the drivers and money-changers of urban transport by bus, not only in the caring occupations studied before in Natal and Brazil and that this incidence is related to the sources of wear which permeate the work conditions of these professionals
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The general purpose of the study was the analysis of residents' participation in the program of door-by-door collection of recyclable residuals in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. Even though the conception of such program by municipal managers was basically aimed at providing job opportunities and income for the collectors, the main objective of the investigation was to verify whether residents' participation could be attributed to their environmental commitment. Data collection involved three municipal districts and was performed in three stages, with complementary methodological strategies (observation, questionnaire, and interview), and characterized by selfevaluation, by residents, and hetero-evaluation, by collectors. Social, demographic, situational/contextual, and dispositional data were identified to help in the analysis of residents' adherence to the program. Separating and delivering recyclable residuals was the most frequent type of residents' participation, which demonstrates their low level of appropriation of decisions related to the program, taking part on it as passive agents. Two forms of motivation towards participating in the program were found: environmental and social. Despite the first being more frequent, it was associated to lack of environmental awareness related to the process, which may very well imply a mere reproduction of pro-environmental discourse. Motivation towards social issues was strongly connected to philanthropic forms of help. Knowledge was revealed as na important predictor for participation, as well as social networks, formed by neighbors, relatives and friends. Despite the social emphasis in the design of the program, it is possible to conclude that some residents also perceive its environmental benefits, possibly as consequence of a knowledge originated outside the program. Initiatives of environmental education should be promoted in order to minimize the allegation of lack of knowledge as justification for non-participation. Similarly, actions to put together municipal management and population would be welcome, to promote joint decisions towards sustainable styles of life
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The synthesis of MFI-type zeolite membranes was carried by the process in situ or hydrothermal crystallization. We studied the homogenization time of the room temperature and gel filtration just before the crystallization step performed out in an oven, thus obtaining a more uniform zeolite film. The powder synthesized zeolite (structure type MFI, Silicalite) was characterized by several complementary techniques such as Xray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal analysis, temperature programmed desorption (TPD), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and textural analysis by nitrogen adsorption (specific surface area). For the purpose of evaluating the quality of the layer supported on the ceramic support, N2 permeation tests were carried starting from room temperature to 600 °C, where values were observed values more appropriate permeation from 200 °C. With the data obtained, it was made into a graph of temperature versus permeation function, the curve of surface diffusion was found. For scanning electron microscopy, we observed the formation of homogeneous crystals and the zeolite film showed no fissures or cracks, indicating that the process of synthesis and subsequent treatments not damaged the zeolite layer on the support. Carried permeation studies were found values ranging from 3.64x10-6 to 3.78x10-6, 4.71x10-6 to 5.02x10-6, to pressures 20 and 25 psi, respectively. And the mixture xylenes/N2 values were between 5.39x10-6 to 5.67x10-6 and 8.13x10-6 to 8.36x10-6, also for pressures of 20 and 25 psi. The values found for the separation factor were 15.22 at 400 °C in the first experiment and 1.64 for the second experiment at a temperature of 150 °C. It is concluded that the Silicalite membrane was successfully synthesized and that it is effective in the separation of binary mixtures of xylenes
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O aproveitamento do nitrogênio pelo feijoeiro é dependende da fonte, dose e época de aplicação. Com o objetivo de se avaliar o efeito de fontes e épocas de aplicação de N sobre feijoeiro cultivado em sistema plantio direto, desenvolveu-se o presente trabalho, no município de Selvíria (MS), em 2006 e 2007, com os tratamentos dispostos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3x6, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas fontes de N (ureia, entec e sulfato de amônio) e épocas de aplicação (testemunha - sem N, semeadura, estádio de desenvolvimento V3, estádio de desenvolvimento V4-5, 1/3 semeadura + 2/3 estádio V3 e 1/3 semeadura + 2/3 estádio V4-5). As fontes de N tiveram influência semelhante sobre a produtividade do feijoeiro, afetando apenas o teor de N foliar, em 2006, sendo que a utilização de entec proporcionou concentrações do nutriente, nas folhas, equivalentes às da ureia. A aplicação de todo o N na semeadura afetou a população inicial e final de plantas, em 2006, sendo que o mesmo não foi observado em 2007. As épocas de aplicação não influenciaram na produtividade de grãos da cultura, em ambos os anos de cultivo, porém, em 2006, a adubação nitrogenada incrementou a produtividade em mais de 100%, em média, independentemente da época de aplicação.
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O desenvolvimento de tecnologias que visem a aumentar a eficiência dos fertilizantes nitrogenados é de fundamental importância para a sustentabilidade da agricultura. Assim, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a resposta do algodoeiro a diferentes fontes de nitrogênio (N) em cobertura, aplicadas em sistema plantio direto, no Cerrado, nos anos agrícolas 2008/2009 e 2009/2010. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de três fontes de N (ureia, ureia com inibidor de urease e nitrato de amônio) e dois manejos da adubação de N em cobertura (uma aplicação em V5 e duas aplicações, como se segue: 50% em V5 + 50% em B6), além de uma testemunha (sem N em cobertura). O nitrato de amônio promoveu melhor resultado, nos dois períodos avaliados, enquanto a ureia com inibidor de urease diferiu da ureia comum apenas no primeiro ano. O manejo do N em cobertura propiciou resultados diferentes entre os cultivos, sendo dependente das condições ambientais. Caso ocorra precipitação suficiente para incorporação do N ao solo, pode haver melhores produtividades, quando o adubo de cobertura for aplicado todo na fase V5.
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A adubação nitrogenada é de suma importância para a cultura do trigo, já que o nitrogênio constitui um dos nutrientes mais exigidos por essa cultura e o rendimento desta é função direta da quantidade de nutrientes acumulados pela planta. Foram testados os adubos nitrogenados: sulfonitrato de amônio com inibidor de nitrificação, sulfato de amônio e uréia, na dose de 70 kg de N ha-1; em duas épocas de aplicação, na linha de semeadura ou em cobertura, além da testemunha que não recebeu nitrogênio como tratamento, em quatro cultivares de trigo irrigado: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) 21, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) 22, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) 42 e IAC 370. O experimento foi conduzido sob irrigação por aspersão em dois anos (2005 e 2006) em área experimental pertencente à Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira UNESP/São Paulo - Brasil. As fontes de nitrogênio sulfonitrato de amônio com inibidor de nitrificação, sulfato de amônio e uréia não diferiram entre si, porém foram superiores à testemunha, em relação à produtividade de grãos. A aplicação do N todo em cobertura proporcionou aumento na produtividade de grãos. O comportamento das cultivares quanto aos componentes de produção e produtividade foram dependentes do ano em estudo.
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O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar os efeitos de fontes nitrogenadas: sulfonitrato de amônio com inibidor de nitrificação, sulfato de amônio e uréia, aplicadas na semeadura e/ou em cobertura, sobre teores de N foliar e clorofila, componentes da produção e produtividade do milho no verão, na região de cerrado sob irrigação. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico, nos anos agrícolas de 2006/2007 e 2007/2008. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 3x5, sendo: três fontes de nitrogênio aplicadas na semeadura e/ou em cobertura, no estádio de 8 folhas completamente desdobradas, em 5 modos de aplicação (0 + 120; 30 + 90; 60 + 60; 90 + 30 e 120 + 0 kg ha-1 de N). O sulfonitrato de amônio + inibidor de nitrificação difere em relação ao sulfato de amônio quantos aos componentes da produção do milho cultivado no verão, independentemente da época de aplicação. A aplicação de 120 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio usando a uréia em aplicação única no estádio de oito folhas na cultura do milho e em períodos com alta precipitação pluvial afeta negativamente os teores foliares de N no milho e resulta em menor produtividade de grãos em relação à aplicação da mesma dose na semeadura.
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A utilização de fertilizantes revestidos pode proporcionar menores perdas e maior disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo, passíveis de absorção pelas plantas, tendo em vista a liberação gradativa dos nutrientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses e fontes de N, P e K, nos componentes de produção e na produtividade da cultura de milho irrigado no Cerrado. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados, com 4 doses em cobertura (0 kg ha-1 40 kg ha-1 80 kg ha-1e 120 kg ha-1 e 2 fontes (ureia e ureia revestida), para o N; 4 doses (0 kg ha-1 50 kg ha-1 100 kg ha-1e 150 kg ha-1 e 2 fontes (superfosfato triplo e superfosfato triplo revestido), para o P; e 4 doses (0 kg ha-1 40 kg ha-1 80 kg ha-1e 120 kg ha-1 e 2 fontes (cloreto de potássio e cloreto de potássio revestido), para o K, com 4 repetições. Os fertilizantes revestidos por polímeros (ureia, superfosfato triplo e cloreto de potássio) não foram eficientes nas condições edafoclimáticas estudadas, pois proporcionaram resultados semelhantes aos mesmos fertilizantes convencionais, para os teores foliares de N, P e K, componentes de produção e produtividade de grãos de milho irrigado. O incremento das doses de N aumentou linearmente o teor de N foliar, número de espigas por hectare e a produtividade de grãos de milho. A aplicação de doses de K2O e P2O5 não influenciou a produtividade de grãos da cultura.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de doses e fontes de nitrogênio, sobre os componentes de produção e a produtividade de trigo irrigado (Triticum aestivum), aplicados na semeadura ou em cobertura, sob plantio direto. Foram utilizadas fontes com e sem inibidor de nitrificação (Entec), aplicadas ao sulco de semeadura ou em cobertura. O trigo foi cultivado em Selvíria, MS, em região de cerrado de baixa altitude. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 5x3x2. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de: cinco doses de N, 0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg ha-1; três fontes, Entec, sulfato de amônio e ureia; e duas épocas de aplicação, na semeadura, ao lado das linhas, ou em cobertura. As fontes de N tiveram efeito semelhante sobre a altura de plantas e a produtividade de grãos do trigo irrigado. A aplicação total de N na semeadura e a aplicação tradicional, em semeadura e cobertura, são igualmente viáveis. O incremento das doses de N até a dose de 121,5 kg ha-1, em média, aumenta a produtividade de grãos, independentemente da época de aplicação e da fonte de N utilizada.