A cultura da vinha em Portugal e as consequências da adesão à União Europeia. Caso de estudo: A Região Demarcada do Douro

O negócio do vinho em Portugal esteve sempre sujeito a crises que resultaram da lei da oferta e da procura, ou seja, da produção e do consumo. Considerado um bom caso de integração na União Europeia (UE), levou-nos a questionar a sua dinâmica, com o foco na componente da vinha, após a adesão à então Comunidade Económica Europeia e compreender as transformações entretanto ocorridas. Desde o século XVIII, o vinho tem uma forte presença na historiografia e na cultura portuguesa. Portugal é pioneiro a nível internacional na demarcação de uma região vitícola, a região do Douro, e no papel que o Estado desempenhou. Se há atividade económica que se impôs em Portugal como lobby foi o vinho, com evidência para a época entre o final do século XIX e meados do século XX. Com este objetivo fez-se uma resenha histórica da vinha em Portugal. O condicionamento da cultura da vinha com início em 1932, por um lado, e as regiões vitícolas por outro, (que, embora criadas no início do século passado, possuem as suas raízes em épocas anteriores), sofreram o impacto da adaptação à União Europeia e à sua organização comum do mercado para a vinha e o vinho. O país teve de se harmonizar com novas regras, construir um cadastro vitícola atualizado e uniformizar as suas instituições ao edifício legal da UE. A aplicação das políticas estruturais e de coesão foram um pilar fundamental para a renovação dos vinhedos envelhecidos, incentivando a modernização de práticas culturais e dinamizando novas regiões. A opção por este território é o corolário de um estudo de caso da região mais internacional e mais sujeita a regras de restrição, que procurou manter a sua gestão secular e abrir-se à modernização. O despertar de uma região adormecida levou ao aparecimento de algumas práticas mais agressivas ou erradas, mas nunca colocou em perigo a sua substância e o seu capital mais precioso, o vinho do Porto. Em suma, é apropriado afirmar, face ao resultado da investigação desenvolvida, que Portugal teve ganhos importantes na renovação do património vitícola e na redescoberta das suas castas tradicionais, ao mesmo tempo que deu uma nova vida a toda a cadeia que produz o vinho. As novas necessidades encontradas conduziram a uma estratégia de incentivo à internacionalização da fileira assentando na promoção, na expansão dos vinhos em países específicos e na divulgação internacional do património genético das variedades tradicionais. O aumento do valor das exportações, contribuindo para uma melhoria da balança comercial, espelha a boa rentabilidade dos investimentos realizados e é um suporte para levar a cabo uma estratégia coletiva que atenue as crises cíclicas e reforce a marca “Wines of Portugal” como abóbada para a internacionalização das marcas portuguesas.

Hospital público português: da crise à renovação?

RESUMO - Este artigo descreve a evolução do estatuto jurídico do hospital público português, com o intuito de o caracterizar, em especial do ponto de vista da sua autonomia. Considera-se que, pelo menos em parte, o estatuto jurídico do hospital público português é responsável pela limitada autonomia de que estas instituições gozaram nos últimos sessenta anos, com as consequentes ineficiências na produção e produtividade, fraca equidade no acesso e aumento de custos com a prestação de cuidados, de discutível qualidade. Nessa medida, várias reformas foram implementadas com o intuito de conferir ao hospital maior autonomia: ao nível da gestão, do financiamento e também reformas organizacionais. De um sistema regionalizado, estabelecido em 1946, até ao Serviço Nacional de Saúde e ao hospital dos nossos dias foram adoptados diversos modelos estatutários. A reforma de 2002 pretende estabelecer uma clara fronteira entre o hospital público, administrativo, burocratizado e aquele que assume natureza empresarial, numa clara viragem — demasiado precoce? — com as «experiências inovadoras » subsequentes à Lei de Bases da Saúde, que permitiram concluir que à maior autonomia correspondiam atitudes e resultados pró-activos e positivos. Por outro lado, ultima-se a preparação da construção de dez novos hospitais com recurso a parcerias público-privadas (PPP), sem ainda estarem definidos quais os estatutos, grau de autonomia e forma de gestão destas entidades. Ainda é cedo para avaliar esta última reforma; não deverá, no entanto, perder-se de vista que a implementação de um novo estatuto jurídico para os hospitais terá necessariamente de permitir a sua renovação sem descurar a sua secular missão de solidariedade.

I have faith in my thing, you know what I mean? Mixed method elements on individual investments on religious markets.

In contemporary society, religious signification and secular systems mix and influence each other. Holistic conceptions of a world in which man is integrated harmoniously with nature meet representations of a world run by an immanent God. On the market of the various systems, the individual goes from one system to another, following his immediate needs and expectations without necessarily leaving any marks in a meaningful long term system. This article presents the first results of an ongoing research in Switzerland on contemporary religion focusing on (new) paths of socialization of modern that individuals and the various (non-) belief systems that they simultaneously develop

Streamlining the medication process improves safety in the intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND: Multiple interventions were made to optimize the medication process in our intensive care unit (ICU). 1 Transcriptions from the medical order form to the administration plan were eliminated by merging both into a single document; 2 the new form was built in a logical sequence and was highly structured to promote completeness and standardization of information; 3 frequently used drug names, approved units, and fixed routes were pre-printed; 4 physicians and nurses were trained with regard to the correct use of the new form. This study was aimed at evaluating the impact of these interventions on clinically significant types of medication errors. METHODS: Eight types of medication errors were measured by a prospective chart review before and after the interventions in the ICU of a public tertiary care hospital. We used an interrupted time-series design to control the secular trends. RESULTS: Over 85 days, 9298 lines of drug prescription and/or administration to 294 patients, corresponding to 754 patient-days were collected and analysed for the three series before and three series following the intervention. Global error rate decreased from 4.95 to 2.14% (-56.8%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The safety of the medication process in our ICU was improved by simple and inexpensive interventions. In addition to the optimization of the prescription writing process, the documentation of intravenous preparation, and the scheduling of administration, the elimination of the transcription in combination with the training of users contributed to reducing errors and carried an interesting potential to increase safety.

Relación entre anchoveta y ambiente a diferentes escalas temporales

Relación entre anchoveta y ambiente a diferentes escalas temporales. Bol Inst Mar Perú 25(1-2):13-21.- Se estudió la relación del ambiente y la anchoveta peruana (Engraulis ringens) en el Ecosistema de Afloramiento Peruano (EAP). Se hipotetiza que en la zona de afloramiento comprendida entre 5°S - 13°S se presenta una relación negativa entre la temperatura, concentración de oxígeno y desembarques de anchoveta en escalas de tiempo decadales. En series de tiempo mensuales observadas entre 1950 – 2008, se analizó la temperatura superficial, subsuperficial, oxígeno, clorofila-a y desembarques de anchoveta y sardina, aplicando métodos estadísticos y espectrales para obtener modos temporales decadales y caracterizar la modulación a baja frecuencia de sus ciclos estacionales. También se usaron datos de reanálisis para caracterizar los cambios estacionales a partir de los forzamientos (remoto y local) ambientales del EAP. Se encontró una fuerte asociación a escala decadal entre las series ambientales costeras y los desembarques de anchoveta y se sugiere que la covariabilidad ambiental en escalas temporales interanuales, intraestacionales, decadales, seculares frente al EAP se incrementará durante la próxima década.

Home schooling in view of John Calvin : a study in education and communion of saints /

This study explores the tension that has emerged around the rise of home schooling in a faith-community strongly committed to establishing and maintaining day schools in the tradition of John Calvin. It aims to identify and understand factors that contributed to this tension and to find ways to bridge, diffuse, reduce, or eliminate it. In line with Calvin, personal convictions, and the nature of the community, the study takes a Christian epistemological and axiological stance. Its premise is that the integrity of the commvmity is more important than the manner in which its children are taught. The study reviews relevant literature and several interviews. It considers both secular and Christian literature to understand communities, community breakdown, and community restoration. It also examines literature about the significance of home, school, and community relationships; the attraction of Reformed day schools; and the appeal of home schooling. Interviews were conducted with 4 home schooling couples and 2 focus groups. One focus group included local school representatives, and the other home schoolers and school representatives from an area with reputedly less tension on the issue. Interviews were designed for participants to give their perspectives on reasons for home schooling, the existing tension, and ways to resolve the issues. The study identifies the rise of home schooling in this particular context as the initial issue and the community's deficiency to properly deal with it as the chief cause for the rising tensions. However, I argue that, within the norms the community firmly believes in, home schooling need not jeopardize its integrity. I call for personal, social, and spiritual renewal to restore the covenant community in gratitude to God.

The normal co-ordinate analysis, vibrational spectra and theoretical infrared intensities of some thiocarbonyl halide molecules /

TITLE: The normal co-ordinate analysis, vibrational spectra and theoretical infrared intensities of some thiocarbonyl halides. AUTHOR: J. L. Brema SUPERVISOR: Dr. D. C. Moule NUMBER OF PAGES: 89 ABSTRACT: The vibrational assignment of the five-in-plane fundamental modes of CSClBr has been made on the basis of infrared gas phase and liquid Raman spectral analyses to supplement our earlier vibrational studies. Even though the one out-of-plane fundamental was not observed spectroscopically an attempt has been made to predict its frequency. The vibrational spectra contained impurity bands and the CSClBr assignment was made only after a thorough analysis of the impurities themselves. A normal co-ordinate analysis calculation was performed assuming a Urey-Bradley force field. This calculation yielded the fundamental frequencies in good agreement with those observed after refinement of the originally transferred force constants. The theoretical frequencies are the eigenvalues of the secular equation and the calculation also gave the corresponding eigenvectors in the form of the very important LLj matrix. The [l] matrix is the transfoirmation between internal co-ordinates and normal co-ordinates and it is essential for Franck-Condon calculations on electronically excited molecules and for infrared Integrated band intensity studies. Using a self-consistent molecular orbital calculation termed "complete neglect of differential overlap" (CNDO/2) , theoretical values of equilibrium bond lengths and angleswere calcuted for a series of carbonyl and thlocarbonyl molecules. From these calculations valence force field force constants were also determined but with limited success. With the CNIX)/2 method theoretical dipole moment derivatives with respect to symmetrized internal co-ordinates were calculated and the results should be useful in a correlation with experimentally determined values.

Biogeochemistry of Paleozoic brachiopods from New York State and Ontario

A comprehensive elemental, isotopic and microstructural analyses was undertaken of brachiopod calcites from the Hamilton Group (Middle Devonian), Clinton Group (Middle Silurian) and Middle to Upper Ordovician strata of Ontario and New York State. The majority of specimens were microstructurally and chemically preserved in a pristine state, although a number of specimens show some degree of post-depositional alteration. Brachiopod calcites from the Hamilton and Clinton Groups were altered by marine derived waters whereas Trenton Group (Middle Ordovician) brachiopods altered in meteorically derived fluids. Analysis of the elemental and isotopic compositions of pristine Hamilton Group brachiopods indicates there are several chemical relationships inherent to brachiopod calcite. Taxonomic differentiation of Mg, Sr and Na contents was evident in three co-occuring species from the Hamilton Group. Mean Mg contents of pristine brachiopods were respectively Athyris spiriferoides (1309ppm), Mucrospirifer mucronatus (1035ppm) and Mediospirifer audacula (789ppm). Similarly, taxonomic differentiation of shell calcite compositions was observed in co-occuring brachiopods from the Clinton Group (Middle Silurian) and the Trenton Group (Middle Ordovician). The taxonomic control of elemental regulation into shell calcite is probably related to the slightly different physiological systems and secretory mechanisms. A relationship was observed in Hamilton Group species between the depth of respective brachiopod communities and their Mg, Sr and Na contents. These elements were depleted in the shell calcites of deeper brachiopods compared to their counterparts in shallower reaches. Apparently shell calcite elemental composition is related to environmental conditions of the depositional setting, which may have controlled the secretory regime, mineral morphology of shell calcite and precipitation rates of each species. Despite the change in Mg, Sr and Na contents between beds and formations in response to environmental conditions, the taxonomic differentiation of shell calcite composition is maintained. Thus, it may be possible to predict relative depth changes in paleoenvironmental reconstructions using brachiopod calcite. This relationship of brachiopod chemistry to depth was also tested within a transgressiveregressive (T-R) cycle in the Rochester Shale Formation (Middle Silurian). Decreasing Mg, Sr and Na contents were observed in the transition from the shallow carbonates of the Irondequoit Formation to the deeper shales of the lowest 2 m of Rochester Shale. However, no isotopic and elemental trends were observed within the entire T-R cycle which suggests that either the water conditions did not change significantly or that the cycle is illusory. A similar relationship was observed between the Fe and Mn chemistries of shell calcite and redox/paleo-oxygen conditions. Hamilton Group brachiopods analysed from deeper areas of the shelf are enriched in Mn and Fe relative to those from shallow zones. The presence of black shales and dysaerobic faunas, during deposition of the Hamilton Group, suggests that the waters of the northern Appalachian Basin were stratified. The deeper brachiopods were marginally positioned above an oxycline and their shell calcites reflect periodic incursions of oxygen depleted water. Furthermore, analysis of Dalmanella from the black shales of the Collingwood Shale (Upper Ordovician) in comparison to those from the carbonates of the Verulam Formation (Middle Ordovician) confirm the relationship of Fe and Mn contents to periodic but not permanent incursions of low oxygen waters. The isotopic compositions of brachiopod calcite found in Hamilton Group (813C; +2.5% 0 to +5.5% 0; 8180 -2.50/00 to -4.00/00) and Clinton Group (813C; +4.00/00 to +6.0; 8180; -1.8% 0 to -3.60/ 00) are heavier than previously reported. Uncorrected paleotemperatures (assuming normal salinity, 0% 0 SMOW and no fractionation effects) derived from these isotopic values suggest that the Clinton sea temperature (Middle Silurian) ranged from 18°C to 28°C and Hamilton seas (Middle Devonian) ranged between 24°C and 29°C. In addition, the isotopic variation of brachiopod shell calcite is significant and is related to environmental conditions. Within a single time-correlative shell bed (the Demissa Bed; Hamilton Group) a positive isotopic shift of 2-2.5% 0 in 013C compositions and a positive shift of 1.0-1.50/00 in 0180 composition of shell calcite is observed, corresponding with a deepening of brachiopod habitats toward the axis of the Appalachian Basin. Moroever, a faunal succession from deeper Ambocoelia dominated brachiopod association to a shallow Tropidoleptus dominated assocation is reflected by isotopic shifts of 1.0-1.50/00. Although, other studies have emphasized the significance of ±20/oo shifts in brachiopod isotopic compositions, the recognition of isotopic variability in brachiopod calcite within single beds and within depositional settings such as the Appalachian Basin has important implications for the interpretation of secular isotopic trends. A significant proportion of the variation observed isotopic distribution during the Paleozoic is related to environmental conditions within the depositional setting.

Ridley College papers, 1983, 1985-1986, 1989-1990

Ridley College was conceived in 1888 by a group of Anglican clergy and laymen eager to establish a school for boys in Ontario that emphasized strong academic and religious values. The school was originally known as Bishop Ridley College, in tribute to Nicholas Ridley, a 16th century English churchman who was martyred during the Protestant Reformation for refusing to renounce his Anglican faith. The first facility was the stately and spacious Springbank Sanatorium; shortly thereafter, construction was begun across the old Welland Canal on a lower school for boys age 5 to 13 on the present-day campus site. The name “Springbank” stems from the name of the hotel constructed in 1864 by Dr. Theophilus Mack on Yates Street. Fortuitously, the directors of what would become Ridley College were looking to found a new boys’ school. The sale of the building was completed in 1888 and Ridley began operations in September 1889. In October 1903, the Springbank building complex was consumed by fire forcing the school to move across the canal to its modern western campus. The Ridley campus grew dramatically during the 1920's, and new buildings and facilities were added in each of the following decades. The school became co-educational in 1973; just over a dozen girls enrolled in the inaugural year, while today almost half of Ridley's students are girls. Adapted from: http://www.ridleycollege.com/podium/default.aspx?t=125335 (March 22, 2011)

Unveiling Shi’i Religious Identities: Case Studies of Hijab in Culturally Homogeneous Canadian Schools

This qualitative case study explored 10 young female Shi’i Muslim Arabic-Canadian students’ experiences associated with wearing the Hijab (headscarf) within their home, community, and predominantly White Canadian public elementary school environments. The study integrated several bodies of scholarly theories in order to examine the data under a set of comprehensive lenses that more fully articulates and theorizes on the diversity of female Shi’i Muslim Canadian students’ experiences. These theories are: identity theories with a focus on religious identity and negative stereotypes associated with Muslims; feminism and the Hijab discourses; research pertaining to Muslims in school settings; and critical race theory. In order to readdress the dearth of information about Shi’is’ experiences in schools, this study provides an in-depth case study analysis in which the methodology strategies included 10 semi-structured in-depth interviews, 2 focus-group meetings, and the incorporation of the researcher’s fieldnotes. Data analysis revealed the following themes corresponding to participants’ experiences and values in their social worlds of home, community, and schools: (a) martyrdom and self-sacrifice as a means for social justice; (b) transformational meaning of the Hijab; (c) intersectionality between culture, religion, and gender; and (d) effects of visits “back home” on participants’ religious identities. Additional themes related to participants’ school experiences included: (a) “us versus them” mentality; (b) religious and complex secular dialogues; (c) absence of Muslim representations in monocultural schools; (d) discrimination; (e) remaining silent versus speaking out; and (f) participants’ strategies for preserving their identities. Recommendations are made to integrate Shi’i Muslim females’ identity within the context of Islam and the West, most notably in relation to: (a) the role of Muslim community in nondiverse settings as a space that advances and nurtures Shi’i Muslim identity; and (b) holistic and culturally responsive teaching that fosters respect of others’ religiosity and spirituality. This study makes new inroads into feminist theorizing by drawing conceptual links between these previously unknown connections such as the impact of the historical female exemplary role model and the ritual stories on the experiences of Muslim females wearing the Hijab.

Christian Education and the Ethics of Authenticity

A qualitative study was undertaken to explore the concept of authenticity in Christian education. The study was situated in the context of Christian schools in Ontario. Some of these schools have experienced declining enrolment and all of these schools face the challenge of being distinctive in a secular culture. To investigate the potential of the concept of authenticity for reclaiming the vision of Christian education, interviews were conducted with 3 experienced principals of Christian schools. Data analysis yielded an emergent conceptual framework of authenticity consisting of 5 concepts: authorship, relatedness, reflection, autonomy, and excellence. Authenticity was found to be a useful tool for school analysis of both the deep structures and the surface structures within Christian schools. To offset unauthentic tendencies that can arise within these schools, this study calls for an intentional use of the lens of authenticity to expose these tendencies and revitalize core expectations. Through the narratives shared by the Christian school principals, the study also develops a picture of the role of authentic Christian education in the development of the authentic Christian person.

Letter to William Dickson from John Strachan

Letter to William Dickson from John Strachan. This letter is marked “private”. Mr. Strachan requests that Mr. Dickson come to England to help them “re-invent” the clergy reserves in the Queen and Parliament. The plan is to give 1/3 to the Church of England, 1/3 to the Church of Scotland and 1/3 to the Methodists (1 ¼ pages, handwritten), March 13, 1839.

Le processus d'adhésion à l'Union Européenne est-il en mesure de contribuer davantage que la Convention européenne à la protection des droits de l'homme en Turquie?

La Turquie va-t-elle adhérer à l'Union européenne? Sa candidature a toujours été sujette à critiques: droits de l'homme non respectés, restrictions des droits et libertés, notamment de la liberté d'expression, de religion et des droits politiques. Les dossiers sensibles comme le problème kurde et la question chypriote sont à l'origine des multiples plaintes contre l'État turc devant la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme. Dotée des caractéristiques essentielles d'un État moderne et laïque, le pays dispose de structures formellement démocratiques, mais sa démocratie se révèle fragile: ses politiques tant internes qu'externes sont décidées par un Conseil national de sécurité composé pour l'essentiel de militaires. En outre, l'armée qui a pris le pouvoir à maintes reprises a donné au régime une dimension autoritaire. Cela non seulement en vertu des principes fondateurs de la République (tradition centralisatrice de l'État turc), mais aussi de la priorité que l'institution militaire accorde à la sécurité, à l'unité et à l'identité nationales. En effet, les mesures d'exception (état d'urgence, cours de sûreté de l'État, loi anti-terroriste) ont contribué aux violations des droits de l'homme, d'où l'opposition entre le droit conventionnel et le droit national. De plus, le système judiciaire et administratif instauré par les militaires en 1982 n'est pas conçu dans l'intérêt des justiciables. Certes, l'accès à la modernité n'a pu se faire que sous la contrainte et le contrôle de l'armée, mais le régime en Turquie peut-il continuer à s'appuyer sur les«piliers de l'ordre» que sont l'armée, la police et la justice ? L’État semble cependant se réorganiser progressivement pour permettre au pouvoir politique d'assurer un contrôleur les forces de sécurité et pour donner une meilleure indépendance à la justice. Le processus mis en route et les critères imposés pour l'adhésion à l'UE devraient contribuer à mettre en œuvre les réformes institutionnelles capables d'harmoniser la démocratie à l'État de droit, à l'image des pays européens. En effet, les changements récents sont liés à l'agenda européen. Le gouvernement turc semble être déterminé et ambitieux dans sa vocation européenne. Les progrès réalisés pour intégrer l'UE lui sont un moteur de propulsion devant servir au pays et à sa population.

Des pacifistes israéliens : contextualisation sociohistorique de l’émergence des camps de la paix achkenazim et haredim (1881-2009)

Facile de discourir sur la paix ; complexe, par contre, d’évaluer si paroles et gestes y contribuent vraiment. De manière critique, ce mémoire cherche à contextualiser l’émergence de la nation israélienne de 1881 à 1948, de même qu’un certain nombre de forces pacifistes juives, religieuses comme séculières, sionistes comme anti-sionistes, que cette société a engendrées ou provoquées de la fin du XIXe siècle à aujourd’hui. Dans un premier temps, quatre stratégies utilisées pour construire l’État juif sont explorées : la voie pratique (l’établissement de mochavot, kibboutzim et mochavim), la voie diplomatique (le lobbying de Herzl et Weizmann), la voie sociopolitique (la formation de syndicats, de l’Agence juive et du Va’ad Leoumi) et enfin la voie militaire (la mise sur pied d’organisations paramilitaires telles la Hagana, l’Irgoun, le Lehi et le Palmah). Cette exploration permet de mieux camper le problème de la légalité et de la légitimité des nations palestinienne et israélienne. Dans un deuxième temps, une approche conceptuelle et une approche empirique sont combinées pour mieux comprendre ce qu’est un camp de la paix. L’exploration conceptuelle remet en question les critères qu’utilisent certains chercheurs afin d’identifier si une organisation contribue, ou non, à la construction de la paix. L’exploration empirique trace les contours de deux camps de la paix israéliens : les militants de la gauche séculière achkenazi (un pacifisme qui a émergé dans les années 1970) et les religieux haredim (un pacifisme opposé à l’idéologie sioniste dès ses débuts). Ce survol permet de saisir que tout système de croyances peut provoquer la guerre autant que la paix. La conclusion discute des défis du dialogue intercivilisationnel, des défis tant intranationaux (l’harmonie sociale israélienne entre les juifs achkenazim, mizrahim, russes, éthiopiens, etc.) qu’internationaux (la paix entre les Palestiniens et les Israéliens).

Analyse processuelle de Genèse 2:4b-25 : incidences herméneutiques et théologiques

Dans un monde devenu séculier et où la tradition chrétienne est en recul, on est en droit de se poser la question de la pertinence des textes bibliques. En lien avec cette situation, on peut aussi se demander quelle représentation de Dieu émerge de la façon dont on accueille ces textes. Ce type de questionnement sous-tend l’intérêt que peut représenter une approche processuelle des textes bibliques, approche encore peu connue dans le monde francophone. Celle-ci est-elle en mesure d’apporter une certaine nouveauté dans la vision de Dieu généralement proposée en milieu chrétien ? Pour répondre à cela, il a semblé pertinent de tenter l’exercice à partir d’un texte englobant et fondateur. Genèse 2, connu pour raconter la création d’Adam et Ève, est porteur d’images presque stéréotypées à force d’avoir été lu et remâché. À ce titre, il a paru particulièrement approprié. Mais, avant même d’explorer le texte sous un angle processuel, il s’est avéré indispensable de commencer cette démarche par une traduction personnelle du texte hébreu, à partir et avec l’aide d’une analyse syntaxique et textuelle, dont on verra qu’elles ont ouvert le texte à de nouvelles hypothèses de traduction, de nouvelles nuances, comme autant de pistes à confronter à une théologie processuelle. Enfin, cette analyse ne peut se faire sans être en dialogue avec différents commentaires, exégétiques ou non, afin de souligner les convergences comme les divergences rencontrées au fil de la recherche et de la réflexion.