Arquitectura y construcción, paisaje y territorio : los refugios de la Cuenca Alta del río Tajo

La Tesis estudia un tipo de refugio ganadero de la Cuenca Alta del río Tajo, conocidos como chozones. Singular arquitectura ligada a la ganadería extensiva ovina que servía de abrigo al ganado durante la noche invernal y umbráculo en estío. Construcciones de muros bajos de mampuesto colocados a hueso de planta circular o rectangular, levantadas alrededor de una estructura leñosa o un árbol en posición de vida que soportan una cubierta de ramas de la poda de la sabina. Son cientos diseminados por toda la región, si bien concentrados en la Sesma del sabinar, una de las cuatro divisiones históricas del Señorío de Molina. La decadencia de la ganadería en la comarca, sumada a otras causas de sociales y económicas, ha llevado a que estén cada vez en peor estado de conservación; con todo lo que ello supone de pérdida de una memoria histórica inseparable del paisaje del que son parte. Mi primera aproximación a estos refugios fue una oferta que aceptó el equipo de dirección del Parque Natural del Alto Tajo para catalogar los que se encontraban en su área de protección, un paisaje de Alto Valor Natural donde la ganadería ha sido el sustento tradicional. Tras terminar el inventario se produjo el gran incendio en Riba de Saélices (2005). Además de calcinar a 11 retenes voluntarios, quemó parte de las chozones inventariados. Tomé entonces consciencia de la fragilidad de este patrimonio popular y del valor que cobraba el trabajo realizado, pues en muchos casos era el único testimonio que había de los chozones desaparecidos. De ahí nació esta investigación. Al comienzo el enfoque analítico fue eminentemente disciplinar, como recoge la primera parte del título de la tesis: arquitectura y construcción. Pronto comprendí que este enfoque no era suficiente para entender las preguntas dejadas abierta por el análisis espacial, tales como su origen, razón de ser, función social, etc. Profundizando en estos temas la investigación fue haciéndose más amplia y transversal, hasta llegar a lo indicado en la segunda parte del título: paisaje y territorio. En síntesis, la tesis pasó del análisis de un objeto en sí a su entendimiento como parte de una sociedad y un paisaje del que es indisoluble. Para lograr estos objetivos transversales, los refugios ganaderos se estudiaron considerando desde sus aspectos geográficos e históricos a los propios de la arquitectura y del sistema ganadero que acoge. A cada enfoque se dedica un capítulo de la Tesis, lo que nos obligó a utilizar distintas metodologías de análisis: de un amplio trabajo de campo para catalogar y levantar los casi un centenar de chozones inventariados a la búsqueda de información documental en archivos históricos. Por el carácter del estudio fue también fundamental la revisión del material etnográfico de la zona, así como las entrevistas con vecinos y los pocos pastores que quedaban en los municipios estudiados. Los resultados de la Tesis muestran que los refugios ganaderos son construcciones con una serie de valores de distinto tipo. Entre ellos destacaría: (a) ambientales, porque son arquitecturas integradas en el medio ambiente, con empleo de materiales del territorio y adaptación a sus condiciones físicas; (b) históricos, porque son testimonio de un patrimonio arquitectónico que al menos desde la Edad Media se mantiene sin apenas modificaciones; (c) etnográficos, porque son un elemento arquitectónico con usos estrechamente ligados a la cultura tradicional, ganadera y rural de la cuenca del Alto Tajo. Tan clara es la relación entre estos tres aspectos que no es exagerado afirmar que desde el comienzo hasta su final, pasando por las distintas actividades cotidianas, la vida de los habitantes de la comarca giraba en torno al patrimonio vernáculo estudiado. Por ello, entendemos que todos estos elementos son lo suficientemente relevantes como para intentar evitar su destrucción, fomentar una reutilización que contribuya a un desarrollo sostenible de este singular paisaje etnológico. ABSTRACT My first approach to these refugees was commissioned by the management of the Alto Tajo Natural Park to catalog those who were in their protection area, a landscape of high natural value where livestock has been the traditional livelihood. After completing the inventory came the great fire in Riba de Saelices (2005). Besides calcine 11 firefighters, burned many of these popular architectures. I took then awareness of the fragility of this vernacular heritage and the value of the work charged, since in many cases it was the only witness who had disappeared from the shelters. At that time, this research was born. At the begging our study was eminently from the point of view of our discipline, as it picks up the first part of the title of the Thesis: architecture and construction. Soon I realized that this approach was not sufficient to understand the questions left open by the spatial analysis, such as its origin, purpose, social function, etc. By studying topics, my research become to be more comprehensive and transversal, up to coming to the indicated in the second part of the title: landscape and territory. In synthesis, the Thesis went on from the analysis of an object in itself to its understanding like part of a society and a landscape of which it is indissoluble. To achieve these cross-cutting objectives, livestock shelters were studied considering from its geographic and historic aspects to this relating to his architecture own the livestock system to which they belong. To each approach we devoted a chapter of the Thesis, which forced us to use different methodologies of analysis: an extensive field work in cataloguing and lift the nearly a hundred chozones inventoried to the search of documentary information in historical archives. By the nature of the study, the review of the ethnographic material in the area was also essential, as well as interviews with neighbors and the few remaining shepherds in the municipalities studied. The results of our Thesis show that livestock shelters are constructions with a series of values of different types. Among them I would highlight three: (a) environmental, because they are architectures integrated in the territory, with the use of materials of the location and adapted to their physical conditions; (b) historical, because they are testimony of an architectural heritage that at least since the Middle Ages remains with little modifications; (c) ethnographic, because they are architectural elements closely linked to livestock, rural and traditional culture of the Alto Tajo basin. So clear is the relationship between these three aspects, that is not an exaggeration to say that from the beginning until the end, passing through the various daily activities, the life of the inhabitants of the region was in completed connection with the studied vernacular heritage. For it, we understand that all these elements are relevant enough to try to prevent their destruction and promote a recycling that contributes to a sustainable development of this unique ethnological landscape.

A proteção dos \"Refugiados Ambientais\" no Direito Internacional

Refugiados ambientais são refugiados não convencionais e são migrantes forçados, interna ou internacionalmente, temporária ou permanentemente, em situação de vulnerabilidade e que se veem obrigados a deixar sua morada habitual por motivos ambientais de início lento ou de início rápido, causados por motivos naturais, antropogênicos ou pela combinação de ambos. Embora não existam reconhecimento e proteção específica para esses migrantes no direito internacional em escala global, alguns instrumentos jurídicos regionais e leis nacionais assim o fazem. Argumenta-se, nesta tese de doutorado, que os refugiados ambientais possuem modos de proteção geral em certas áreas do direito internacional e que as possibilidades atuais e futuras de proteção específica podem ser encontradas nas fontes primárias do direito internacional, indicadas no artigo 38(1) do Estatuto da Corte Internacional de Justiça. Foram identificadas sete vias de proteção dos refugiados ambientais no direito internacional e no direito interno estatal: (i) a via da ação humanitária, (ii) a via da proteção complementar, (iii) a via da legislação nacional, (iv) a via da justiça climática, (v) a via da responsabilidade compartilhada, (vi) a via da judicialização do refúgio ambiental e (vii) a via do tratado internacional. Sugere-se, ainda, o estabelecimento de uma governança migratória-ambiental global baseada nos regimes internacionais e na ação dos atores nos níveis local, nacional, regional e internacional para a execução das formas de proteção e para o atendimento das necessidades dos refugiados ambientais no mundo.

O devido processo legal para o refúgio no Brasil

O processo para o refúgio é o conjunto de regras e princípios necessários à aplicação do Direito dos Refugiados aos casos concretos. Quando este conjunto respeita os padrões democráticos do Devido Processo Legal, as tendências históricas de exploração e manipulação política do instituto de refúgio podem ser limitadas e os objetivos humanitários deste ramo dos Direitos Humanos podem ser alcançados com maior transparência. Quando o Devido Processo Legal para o refúgio é respeitado, também se permite que a pessoa que figura como solicitante de refúgio seja tratada como sujeito de direitos - e não como objeto do processo. Uma vez que a Convenção de Genebra de 1951, sobre o Estatuto dos Refugiados, não estabeleceu normas de processo, cada país signatário necessita criar um regime próprio para processar os pedidos de determinação, extensão, perda e cessação da condição de refugiado em seus territórios. O primeiro regime processual brasileiro foi criado no ano de 1997, pela Lei Federal 9497. Desde então, o país vem desenvolvendo, através do Comitê Nacional para Refugiados (CONARE), regras infra legais e rotinas práticas que têm determinado um padrão processual ainda fragmentado e inseguro. O estudo do aparato normativo nacional e da realidade observada entre 2012 e 2014 revelam a existência de problemas (pontuais ou crônicos) sobre o cumprimento de diversos princípios processuais, tais como a Legalidade, a Impessoalidade e Independência da autoridade julgadora, o Contraditório, a Ampla Defesa, a Publicidade, a Fundamentação, a Igualdade e a Razoável Duração do Processo. Estes problemas impõem desafios variados ao Brasil, tanto em dimensão legislativa quanto estrutural. O enfrentamento destas questões precisa ocorrer com rapidez. O motivo da urgência, porém, não é a nova demanda de imigração observada no país, mas sim o fato de que as violações ao Devido Processo Legal, verificadas no processo para o refúgio brasileiro, representam, em si, violações de Direitos Humanos, que, ademais prejudicam o compromisso do país para com a proteção internacional dos refugiados.

Una mirada antropológica sobre el conflicto, la desigualdad y los procesos de reinserción social en Colombia

For more than half of a century, Colombia has been living in a state of violence, a nationwide political violence. As the time goes by, this situation gets even worse. Now the violence is implanted for different interests, such as personal, political, social and economical interests. For this reason, the information for this thesis was gathered from the time of the independence, through the era of violence until today; considering a reflection that begins with the perspective of Marx, passing by a theoretical compilation of the conflict, with an anthropological, psychological, biological and sociological perspective. In addition, different theories about violence have been studied to recognize the ideological approach of the different armed movements that have emerged in Colombia. Statistical, economical and social data including class struggle, social stratification, exclusion and gender perspective among others, have been considered from an anthropological and interdisciplinary approach for studying the violence. A strong interest in the social reintegration process, through an ethnographic study, based on the actors backgrounds, their lives, experiences and their geographical location have provided information that will allow to know the reality of those who are living in the process, those who survive it and those who go on with their lives in society, and those who after doing it return to the armed groups. Population displaced by violence, refugees, has contributed to this study about their possibilities to return to the society or to be excluded by it. With this purpose, a theoretical and a documentary analysis as well as fieldwork have been done, trying to bring forward tools and guidelines to make some progress in developing effective solutions for social integration of Colombian armed conflict victims.

Working Therapeutically with Interpreters in Mental Health: A Curriculum for Clinicians.

Given the increasing numbers of people who lack proficiency in spoken English, it would not be uncommon for American healthcare practitioners to encounter clients whose primary language is not English. Additionally, for those clinicians who specifically wish to work with immigrants, refugees or asylees, it is likely that their clientele will be comprised of LEP individuals and families. While many professional interpreters have completed formal training and been certified to provide their unique services, mental health clinicians rarely receive such training to help negotiate the complex dynamics inherent in working with LEP populations where the therapeutic relationship is altered with the addition of an interpreter. This training curriculum proposes the detailed, in-depth training for clinicians as recommended by numerous sources in the literature.

Public health lessons for refugee reception: the example of Sidi Bulgayz

Conflicts force millions of people to abandon their homes and flee life-threatening persecution, war, and ethnic and political discrimination. From the end of World War II to the present day, more than 59 million people worldwide have become refugees and displaced persons. Displacement affects people's health, psychological well-being and economic welfare.

Abandoned and forgotten: the sad story of Kenya's internally displaced persons

This documentary is about the internal displacement of ethnic minorities brought about by politically instigated post-election violence towards ethnic minorities in all eight provinces, namely, Coast, Rift Valley, Western, Eastern, North Eastern, Central Kenya, Nairobi, and Nyanza. During the years of 1991 to 1996, over 15,000 people died and almost 300,000 were displaced in the Rift Valley, Central, Nyanza and Western provinces. Before the 1997 elections, violence erupted. Again, following the disputed presidential elections in December 2007 politically and ethnically instigated displacements resulted in human rights violations against 600,000 people in 8 provinces of Kenya.

Réclamations à l'Assemblée-Nationale en faveur des anciens habitans de l'Acadie transportés en France lors de la prise de Louisbourg et particulierement en faveur de ceux débarqués à Cherbourg le 14 janvier 1760: Distribué au profit des acadiens 1790 : manuscript, 1790

Documents concern the landing of Acadian refugees at Cherbourg on 14 Jan. 1760.

spotlight europe #2013/02-February 2012. Syria: from rebellion to all-out war

The situation in Syria at the beginning of 2013 could hardly be worse. Dead, wounded, refugees, a humanitarian disaster. President Assad is destroying his country and waging war against his own people. Russia and Iran back the regime. The West wants regime change without intervening militarily. The political opposition is now more united but overwhelmed with the situation at hand. The armed resistance, partially dominated by Jihadists, is difficult to size up.

Current Challenges regarding the International Refugee Law, with focus on EU Policies and EU Co-operation with UNHCR. CEPS Paper on Liberty and Security in Europe No. 59, September 2013

From an examination of the instruments of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) and related policy measures regarding border surveillance and migration management, two interrelated issues stand out as particularly sensitive: Access to asylum and responsibility for refugee protection. The prevailing view, supported by UNHCR and others, is that responsibility for the care of asylum seekers and the determination of their claims falls on the state within whose jurisdiction the claim is made. However, the possibility to shift that responsibility to another state through inter-state cooperation or unilateral mechanisms undertaken territorially as well as abroad has been a matter of great interest to EU Member States and institutions. Initiatives adopted so far challenge the prevailing view and have the potential to undermine compliance with international refugee and human rights law. This note reviews EU action in the field by reference to the relevant legal standards and best practices developed by UNHCR, focusing on the specific problems of climate refugees and access to international protection, evaluating the inconsistencies between the internal and external dimension of asylum policy. Some recommendations for the European Parliament are formulated at the end, including on action in relation to readmission agreements, Frontex engagement rules in maritime operations, Regional Protection Programmes, and resettlement.

Ukraine in deadlock - What next? EPC Commentary, 12 February 2014

Some two months since Ukrainians took to the streets, a political solution to the standoff between the EuroMaidan protestors and the Ukrainian authorities remains out of reach, with the situation on the ground remaining volatile. As the clock ticks there is fear that further violence and instability could be on the horizon. Further turmoil risks Ukraine’s territorial integrity, with talk of division and calls for Moscow to intervene coming from a number of Party of Regions speakers. It also increases the likelihood of new security threats going beyond Ukraine’s border including refugees and asylum seekers. Furthermore, as the political crisis deepens, Ukraine’s economic situation becomes more perilous with the chances of default on its debts rising.

Migration in the Central Mediterranean. Jean Monnet Occasional Papers 02/2013

In the last decade irregular immigration has emerged as a “security” challenge (in the language of International Relations military “threat”) in the Mediterranean region particularly in the central, sub-region1. The designation of this issue as a “security challenge” or “threat” is itself controversial and will be discussed further down. This paper focuses on the situation in the central Mediterranean involving mainly four countries namely Italy, Libya, Malta and Tunisia all of which have long standing historic links and bilateral relations and participate in the so called “5+5” Dialogue in the Western Mediterranean. Two of these Central Mediterranean countries (Italy, Malta) are EU member states and Tunisia has a long standing relationship with the EU [Association Agreement, Barcelona Process (EMP), Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), Union for the Mediterranean (UfM)] while Libya so far has no formal relations at all with the EU. This paper analyses some of the aspects of migration in the central Mediterranean focusing on the link between the domestic and international politics of the issue in Italy and Malta and contrasting the different approaches taken. For example, although Italy and Malta both resort to self-help and both try to involve the EU in helping them tackle the problem, they do this in a markedly different way: Italy uses the EU as a supplement to its independent and bilateral efforts while Malta looks to the EU as the major solution to the problem. Lacking the power and influence to deal with the issue, Malta tends to see the problem as primarily a multilateral issue or one that can only be tackled in concert with stronger powers in the region preferably within an EU context. On the other hand, Italy has been keen in involving the EU but decided to go it alone when this option turned out to be a dead end. In this paper I also try to show the extent (or limitations) to which multilateral initiatives such as the “5+5” and Euro operation really play a decisive role in incentivizing or facilitating inter-state cooperation or joint solutions. This paper also refers to the EU acquis, the notion of solidarity (norms) and the extent to which it is implemented as well as a number of connected issues. The subjects of this paper, the Mediterranean Boat People, have been referred to by various names in the literature, all of which may be more or less deficient in actually defining them all. They have been referred to as “illegal” or “irregular” immigrants, “refugees��� in search of international protection, “migrants at sea” and “boat people”. The use of “boat people” dispenses with the need of having to define the various categories of migrants involved and is thus preferred in this paper.

‘Wrong number?’ The Use and Misuse of Asylum Data in the European Union. CEPS Paper in Liberty and Security in Europe No. 69/December 2014

The Common European Asylum System (CEAS) is an EU policy area that is particularly evocative of the ‘politics of numbers’. The European Union has at its disposal a wide array of sources providing detailed information about the capacities and pressures of its member states’ asylum systems. This paper discusses the content of asylum data and the evolving interaction between its different sources, ranging from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to the European Commission’s EUROSTAT and DG HOME, the European Asylum Support Office, FRONTEX, the European Migration Network (EMN) and national databases. However, the way in which such data are often misused, or even omitted, in political debate affects the soundness of policy decisions in the CEAS. Drawing on debates over the contested phenomenon of ‘asylum shopping’ and the exemption of victims of torture and unaccompanied minors from accelerated and border procedures in the recast asylum procedures Directive, this briefing paper argues that solid data-based evidence is often absent from political negotiations on CEAS measures affecting refugees and asylum-seekers.

New Approaches, Alternative Avenues and Means of Access to Asylum Procedures for Persons Seeking International Protection. CEPS Liberty and Security in Europe No. 77/ January 2015

This study examines the workings of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS), in order to assess the need and potential for new approaches to ensure access to protection for people seeking it in the EU, including joint processing and distribution of asylum seekers. Rather than advocating the addition of further complexity and coercion to the CEAS, the study proposes a focus on front-line reception and streamlined refugee status determination, in order to mitigate the asylum challenges facing Member States, and vindicate the rights of asylum seekers and refugees according to the EU acquis and international legal standards. Joint processing could contribute to front-line reception and processing capacity, but is no substitute for proper investment in national systems. The Dublin system as currently configured leads inexorably to increasing coercion and detention, and must thus be reconfigured to remove coercion as a principle and ensure consistency with human rights and other fundamental values of the EU.

A Comparative Analysis of Regulations on Involuntary Loss of Nationality in the European Union. CEPS Liberty and Security in Europe, 75/December 2014

This study examines the workings of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS), in order to assess the need and potential for new approaches to ensure access to protection for people seeking it in the EU, including joint processing and distribution of asylum seekers. Rather than advocating the addition of further complexity and coercion to the CEAS, the study proposes a focus on front-line reception and streamlined refugee status determination, in order to mitigate the asylum challenges facing Member States, and vindicate the rights of asylum seekers and refugees according to the EU acquis and international legal standards. Joint processing could contribute to front-line reception and processing capacity, but is no substitute for proper investment in national systems. The Dublin system as currently configured leads inexorably to increasing coercion and detention, and must thus be reconfigured to remove coercion as a principle and ensure consistency with human rights and other fundamental values of the EU.