Pelon ja uhkien aika. Lappeenrantalaisten arjen kokemukset jatkosodan poikkeusoloissa 1941–1944

Jatkosodan ajalta on tehty paljon taisteluja koskevia tutkimuksia. Sotahistorian tutkimuksen nykyinen suuntaus nojaa kotirintaman ja tavallisen yksilön tutkimukseen. Tutkimukseni käsittelee Lappeenrannan kaupunkia ja sen asukkaiden arkea jatkosodan poikkeusoloissa. Lappeenranta kuului sijaintinsa vuoksi evakuoitaviin paikkakuntiin. Tuon esiin niin viranomaisten kuin tavallisten asukkaiden näkökulmia siitä, mitä sota-ajan poikkeusolot toivat tullessaan, ja miten niistä selvittiin. Käytän tutkimuksessani alkuperäislähteinä Lappeenrannan kaupungin arkistossa säilytettäviä viranomaismateriaaleja sekä yksityisiä arkistoja. Sanomalehti oli sota-aikana lähes ainoa tietolähde. Hyödynnän tutkimuksessa sanomalehti Etelä-Saimaan sotavuosien antia. Viranomais- ja yksityiskirjeiden käyttäminen tutkimuksessa poikkeavat toisistaan. Yksityiskirjeiden käyttäminen tutkimuksessa tarkoittaa asian syvempää eettistä tarkastelua, mutta niiden kokemushistoriallinen arvo on korvaamaton. Tutkimusmetodina käytän historioitsija Ville Kivimäenkin tarkastelemaa sodan kokemushistoriaa. Tutkimukseni osoittaa Lappeenrannan sijainnin itärajan tuntumassa olevan syynä kaupungin erityisasemaan puolustukselliselta kannalta jo ennen sodan alkamista. Viranomaiset joutuivat erityisen vaikeiden tilanteiden eteen kaupunkia evakuoitaessa ja sen aikana. Elintarvikehuolto oli yksi sodan vaikeimmista kysymyksistä, ja Ihmiset olivatkin pääosin tyytymättömiä ostokorttien kullekin osoittamasta elintarvikkeiden ja kulutustavaroiden määrästä. Kansanhuoltolautakunta saikin ratkaistavakseen vaikeita ongelmia. Yksityisten ihmisten sotakokemukset osoittivat pelon ja ankeuden olleen mieleen painuvimpia muistoja. Pelon, uhkien ja ankeuden lomassa koettiin ilon ja onnen hetkiä. Näihin kuuluivat perheiden ja rakastavaisten kohtaamiset, ja ne olivatkin sotaoloissa harvinaisia ja siksi kallisarvoisia. Tutkimukseni mukaan eri-ikäisten ihmisten sotakokemukset erosivat toisistaan. Surun ja murheen vastapainona toimi sota-ajan viihde, joka oli hyvin monipuolista, ja siihen tartuttiin tilaisuuden tullen.

Abitiimi Lappeenrannan teknillisen yliopiston kilpailuetuna – Retorinen diskurssianalyysi Abitiimin julkaisemista blogikirjoituksista

Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan ja analysoidaan Abitiimin blogikirjoituksia muun muassa kilpailuedun ja viestinnän murroksen näkökulmista.

Remembering the War and Aggression: A Discourse Analysis of Japan’s State Apologies and Commemoration Speeches on August 15th 1995-2015

Memories of historical injustices affect contemporary politics from local to global level. In East Asia, questions of commemoration and historical responsibility have turned into international and domestic controversies. The main focus has been and still is in apologies conducted by Japanese prime ministers in regards to the war, aggression and colonialism during the era of Imperial Japan. Although it is granted that state apologies are not a crucial part of reconciliation, they can be analysed as a linked but separate process within the context of memory and international relations. The purpose of this study is to examine the discourses of history in Japanese prime ministers’ commemoration speeches on Memorial Ceremony for the War Dead from 1995 to 2015 in order to analyse how the Japanese government is reflecting on its past. In particular, attention is paid on what is being commemorated and how, whether it is the war and its victims or Japan’s post-war era of peace. As an apology is a reciprocal activity, responses from Japan’s most vocal former victims, South Korea and China, were also examined. Discourse analysis was used to identify and examine the different representations of the past. In addition, the apology statements of Japanese prime ministers were analysed in the Many to Many apology framework developed by Tavuchis (1991). Primary material consisted of 21 prime ministers’ speeches from the annual Memorial Ceremony for the War Dead on August 15th and from three apology statements made in 1995, 2005 and 2015. Further international context was primarily collected from newspaper articles of The New York Times and The Times throughout the examined period. It can be concluded from the findings that in the official Japanese remembrance of the past war from 1985’s annexation of Taiwan to the atomic bombings in 1945, both discourses that reinforce apology and remorse over Japan’s past aggressions and discourses that consciously avoid doing so are used. The commemoration speeches and apology statements consistently assert that Japan has acknowledged its past and expresses regret over the acts of aggression. At the same time, the speeches and statements strengthen the narrative that Japan was a victim of circumstances as well as turn the focus on post-war peace-making or on Japan’s own victimhood.

Keskeiset suorituskyvyn mittarit asiantuntijaorganisaation strategialähtöisessä tulosyksikköohjauksessa

The subject of the study is a performance measurement system design of a profit center guided expert organization. Successful performance measurement system allows management to focus on the most important issues and guide the opera-tion of activities towards the objectives. The aim of this study is to examine the profit center organization´s performance measurement, what are the challenges associated with the scorecard, which issues the planning process should take into account, in the case of an expert organization. The study was conducted as a qualitative case study, for a one case study organ-ization. The study was made by interviewing personnel from top management to experts in the case organization. Balanced Scorecard as well as ready-made in-strument implementation models, that are presented in the theoretical part of the study, are being used as the design of the indicators. The target company's performance has been measured so far mainly on financial measures and there have also occasionally been measured employee satisfaction and customer satisfaction. The design of the indicators focused on non-economic, and mainly in the organization´s internal performance measurement. Learning and growth, client and processes were elected as the specific perspectives. The or-ganization's vision and strategy were the basis of the perspectives and the suc-cess factors. The thesis ends on selected indicator proposals derived from the success factors and on proposal for further actions for the case organization. Goal-setting, communication and staff commitment rose as matters should be taken into account in the design process. The results of the empirical study are consistent with the theory.