Use of telemetric tracking to examine environmental influences on catch/effort indices. A case study of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)in the R. Tywi, S. Wales

A case study of Atlantic Salmon runs into the R. Tyvi (S. Wales) is presented. Radio tracking of over 200 salmon in 1988 and 1989 has demonstrated that flow is an important factor in modifying both run timing and migratory success. Entry of salmon into the river is typically in response to flow events, and periods of low falling flows delay entry and may directly result in reduced runs into the river. Delayed entry may also increase the proportion of the run migrating after the end of both rod and net fishing seasons. The implications of these results for net and rod catch and catch/effort data are discussed, using both statutory reported catch data and data from specific catch/effort studies. Flow is demonstrated to be a dominant factor in determining the within-season distribution of rod catch and catch/effort during low-flow years. Estuarial seine net catch and catch/effort tend to be controlled more by time of return than by flow although low flows may delay runs. Annual reported rod catch is correlated with flow, which controls in season availability, catchability and consequently the amount of fishing effort. Use of catch or catch/effort data should take account of inter-year variations in flow and other environmental factors. Although catch and catch/effort are valuable indicators of fishery performance, they are inadequate to represent changing stock levels.

Estudo sobre as mudanças fenotípicas conferidas por plasmídios R provenientes de Klebsiella pneumoniae e Escherichia coli em transconjugantes de E. coli K12-R23

Plasmídios são DNA extracromossômicos, com capacidade de se duplicarem de forma independente das células que os albergam, e são responsáveis pela expressão de uma variedade de características, como fatores de virulência. O material do presente estudo se constituiu da cepa receptora E. coli K12-R23, e de cepas de Klebsiella pneumoniae e de Escherichia coli, doadoras de plasmídios R e transconjugantes. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os fenótipos conferidos em cepas transconjugantes de ambas bactérias pela transferência de plasmídios R de cepas doadoras para a receptora. Para a análise dos fenótipos, utilizaram-se, nas cepas do estudo, algumas variáveis: sensibilidade a antimicrobianos e a ERO, aderência a células HEp-2, e formação de slime e de biofilme. O marcador da presença de plasmídio, neste trabalho, foi a presença de resistênca à gentamicina nas cepas doadoras. Os resultados indicaram que houve transferência de plasmídio, pois as cepas transconjugantes de K. pneumoniae e de E. coli apesentaram este marcador (foram resistentes à gentamicina); além disso, as cepas transconjugantes mostraram perfis distintos da receptora em relação à sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos, às ERO, aos padrões de aderência às células HEp-2 e à formação de slime, apesar de a formação de biofilme nestas cepas não ter sofrido modificações. Observou-se, contudo, que várias características das cepas doadoras não foram encontradas nas cepas transconjugantes de E. coli e de K. pneumoniae.

Simplified Formulae for the Estimation of Offshore Wind Turbines Clutter on Marine Radars

The potential impact that offshore wind farms may cause on nearby marine radars should be considered before the wind farm is installed. Strong radar echoes from the turbines may degrade radars' detection capability in the area around the wind farm. Although conventional computational methods provide accurate results of scattering by wind turbines, they are not directly implementable in software tools that can be used to conduct the impact studies. This paper proposes a simple model to assess the clutter that wind turbines may generate on marine radars. This method can be easily implemented in the system modeling software tools for the impact analysis of a wind farm in a real scenario.

A construção da ideia de constituição no Rio de Janeiro e em Buenos Aires: abordagens político-sociais de 1808 a 1824

O presente trabalho apresenta como objetivo analisar, por meio de uma visão comparativa de história, as transformações políticas ocorridas no Rio de Janeiro e em Buenos Aires, a partir de 1808, que modificaram por completo o antigo mundo ibérico, trazendo consigo o processo de emancipação política para as regiões em estudo. Por conseguinte, tais mudanças possibilitaram ainda a elaboração de projetos constitucionais para legitimar tais processos, que culminaram em 1824, com a Constituição Outorgada no Rio de Janeiro, sede do Império do Brasil, e com o Projeto Constitucional de Buenos Aires, que foi a base da constituição argentina anos depois. Na realização desse estudo, priorizaram-se como fontes os projetos constitucionais de 1813 até 1824, além de leis e decretos, que englobam o mesmo período, e de periódicos, tendo como destaque a Gazeta de Buenos Aires. No caso das fontes para o processo constitucional estabelecido no Rio de Janeiro, a ênfase foi dada aos debates da Assembleia de 1823, e seu projeto constitucional, a Constituição de 1824, além de periódicos, como Revérbero Constitucional Fluminense e o Sentinella da Liberdade na Guarita de Pernambuco. Frente às questões político-sociais procurou-se estudar a trajetória política e de vida de dois fundamentais personagens na construção da política nacional das regiões em questão. Mariano Moreno e Antonio Carlos R. Andrada Machado Silva e Araújo que se apresentaram como principais agentes para a discussão constitucional. Por fim, buscou-se compreender que as questões que permitiram a elaboração de uma monarquia constitucional e de uma república para as sociedades em tela, apesar de destoarem frente aos respectivos projetos, mantiveram o status quo em suas sociedades.

Quironómidos (Díptera) de las instalaciones de la E.D.A.R. de Galindo

[ES] La finalidad de este trabajo es la identificación taxonómica de algunos de los quironómidos (Diptera) presentes en el entorno de la Estación Depuradora de Aguas Residuales de Galindo. La captura de los insectos se llevó a cabo mediante dos metodologías distintas, en los clarificadores de Decantación Secundaria de la E.D.A.R. La identificación taxonómica se ha realizado con la consulta de guías de identificación de machos adultos, los cuales presentan características morfológicas diferenciadoras más útiles y complejas. La identificación llevó al establecimiento de cuatro morfotipos, que agrupan a los individuos observados según características morfológicas comunes. En cada morfotipo se incluyen los taxones correspondientes de acuerdo con su identificación taxonómica. Sin embargo, en algunos casos, la identificación no ha alcanzado el nivel de especie.

On the Stability and Equilibrium Points of Multistaged SI (n) R Epidemic Models

This paper relies on the concept of next generation matrix defined ad hoc for a new proposed extended SEIR model referred to as SI(n)R-model to study its stability. The model includes n successive stages of infectious subpopulations, each one acting at the exposed subpopulation of the next infectious stage in a cascade global disposal where each infectious population acts as the exposed subpopulation of the next infectious stage. The model also has internal delays which characterize the time intervals of the coupling of the susceptible dynamics with the infectious populations of the various cascade infectious stages. Since the susceptible subpopulation is common, and then unique, to all the infectious stages, its coupled dynamic action on each of those stages is modeled with an increasing delay as the infectious stage index increases from 1 to n. The physical interpretation of the model is that the dynamics of the disease exhibits different stages in which the infectivity and the mortality rates vary as the individual numbers go through the process of recovery, each stage with a characteristic average time.

Rangia and Marsh Clams, Rangia cuneata, R. flexuosa, and Polymesoda caroliniana, in Eastern México: Distribution, Biology and Ecology, and Historical Fisheries

Rangia and marsh clams, Rangia cuneata, R. flexuosa, and Polymesoda caroliniana, occur in brackish waters along México’s eastern coast from the northern State of Tamaulipas to the southern State of Campeche. The clams were important to the prehispanic people in the southern part of the State of Veracruz, where they were used as food and as construction material. In modern times, they are harvested for food. The fishermen wade in shallow water and harvest the clams in soft sediments by hand. Annual landings of whole clams during a recent 5-yr period, 1998–2002, were 1,139–1,695 t. The only area with a substantial ongoing clam fishery is in the Lower Papaloapan River Basin, including Alvarado Lagoon, where as many as 450 fishermen are licensed harvesters. This fishery for the Rangia and marsh clams is the most important clam fishery along México’s Gulf Coast.

Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Franciscanas from Buenos Aires Province, Argentina

Marine mammals accumulate heavy metals in their tissues at different concentrations according to trophic levels and environmental conditions. The franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei) is a small coastal species inhabiting the marine and estuarine areas of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Its diet includes numerous species of small fish, squid and crustaceans. The aims of this study were to (i) assess the heavy metal concentration and burden distribution in different franciscana age classes and sex, and to (ii) evaluate both the accumulation processes and the transplacental transference of zinc, cadmium, copper and total mercury. Heavy metal concentrations (wet weight) were determined in eighteen dolphins by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), by the cold vapour technique (mercury) or with air/acetylene flame (cadmium, zinc and copper). Liver showed the highest concentrations of mercury (max. 8.8 mg/g), zinc (max. 29.7 mg/g) and copper (max. 19.0 mg/g), whereas the highest cadmium concentrations (max. 6.7 mg/g) were found in kidney. Adults contained the highest concentrations for all heavy metals, followed by juveniles and calves in decreasing order, suggesting an age-related accumulation. No differences (p<0.05) were found between sexes within each age class. Organ burden distribution followed the same pattern for all metals and age classes: liver tissues contained maximum burdens. Mercury concentrations were higher than those of cadmium in both foetuses and newborns; and neither metal could be detected in the foetus. The analysed data suggested differences in the placental transference between metals, being significant for mercury and almost null in the case of cadmium. We can conclude that franciscana accumulates heavy metals and, due to its coastal distribution, it may be considered as a biomonitor of its environment. SPANISH: Los mamíferos marinos acumulan metales pesados en sus tejidos cuyas concentraciones están en relación con su nivel trófico y las condiciones ambientales. La franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei) es una especie costera que habita áreas marinas y estuariales en el Atlántico Sudoccidental. Su dieta está constituída por peces, como item alimentario principal, calamares y crustáceos. El objetivo del presente trabajo es estudiar la distribución de metales pesados en diferentes clases de edad y en ambos sexos, evaluando procesos de acumulación y cargas de cadmio, mercurio total, cinc y cobre. Las concentraciones de metales pesados (en peso húmedo) fueron determinadas en dieciocho delfines por Espectrofotometría de Absorción Atómica (EAA), usando la técnica de vapor frío (mercurio) o llama de aire/acetileno (cadmio, cinc y cobre). El hígado presentó las concentraciones más altas de mercurio (máx. 8,8 mg/g), cinc (máx. 29,7 mg/g) y cobre (máx. 19,0 mg/g), mientras que las más altas de cadmio (máx. 6,7 mg/g) fueron encontradas en el riñón. Los adultos presentaron los niveles más altos, presentando los juveniles y cachorros concentraciones menores, lo cual sugirió una acumulación con la edad. No se encontraron diferencias significativas (p < 0,05) entre sexos dentro de cada clase de edad. Las cargas de metales pesados en los órganos presentaron la misma disribución para todos los metales y clases de edad. Los valores más altos fueron encontrados en el hígado, incluyendo los correspondientes a cadmio. Las concentraciones de mercurio y cadmio fueron no detectables en el feto, mientras que las de mercurio fueron superiores a las de cadmio en los cachorros. Los datos encontrados en el feto sugieren una transferencia nula a través de la placenta. Podemos concluir que P.blainvillei acumula metales pesados en sus tejidos y debido a su distribución costera, esta especie puede ser considerada como un biomonitor de su ambiente.