Obesity induced by high-fat diet promotes insulin resistance in the ovary

Besides the effects on peripheral energy homeostasis, insulin also has an important role in ovarian function. Obesity has a negative effect on fertility, and may play a role in the development of the polycystic ovary syndrome in susceptible women. Since insulin resistance in the ovary could contribute to the impairment of reproductive function in obese women, we evaluated insulin signaling in the ovary of high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Female Wistar rats were submitted to a high-fat diet for 120 or 180 days, and the insulin signaling pathway in the ovary was evaluated by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. At the end of the diet period, we observed insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, an increase in progesterone serum levels, an extended estrus cycle, and altered ovarian morphology in obese female rats. Moreover, in female obese rats treated for 120 days with the high-fat diet, the increase in progesterone levels occurred together with enhancement of LH levels. The ovary from high-fat-fed female rats showed a reduction in the insulin receptor substrate/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT intracellular pathway, associated with an increase in FOXO3a, IL1B, and TNF alpha protein expression. These changes in the insulin signaling pathway may have a role in the infertile state associated with obesity. Journal of Endocrinology (2010) 206, 65-74

Islet neogenesis-associated protein signaling in neonatal pancreatic rat islets: involvement of the cholinergic pathway

Islet neogenesis associated protein (INGAP) increases islet mass and insulin secretion in neonatal and adult rat islets. lit the Present Study, we measured the short- and long-term effects of INGAP-PP (a pentadecapeptide having the 104-118 amino acid sequence of INGAP) upon islet protein expression and phosphorylation of components of the PI3K, MAPK and cholinergic pathways, and on insulin secretion. Short-term exposure of neonatal islets to INGAP-PP (90 s, 5, 15, and 30 min) significantly increased Akt1(-Ser473) and MAPK3/1(-Thr202/Tyr204) phosphorylation and INGAP-PP also acutely increased insulin secretion from islets perifused with 2 and 20 mM glucose. Islets cultured for 4 days in the presence of INGAP-PP showed an increased expression of Akt1, Frap1, and Mapk1 mRNAs as well as of the muscarinic M3 receptor subtype, and phospholipase C (PLC)-beta 2 proteins. These islets also showed increased Akt1 and MAPK3/1 protein phosphorylation. Brief exposure of INGAP-P-treated islets to carbachol (Cch) significantly increased P70S6K(-Thr389) and MAPK3/1 phosphorylation and these islets released more insulin when challenged with Cch that was prevented by the M3 receptor antagonist 4-DAMP in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, these data indicate that short- and long-term exposure to INGAP-PP significantly affects the expression and the phosphorylation of proteins involved in islet PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways. The observations of INGAPP-PP-stimulated up-regulation of cholinergic M3 receptors and PLC-beta 2 proteins, enhanced P70S6K and MAIIK3/1 phosphorylation and Cch-induced insulin secretion suggest a participation of the cholinergic pathway in INGAP-PP-mediated effects.

Endurance training activates AMP-activated protein kinase, increases expression of uncoupling protein 2 and reduces insulin secretion from rat pancreatic islets

Endurance exercise is known to enhance peripheral insulin sensitivity and reduce insulin secretion. However, it is unknown whether the latter effect is due to the reduction in plasma substrate availability or alterations in beta-cell secretory machinery. Here, we tested the hypothesis that endurance exercise reduces insulin secretion by altering the intracellular energy-sensitive AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. Male Wistar rats were submitted to endurance protocol training one, three, or five times per week, over 8 weeks. After that, pancreatic islets were isolated, and glucose-induced insulin secretion (GIIS), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) protein content, total and phosphorylated calmodulin kinase kinase (CaMKII), and AMPK levels as well as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1-alpha (PGC-1 alpha) and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) content were measured. After 8 weeks, chronic endurance exercise reduced GIIS in a dose-response manner proportionally to weekly exercise frequency. Contrariwise, increases in GLUT2 protein content, CaMKII and AMPK phosphorylation levels were observed. These alterations were accompanied by an increase in UCP2 content, probably mediated by an enhancement in PGC-1 alpha protein expression. In conclusion, chronic endurance exercise induces adaptations in beta-cells leading to a reduction in GIIS, probably by activating the AMPK signaling pathway. Journal of Endocrinology (2011) 208, 257-264

Role of Polyelectrolyte for Layer-by-Layer Compact TiO(2) Films in Efficiency Enhanced Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Efficient compact TiO(2) films using different polyeleetrolytes are prepared by the layer-by-layer technique (LbL) and applied as an effective contact and blocking film in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The polyanion thermal stability plays a major role on the compact layers, which decreases back electron transfer processes and current losses at the FTO/TiO(2) interface. FESEM images show that polyelectrolytes such is sodium sullonated polystyrene (PSS) and sulfonated lignin (SE), in comparison to poly(acrylic acid) (FAA), ensure an adequate morphology for the LbL TiO(2) layer deposited before the mesoporous film, even triter the sintering step at 450 degrees C. The so treated photoanode in DSCs leads to a 30% improvement On the overall conversion efficiency. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is employed to ascertain the role of die compact films with such polyelectrolytes. The significant increase in V(oc) of the solar cells with adequate polyelectrolytes in the LbL TiO(2) films shows their pivotal role in decreasing the electron recombination at the FTO surface and enhancing the electrical contact of FTO with the mesoporous TiO(2) layer.

Layer-by-layer TiO(2) films as efficient blocking layers in dye-sensitized solar cells

Charge recombination at the conductor substrate/electrolyte interface has been prevented by using efficient blocking layers of TiO(2) compact films in dye-sensitized solar cell photoanodes. Compact blocking layers have been deposited before the mesoporous TiO(2) film by the layer-by-layer technique using titania nanoparticles as cations and sodium sulfonated polystyrene, PSS, as a polyanion. The TiO(2)/PSS blocking layer in a DSC prevents the physical contact of FTO and the electrolyte and leads to a 28% increase in the cell`s overall conversion efficiency, from 5.7% to 7.3%. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Efficient and low cost devices for solar energy conversion: Efficiency and stability of some natural-dye-sensitized solar cells

Dye-sensitized solar cells, named by us Dye-Cells, are one of the most promising devices for solar energy conversion due to their reduced production cost and low environmental impact, especially those sensitized by natural dyes. The efficiency and stability of devices based on natural sensitizers such as mulberry (Morus alba Lam), blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus Lam), and jaboticaba`s skin (Mirtus cauliflora Mart) were investigated. Dye-Cells prepared with aqueous mulberry extract presented the highest P(max) value (1.6 mW cm(-2)) with J(sc) = 6.14 mA cm(-2) and V(oc) = 0.49 V, Photoelectrochemical parameters of 16 cm(2) active area devices sensitized by mulberry dye were constant for 14 weeks of continuous evaluation. Moreover, the cell remained stable even after 36 weeks with a fairly good efficiency. Therefore, mulberry dye opens up a perspective of commercial feasibility for inexpensive and environmentally friendly Dye-Cells. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Game-based Learning (Interactive Demo)

What does the lesson “Finding Citations,” the game “Trivial Pursuit,” and the mechanic “Bluffing” all have in common? In this bootcamp brainstorm facilitated by a CUNY professor, attendees are broken up into design teams whose job it is to enhance a traditional lesson with the mechanics of popular board games in only 20 minutes. Whether you have to teach the rules of citation or the rules of interviewing, there is usually a game plan that can help. This game teaches you how to integrate educational games into your classroom, while providing a fun introduction to the principles of game-based learning.

Interactive Lightning Session: Game-based Learning in Higher Education

Games are known for leveraging enthusiasm, engagement, energy, knowledge, and passion on gamers; areas that are fundamentally important in higher education. Our panelists will share their perspectives on how Higher Education can take advantage of the potential of game based learning to create a more engaging student learning experien

The First Provenance Challenge

The first Provenance Challenge was set up in order to provide a forum for the community to understand the capabilities of different provenance systems and the expressiveness of their provenance representations. To this end, a Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging workflow was defined, which participants had to either simulate or run in order to produce some provenance representation, from which a set of identified queries had to be implemented and executed. Sixteen teams responded to the challenge, and submitted their inputs. In this paper, we present the challenge workflow and queries, and summarise the participants contributions.

The Open Provenance Model Core Specification (v1.1)

The Open Provenance Model is a model of provenance that is designed to meet the following requirements: (1) To allow provenance information to be exchanged between systems, by means of a compatibility layer based on a shared provenance model. (2) To allow developers to build and share tools that operate on such a provenance model. (3) To define provenance in a precise, technology-agnostic manner. (4) To support a digital representation of provenance for any 'thing', whether produced by computer systems or not. (5) To allow multiple levels of description to coexist. (6) To define a core set of rules that identify the valid inferences that can be made on provenance representation. This document contains the specification of the Open Provenance Model (v1.1) resulting from a community-effort to achieve inter-operability in the Provenance Challenge series.

National World War II Memorial

This poster is an image of a painting created by Joe McKendry of an architectural war memorial designed by Friedrich St. Florian that was given to RISD President Roger Mandle. The memorial is located in Wahington, D.C.

Investigação de Paternidade

Através de um processo gradual e contínuo na elaboração das leis foi possível chegar a realidade legislativa atual com a relação á investigação de paternidade atingindo uma evolução considerável, pois a cada dia que passa altera-se o pensamento das pessoas na sociedade e, consequentemente, vem a modificação legislativa.A investigação de paternidade através de uma ação judicial é para o mundo jurídico muito importante e, principalmente, para a vida das pessoas, pois será através dessa legitimidade concedida ao filho que ele poderá ter a sua filiação reconhecida e a possibilidade de obter o apoio paterno na sua vida cotidiana.cotidiana.É relevante mencionar que a referida ação é imprescritível, conforme prevê o artigo 27 do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, podendo o filho exercer esse direito a qualquer momento.Há menção no presente trabalho dos exames hematológicos que eram utilizados antigamente e dos que são utilizados atualmente, que muito auxiliam na ação investigatória, podendo afirmar ou negar a paternidade, o que não era possível ser feito há alguns anos atrás, pois as técnicas existentes não atingiam um percentual de certeza elevado, dificultando o julgamento dos magistrados.Todas as pessoas buscam conviver em harmonia conviver em harmonia com o próximo, mas nem sempre sabemos que isso é possível, e para que sejam dirimidos esses litígios há direito de família que vem regular essas relações inter-pessoais

A construção da paternidade desde a gestação até o primeiro ano do bebê

A paternidade é um tema que vem merecendo atenção crescente nas últimas décadas. O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar o processo de construção da paternidade, desde a gestação até o primeiro ano do bebê, com pais adultos que esperavam o seu primeiro filho. Foi realizado um estudo de caso coletivo com seis casais, selecionados de um total de 114, que fazem parte de um projeto longitudinal maior (GIDEP, 1998). Pais e mães, ambos com mais de 20 anos, foram entrevistados individual e conjuntamente, durante o último trimestre da gravidez, e após o terceiro e o décimo segundo meses do bebê. O foco de análise do estudo foi o envolvimento paterno, categorizado segundo os critérios propostos por Lamb (1996), em engajamento, acessibilidade e responsabilidade. Consideramos 5 aspectos que, de acordo com a revisão da literatura, poderiam estar relacionados ao envolvimento paterno: os modelos de paternidade, a matriz de apoio familiar, o desenvolvimento do bebê e as representações do pai e da mãe sobre o envolvimento. A análise dos dados apontou para os modelos familiares como sendo os fatores mais influentes sobre o envolvimento paterno. Verificamos que a ausência de uma matriz de apoio exerce influência mas não determina, por si só, um maior engajamento do pai. Da mesma forma, a representação da mãe sobre o desempenho do marido como pai, não pareceu determinar um maior engajamento, embora influenciasse no clima de satisfação familiar. Quanto ao desenvolvimento do bebê, não identificamos diferenças quanto ao sexo, mas quanto à idade: os pais revelavam maior satisfação quanto ao engajamento com bebês maiores do que com os recém-nascidos. Finalmente, pode-se concluir que os pais continuam seguindo modelos tradicionais quanto à acessibilidade e a responsabilidade. Já em relação ao engajamento, embora exista uma expectativa em ser diferente dos modelos familiares, percebemos que os pais apresentam um maior engajamento em atividades lúdicas - brincadeiras e passeios, do que em atividades de cuidado, para as quais podemos supor que faltam modelos efetivos.