Effect of a laser pre-quenched steel substrate surface on the crack driving force in a coating-steel substrate system

A mechanical model of a coating/laser pre-quenched steel substrate specimen with a crack oriented perpendicular to the interface between the coating and the hardened layer is developed to quantify the effects of the residual stress and hardness gradient on the crack driving force in terms of the J-integral. It is assumed that the crack tip is in the middle of the hardened layer of the pre-quenched steel substrate. Using a composite double cantilever beam model, analytical solutions can be derived, and these can be used to quantify the effects of the residual stress and the hardness gradient resulting from the pre-quenched steel substrate surface on the crack driving force. A numerical example is presented to investigate how the residual compressive stress, the coefficient linking microhardness and yield strength and the Young's modulus ratio of the hardened layer to the coating influence the crack driving force for a given crack length. (C) 2007 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evaluación comparativa de concentrados pre-iniciadores comerciales vs. ración convencional para cerdos en etapa de iniciación

En las instalaciones de Porcina Gallo Solo S.A. ubicadas en el Departamento de León, se efectuó una prueba de alimentación durante el periodo comprendido del 31 de Enero al 21 de Abril, para verificar la calidad de tres concentrados comerciales (A,B,C), al compararlos con una ración convencional (D), en cerdos en etapa de iniciación. El experimento comprendió 2 etapas. Inicialmente se utilizaron las camadas provenientes de 24 cerdas, distribuidas al azar en 4 grupos, a las cuales se llevo registro de peso semanal y consumo de alimentos, hasta los 42 días, fecha de destete. El diseño utilizado fue completamente azarizado. Como segunda etapa se seleccionaron 72 cerdos de 7-8 semanas de edad, se desparasitaron y fueron distribuidos en 4 tratamientos, y continuaron recibiendo sus respectivos concentrados pre-iniciadores durante 3 semanas, hasta alcanzar aproximadamente 23 kilogramos de peso vivo. El numero de cerdos destetados por camada fue sometido a análisis de varianza; y las ganancias de peso vivo en ambos periodos analizados fueron sometidos a análisis de covarianza y prueba de Duncan. La ganancia de peso vivo, de 5.45 kilogramos obtenida por los lechones en el tratamiento "D", durante el periodo de lactancia, fue similar a la de los tratamientos "A" y "C", pero significativamente diferente P(.05), con la lograda por el tratamiento "B", de 3.78 kilogramos. La mayor ganancia de peso vivo, durante el periodo post-destete, se obtuvo con los cerdos que recibian la racion comercial "B" (9.59 kgs), la que fue similar a la del tratamiento "D"; siendo diferentes de las obtenidas con los tratamientos "A" (6.09 kgs.) y "C" (7.52 kgs.). El mayor promedio, de 8.66 lechones destetados por camada, se obtuvo con el tratamiento "C". Sin embargo no se encontraron diferencias significativas al compararlo con los resultados obtenidos con los tratamientos A, B y D respectivamente. El tratamiento "B" resulto ser la ración comercial mas económica, revelando un costo unitario de C$ 3.. por kilogramo de cerdo producido durante el periodo post-destete. Los costos unitarios obtenidos con los tratamientos "A" (C$ 3.93) y "C" (3.88) fueron mayores a los obtenidos con el testigo "D" (3.36).

Transferencia de tecnología “Protección y Pre secado de frijol con cubierta plástica” en Departamentos de Nueva Guinea, Matagalpa y Nueva Segovia con Proyecto Red de Innovación Agrícola del Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura: Informe de Pasantía 2014

La pasantía como forma de culminación de estudios es la vinculación del egresado al mundo laboral en función del ejercicio profesional y se orientan al desarrollo de competencias del perfil de la carrera. El período de pasantías se efectuó en El Proyecto Red de Innovación Agrícola, iniciando de Junio a Diciembre 2014. La pasantía como forma de culminación de estudios estudios consiste en poner en práctica los conocimientos adquiridos por el estudiante durante su vida estudiantil permitiendo al pasante ampliar conocimientos, habilidades y destrezas. El informe está estructurado en 10 capítulos los cuales se trabajaron según Normativa y procedimiento de la forma de culminación de estudios, para la ejecución de las actividades se coordinó con el enlace técnico del proyecto durante los seis meses de pasantía. El Proyecto es ejecutado por el Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura con recursos donados por el pueblo suizo a través de la Cooperación Suiza en América Central, su labor principal es la búsqueda, captura y difusión de tecnologías apropiadas y demandadas por los pequeños productores de maíz y frijol del istmo centroamericano, para mejorar sus sistemas de producción y contribuir al mejoramiento de los ingresos. Durante el periodo de pasantía en el proyecto el pasante tuvo la oportunidad de colaborar en difusión de la tecnología protección y procesado de frijol con cubierta plástica en los días de campo, al igual colaboró con la logística en los diferentes talleres. En el informe encontramos dos funciones realizadas por el pasante como es, facilitador del proceso de difusión de la tecnología Protección y pre secado de frijol con cubierta plástica en Nueva Guinea, Matagalpa y Nueva Segovia y Analista de base de datos, en cada función se detalla cada actividad realizada por el pasante en el área de trabajo. Uno de los resultados obtenidos mediante la pasantía, es la colaboración en la difusión de la tecnología Protección y pre secado de frijol con cubierta plástica, donde el pasante brindo información de la tecnología a un total de 273 productores que participaron en los tres días de campo realizándose uno por territorio. Como una lección Aprendida de acuerdo a los resultados fue la interacción e intercambio de experiencia con productores mediante días de campo en la presentación de tecnología, teniendo en cuenta que el productor juega un papel muy importante y fundamental ya que son los que deciden si adoptan una tecnología o no. Como conclusión se puede decir que a medida que se va ejecutando la pasantía se hace familiar la labor y se va obteniendo nuevos conocimientos y más ampliados sobre la misma. Como una recomendación enfocada a la Universidad es dar mejor seguimiento para los pasantes durante el periodo de pasantía, constando en supervisión al pasante.

Caracterización estructural de complejos ribosomales de iniciación y de pre-translocación mediante microscopía electrónica

120 p : il. col.

The Loss of Functional Caspase-12 in Europe Is a Pre-Neolithic Event

6 p.

Squaring the circle. Social and environmental implications of pre-pottery neolithic building technology at Tell Qarassa (South Syria)

We present the results of the microstratigraphic, phytolith and wood charcoal study of the remains of a 10.5 ka roof. The roof is part of a building excavated at Tell Qarassa (South Syria), assigned to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period (PPNB). The Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) period in the Levant coincides with the emergence of farming. This fundamental change in subsistence strategy implied the shift from mobile to settled aggregated life, and from tents and huts to hard buildings. As settled life spread across the Levant, a generalised transition from round to square buildings occurred, that is a trademark of the PPNB period. The study of these buildings is fundamental for the understanding of the ever-stronger reciprocal socio-ecological relationship humans developed with the local environment since the introduction of sedentism and domestication. Descriptions of buildings in PPN archaeological contexts are usually restricted to the macroscopic observation of wooden elements (posts and beams) and mineral components (daub, plaster and stone elements). Reconstructions of microscopic and organic components are frequently based on ethnographic analogy. The direct study of macroscopic and microscopic, organic and mineral, building components performed at Tell Qarassa provides new insights on building conception, maintenance, use and destruction. These elements reflect new emerging paradigms in the relationship between Neolithic societies and the environment. A square building was possibly covered here with a radial roof, providing a glance into a topologic shift in the conception and understanding of volumes, from round-based to square-based geometries. Macroscopic and microscopic roof components indicate buildings were conceived for year-round residence rather than seasonal mobility. This implied performing maintenance and restoration of partially damaged buildings, as well as their adaptation to seasonal variability

Pre-construction coral survey of the M/V Wellwood Grounding Site: April 23-24, 2002

This report documents abundance and cover for selected elements of the benthic coral reef assemblage at the site of the 1984 grounding of the M/V Wellwood on Molasses Reef, Florida Keys. The purpose of the effort was to establish a pre-construction baseline before the installation of reef modules at the site. The installation process is intended to stabilize fractured substrates that were recently exposed by storm impacts, and to provide three-dimensional relief in order to enhance reef community recovery. It is hoped that the restoration effort will result in a biological assemblage with the character of the transition community that would exist there had the incident not occurred. To date, the assemblage has developed the character of a comparatively featureless hard ground similar in composition to hard ground areas and transition zones surrounding the grounding site. These data will allow scientists and resource managers to better track the trajectory of recovery following the installation of modules. Direct counts of scleractinian and gorgonian corals, hydrocorals of the genus Millepora, and zoanthids of the genus Palythoa were made in three areas within and around the grounding site. The site is poorly developed with respect to scleractinian colony size and cover compared to surrounding areas. Key scleractinian species necessary for the development of topographic relief in the area denuded by the grounding are not well represented in the current community. Though gorgonian cover and richness is similar in all study areas, gorgonian community recovery in the damaged area is not complete. Unlike surrounding areas, one species, Pseudopterogorgia americana, accounts for over half of all corals at the grounding site, over 80% of all gorgonians, and nearly all the coral cover. Based on these findings and other observations made in the 18 years since the grounding, recommendations are made that should be considered in the course of human intervention targeted at stabilizing and enhancing the site. (PDF contains 24 pages.)

Pre-Cruise Plan N.B. Scofield Cruise 66-S-6

(PDF contains 1 page.)

Pre-Cruise Plan: Cruise 64-S-3 - Albacore Survey

(PDF contains 4 pages.)

Resveratrol Metabolites Modify Adipokine Expression and Secretion in 3T3-L1 Pre-Adipocytes and Mature Adipocytes

Objective: Due to the low bioavailability of resveratrol, determining whether its metabolites exert any beneficial effect is an interesting issue. Methods: 3T3-L1 maturing pre-adipocytes were treated during differentiation with 25 mu M of resveratrol or with its metabolites and 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes were treated for 24 hours with 10 mM resveratrol or its metabolites. The gene expression of adiponectin, leptin, visfatin and apelin was assessed by Real Time RT-PCR and their concentration in the incubation medium was quantified by ELISA. Results: Resveratrol reduced mRNA levels of leptin and increased those of adiponectin. It induced the same changes in leptin secretion. Trans-resveratrol-3-O-glucuronide and trans-resveratrol-4'-O-glucuronide increased apelin and visfatin mRNA levels. Trans-resveratrol-3-O-sulfate reduced leptin mRNA levels and increased those of apelin and visfatin. Conclusions: The present study shows for the first time that resveratrol metabolites have a regulatory effect on adipokine expression and secretion. Since resveratrol has been reported to reduce body-fat accumulation and to improve insulin sensitivity, and considering that these effects are mediated in part by changes in the analyzed adipokines, it may be proposed that resveratrol metabolites play a part in these beneficial effects of resveratrol.

The Expanded mtDNA Phylogeny of the Franco-Cantabrian Region Upholds the Pre-Neolithic Genetic Substrate of Basques

9 p.

Pre-packaged fresh fish - Searching for quality descriptive criteria

32 Proben verpackten Frischfischs in Selbstbedienungspackungen, 16 Seelachs- und 16 Rotbarschproben aus deutschen Supermärkten wurden mit physikalischen, chemischen, mikrobiellen und sensorischen Methoden untersucht. Ziel der Untersuchung war dieWertung von Untersuchungsmethoden zur Qualitätsbestimmung. Es zeigte sich, daß neben der sensorischen Beurteilung die Bestimmung des TVB-N geeignet ist, die Qualität dieser Produkte zu beurteilen.

The nutritional status of pre-school children, Kainji Lake communities, Nigeria: a baseline survey

This survey was carried out to provide the Kainji Lake Fisheries Promotion Project (KLFPP), whose overall goal is the improvement of the standard of living of fishing communities around Kainji Lake, Nigeria, and an increase in the availability of fish to consumers, with nutritional status baseline data for long-term monitoring and evaluation of the overall project goal. In a cross-sectional survey, baseline anthropometric data was collected from 768 children, aged 3-60 months in 389 fisherfolk households around the southern sector of Kainji Lake, Nigeria. In addition, data was collected on the nutritional status and fertility of the mothers, vaccination coverage of children and child survival indicators. For control purposes, 576 children and 292 mothers from non-fishing households around Kainji Lake were likewise covered by the survey. A standardised questionnaire was used to collect relevant information, while anthropometric measurements were made using appropriate equipment. Data compilation and analysis was carried out with DATAEASE registered and EPI-INFO registered software, using NCHS reference data for the analysis of anthropometric measurements. The prevalence of stunted children in fishing households was high at 40%, while the prevalence of wasted and underweight children was likewise high at 10% and 29% respectively. Children from non-fishing households had a marginally lower prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight with 37%, 7% and 25 % respectively, although these differences were not statistically significant. Considering the fact that the survey was carried out during a period of relative food abundance, the prevalence of wasting and underweight children is likely to be much higher during periods of food shortage. The prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight was relatively high for children aged 3 to 23 months, suggesting an increased risk of malnutrition during this period, most likely associated with inadequate weaning practices. The prevalence of malnourishment amongst women of child-bearing age was relatively high, irrespective of occupation of the household, with an average of 11% undernourished and 6% wasted. Vaccination coverage was very low while infant and child mortality were extremely high with about 1 in 5 children dying before their fifth birthday. Based on the ethical obligation to maximise the potential benefits of the survey, recommendations for activities to improve community nutrition and health were made for communication to relevant authorities. (PDF contains 52 pages)

The nutritional status of pre-school children, Kainji Lake communities, Nigeria: a follow-up survey

This survey was carried out to provide the Kainji Lake Fisheries Promotion Project (KLFPP), whose overall goal is the improvement of the standard of living of fishing communities around Kainji Lake, Nigeria, managing the fisheries on a sustainable basis, with follow-up data for long-term monitoring and evaluation of the overall project goal. A similar survey, conducted in 1996, provided the baseline against which data from the current survey was evaluated. In a cross-sectional survey, anthropometric data was collected from 576 children aged 3-60 months in 282 fisherfolk households around the southern sector of Kainji Lake, Nigeria. In addition, data was collected on the nutritional status and fertility of the mothers, vaccination coverage of children and child survival indicators. For control purposes, 374 children and 181 mothers from non-fishing households around Kainji Lake were likewise covered by the survey. A standardised questionnaire was used to collect relevant data, while anthropometric measurements were made using appropriate equipment. Data compilation and analysis was carried out with a specially designed Microsoft Access application, using NCHS reference data for the analysis of anthropometric measurements. Statistical significance testing was done using EPI-INFO" software. The results of the follow-up survey indicate a slight increase in the percentage of stunted pre-school children in fishing households around Kainji Lake, from 40% in 1996 to 41% in 1999. This increase is however not statistically significant (p= 0.704). Over the same period, the percentage of stunted children in non-fishing households increased from 37% to 39% (p= 0.540), which is also not statistically significant. Likewise, there were no statistically significant differences between the 1996 and 1999 results for the prevalence of either wasted or underweight children in fishing households. The same applies to children from non-fishing households. In addition, vaccination coverage remains very low while infant and child mortality rates continue to be extremely high with about 1 in 5 children dying before their fifth birthday. There has been no perceptible and lasting improvement in the standard of living of fishing households over the course of the second project phase as indicated by the persistently high prevalence of stunting. The situation is the same for the control group, indicating that for the region as a whole, a number of factors beyond the immediate influence of the project continue to negatively impact on the standard of living. The results also show that the project activities have not had any negative long-term effect on the nutritional status of the beneficiaries. (PDF contains 44 pages)