Codificador de voz MIDI

El presente proyecto tiene el objetivo de facilitar la composición de canciones mediante la creación de las distintas pistas MIDI que la forman. Se implementan dos controladores. El primero, con objeto de transcribir la parte melódica, convierte la voz cantada o tarareada a eventos MIDI. Para ello, y tras el estudio de las distintas técnicas del cálculo del tono (pitch), se implementará una técnica con ciertas variaciones basada en la autocorrelación. También se profundiza en el segmentado de eventos, en particular, una técnica basada en el análisis de la derivada de la envolvente. El segundo, dedicado a la base rítmica de la canción, permite la creación de la percusión mediante el golpe rítmico de objetos que disponga el usuario, que serán asignados a los distintos elementos de percusión elegidos. Los resultados de la grabación de estos impactos serán señales de corta duración, no lineales y no armónicas, dificultando su discriminación. La herramienta elegida para la clasificación de los distintos patrones serán las redes neuronales artificiales (RNA). Se realizara un estudio de la metodología de diseño de redes neuronales especifico para este tipo de señales, evaluando la importancia de las variables de diseño como son el número de capas ocultas y neuronas en cada una de ellas, algoritmo de entrenamiento y funciones de activación. El estudio concluirá con la implementación de dos redes de diferente naturaleza. Una red de Elman, cuyas propiedades de memoria permiten la clasificación de patrones temporales, procesará las cualidades temporales analizando el ataque de su forma de onda. Una red de propagación hacia adelante feed-forward, que necesitará de robustas características espectrales y temporales para su clasificación. Se proponen 26 descriptores como los derivados de los momentos del espectro: centroide, curtosis y simetría, los coeficientes cepstrales de la escala de Mel (MFCCs), y algunos temporales como son la tasa de cruces por cero y el centroide de la envolvente temporal. Las capacidades de discriminación inter e intra clase de estas características serán evaluadas mediante un algoritmo de selección, habiéndose elegido RELIEF, un método basado en el algoritmo de los k vecinos mas próximos (KNN). Ambos controladores tendrán función de trabajar en tiempo real y offline, permitiendo tanto la composición de canciones, como su utilización como un instrumento más junto con mas músicos. ABSTRACT. The aim of this project is to make song composition easier by creating each MIDI track that builds it. Two controllers are implemented. In order to transcribe the melody, the first controler converts singing voice or humming into MIDI files. To do this a technique based on autocorrelation is implemented after having studied different pitch detection methods. Event segmentation has also been dealt with, to be more precise a technique based on the analysis of the signal's envelope and it's derivative have been used. The second one, can be used to make the song's rhythm . It allows the user, to create percussive patterns by hitting different objects of his environment. These recordings results in short duration, non-linear and non-harmonic signals. Which makes the classification process more complicated in the traditional way. The tools to used are the artificial neural networks (ANN). We will study the neural network design to deal with this kind of signals. The goal is to get a design methodology, paying attention to the variables involved, as the number of hidden layers and neurons in each, transfer functions and training algorithm. The study will end implementing two neural networks with different nature. Elman network, which has memory properties, is capable to recognize sequences of data and analyse the impact's waveform, precisely, the attack portion. A feed-forward network, needs strong spectral and temporal features extracted from the hit. Some descriptors are proposed as the derivates from the spectrum moment as centroid, kurtosis and skewness, the Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients, and some temporal features as the zero crossing rate (zcr) and the temporal envelope's centroid. Intra and inter class discrimination abilities of those descriptors will be weighted using the selection algorithm RELIEF, a Knn (K-nearest neighbor) based algorithm. Both MIDI controllers can be used to compose, or play with other musicians as it works on real-time and offline.

A multi-criteria optimization and decision-making approach for improvement of food engineering processes.

The objective of this study was to propose a multi-criteria optimization and decision-making technique to solve food engineering problems. This technique was demostrated using experimental data obtained on osmotic dehydratation of carrot cubes in a sodium chloride solution. The Aggregating Functions Approach, the Adaptive Random Search Algorithm, and the Penalty Functions Approach were used in this study to compute the initial set of non-dominated or Pareto-optimal solutions. Multiple non-linear regression analysis was performed on a set of experimental data in order to obtain particular multi-objective functions (responses), namely water loss, solute gain, rehydration ratio, three different colour criteria of rehydrated product, and sensory evaluation (organoleptic quality). Two multi-criteria decision-making approaches, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Tabular Method (TM), were used simultaneously to choose the best alternative among the set of non-dominated solutions. The multi-criteria optimization and decision-making technique proposed in this study can facilitate the assessment of criteria weights, giving rise to a fairer, more consistent, and adequate final compromised solution or food process. This technique can be useful to food scientists in research and education, as well as to engineers involved in the improvement of a variety of food engineering processes.

Variable structure control with chattering elimination and guaranteed stability for a generalized T-S model

In this paper, a fuzzy based Variable Structure Control (VSC) with guaranteed stability is presented. The main objective is to obtain an improved performance of highly non-linear unstable systems. The main contribution of this work is that, firstly, new functions for chattering reduction and error convergence without sacrificing invariant properties are proposed, which is considered the main drawback of the VSC control. Secondly, the global stability of the controlled system is guaranteed.The well known weighting parameters approach, is used in this paper to optimize local and global approximation and modeling capability of T-S fuzzy model.A one link robot is chosen as a nonlinear unstable system to evaluate the robustness, effectiveness and remarkable performance of optimization approach and the high accuracy obtained in approximating nonlinear systems in comparison with the original T-S model. Simulation results indicate the potential and generality of the algorithm. The application of the proposed FLC-VSC shows that both alleviation of chattering and robust performance are achieved with the proposed FLC-VSC controller. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is proven in front of disturbances and noise effects.

Variable structure control with chattering reduction of a generalized T-S model

In this paper, a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) based variable structure control (VSC) is presented. The main objective is to obtain an improved performance of highly non-linear unstable systems. New functions for chattering reduction and error convergence without sacrificing invariant properties are proposed. The main feature of the proposed method is that the switching function is added as an additional fuzzy variable and will be introduced in the premise part of the fuzzy rules; together with the state variables. In this work, a tuning of the well known weighting parameters approach is proposed to optimize local and global approximation and modelling capability of the Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model to improve the choice of the performance index and minimize it. The main problem encountered is that the T-S identification method can not be applied when the membership functions are overlapped by pairs. This in turn restricts the application of the T-S method because this type of membership function has been widely used in control applications. The approach developed here can be considered as a generalized version of the T-S method. An inverted pendulum mounted on a cart is chosen to evaluate the robustness, effectiveness, accuracy and remarkable performance of the proposed estimation approach in comparison with the original T-S model. Simulation results indicate the potential, simplicity and generality of the estimation method and the robustness of the chattering reduction algorithm. In this paper, we prove that the proposed estimation algorithm converge the very fast, thereby making it very practical to use. The application of the proposed FLC-VSC shows that both alleviation of chattering and robust performance are achieved.

Discontinuous solutions and boundary value problems for non-linearly elastic fibre-reinforced materials

En este trabajo se han analizado varios problemas en el contexto de la elasticidad no lineal basándose en modelos constitutivos representativos. En particular, se han analizado problemas relacionados con el fenómeno de perdida de estabilidad asociada con condiciones de contorno en el caso de material reforzados con fibras. Cada problema se ha formulado y se ha analizado por separado en diferentes capítulos. En primer lugar se ha mostrado el análisis del gradiente de deformación discontinuo para un material transversalmente isótropo, en particular, el modelo del material considerado consiste de una base neo-Hookeana isótropa incrustada con fibras de refuerzo direccional caracterizadas con un solo parámetro. La solución de este problema se vincula con instabilidades que dan lugar al mecanismo de fallo conocido como banda de cortante. La perdida de elipticidad de las ecuaciones diferenciales de equilibrio es una condición necesaria para que aparezca este tipo de soluciones y por tanto las inestabilidades asociadas. En segundo lugar se ha analizado una deformación combinada de extensión, inación y torsión de un tubo cilíndrico grueso donde se ha encontrado que la deformación citada anteriormente puede ser controlada solo para determinadas direcciones de las fibras refuerzo. Para entender el comportamiento elástico del tubo considerado se ha ilustrado numéricamente los resultados obtenidos para las direcciones admisibles de las fibras de refuerzo bajo la deformación considerada. En tercer lugar se ha estudiado el caso de un tubo cilíndrico grueso reforzado con dos familias de fibras sometido a cortante en la dirección azimutal para un modelo de refuerzo especial. En este problema se ha encontrado que las inestabilidades que aparecen en el material considerado están asociadas con lo que se llama soluciones múltiples de la ecuación diferencial de equilibrio. Se ha encontrado que el fenómeno de instabilidad ocurre en un estado de deformación previo al estado de deformación donde se pierde la elipticidad de la ecuación diferencial de equilibrio. También se ha demostrado que la condición de perdida de elipticidad y ^W=2 = 0 (la segunda derivada de la función de energía con respecto a la deformación) son dos condiciones necesarias para la existencia de soluciones múltiples. Finalmente, se ha analizado detalladamente en el contexto de elipticidad un problema de un tubo cilíndrico grueso sometido a una deformación combinada en las direcciones helicoidal, axial y radial para distintas geotermias de las fibras de refuerzo . In the present work four main problems have been addressed within the framework of non-linear elasticity based on representative constitutive models. Namely, problems related to the loss of stability phenomena associated with boundary value problems for fibre-reinforced materials. Each of the considered problems is formulated and analysed separately in different chapters. We first start with the analysis of discontinuous deformation gradients for a transversely isotropic material under plane deformation. In particular, the material model is an augmented neo-Hookean base with a simple unidirectional reinforcement characterised by a single parameter. The solution of this problem is related to material instabilities and it is associated with a shear band-type failure mode. The loss of ellipticity of the governing differential equations is a necessary condition for the existence of these material instabilities. The second problem involves a detailed analysis of the combined non-linear extension, inflation and torsion of a thick-walled circular cylindrical tube where it has been found that the aforementioned deformation is controllable only for certain preferred directions of transverse isotropy. Numerical results have been illustrated to understand the elastic behaviour of the tube for the admissible preferred directions under the considered deformation. The third problem deals with the analysis of a doubly fibre-reinforced thickwalled circular cylindrical tube undergoing pure azimuthal shear for a special class of the reinforcing model where multiple non-smooth solutions emerge. The associated instability phenomena are found to occur prior to the point where the nominal stress tensor changes monotonicity in a particular direction. It has been also shown that the loss of ellipticity condition that arises from the equilibrium equation and ^W=2 = 0 (the second derivative of the strain-energy function with respect to the deformation) are equivalent necessary conditions for the emergence of multiple solutions for the considered material. Finally, a detailed analysis in the basis of the loss of ellipticity of the governing differential equations for a combined helical, axial and radial elastic deformations of a fibre-reinforced circular cylindrical tube is carried out.

Transformación del espacio cinemático Laban para la evaluación del movimiento

Este proyecto tiene como objetivo la implementación de un sistema capaz de analizar el movimiento corporal a partir de unos puntos cinemáticos. Estos puntos cinemáticos se obtienen con un programa previo y se captan con la cámara kinect. Para ello el primer paso es realizar un estudio sobre las técnicas y conocimientos existentes relacionados con el movimiento de las personas. Se sabe que Rudolph Laban fue uno de sus mayores exponentes y gracias a sus observaciones se establece una relación entre la personalidad, el estado anímico y la forma de moverse de un individuo. Laban acuñó el término esfuerzo, que hace referencia al modo en que se administra la energía que genera el movimiento y de qué manera se modula en las secuencias, es una manera de describir la intención de las expresiones internas. El esfuerzo se divide en 4 categorías: peso, espacio, tiempo y flujo, y cada una de estas categorías tiene una polaridad denominada elemento de esfuerzo. Con estos 8 elementos de esfuerzo un movimiento queda caracterizado. Para poder cuantificar los citados elementos de esfuerzo se buscan movimientos que representen a alguno de ellos. Los movimientos se graban con la cámara kinect y se guardan sus valores en un archivo csv. Para el procesado de estos datos se establece que el sistema más adecuado es una red neuronal debido a su flexibilidad y capacidad a la hora de procesar entradas no lineales. Para la implementación de la misma se requiere un amplio estudio que incluye: topologías, funciones de activación, tipos de aprendizaje, algoritmos de entrenamiento entre otros. Se decide que la red tenga dos capas ocultas, para mejor procesado de los datos, que sea estática, siga un proceso de cálculo hacia delante (Feedforward) y el algoritmo por el que se rija su aprendizaje sea el de retropropagación (Backpropagation) En una red estática las entradas han de ser valores fijos, es decir, no pueden variar en el tiempo por lo que habrá que implementar un programa intermedio que haga una media aritmética de los valores. Una segunda prueba con la misma red trata de comprobar si sería capaz de reconocer movimientos que estuvieran caracterizados por más de un elemento de esfuerzo. Para ello se vuelven a grabar los movimientos, esta vez en parejas de dos, y el resto del proceso es igual. ABSTRACT. The aim of this project is the implementation of a system able to analyze body movement from cinematic data. This cinematic data was obtained with a previous program. The first step is carrying out a study about the techniques and knowledge existing nowadays related to people movement. It is known that Rudolf Laban was one the greatest exponents of this field and thanks to his observations a relation between personality, mood and the way the person moves was made. Laban coined the term effort, that refers to the way energy generated from a movement is managed and how it is modulated in the sequence, this is a method of describing the inner intention of the person. The effort is divided into 4 categories: weight, space, time and flow, and each of these categories have 2 polarities named elements of effort. These 8 elements typify a movement. We look for movements that are made of these elements so we can quantify them. The movements are recorded with the kinect camera and saved in a csv file. In order to process this data a neural network is chosen owe to its flexibility and capability of processing non-linear inputs. For its implementation it is required a wide study regarding: topology, activation functions, different types of learning methods and training algorithms among others. The neural network for this project will have 2 hidden layers, it will be static and follow a feedforward process ruled by backpropagation. In a static net the inputs must be fixed, this means they cannot vary in time, so we will have to implement an intermediate program to calculate the average of our data. A second test for our net will be checking its ability to recognize more than one effort element in just one movement. In order to do this all the movements are recorded again but this time in pairs, the rest of the process remains the same.

The use of non-reflecting boundary conditions in soil dynamics

In this paper some aspects of the use of non-reflecting boundaries in dynamic problems, analyzed in time domain, are considered. Current trends for treating the above mentioned problems are summarized with a particular emphasis on the use of numerical techniques, such as Boundary Element Method (BEM) or mixed and hybrid formulations, Finite Element Method (FEM) plus BEM. As an alternative to these methods, an easy time domain boundary condition, obtained from the well known consistent transmitting boundary developed by Waas for frequency domain analysis, can be applied to represent the reactions of the unbounded soil on the interest zone. The behaviour of this proposed boundary condition is studied when waves of different frequency to the one used for its obtention are acting on the physical edge of the model. As an application example,an analysis is made of the soil-structure interaction of a rigid strip foundation on a horizontal non-linear elastic layer on bed rock. The results obtained suggest the need of time domain solutions for this type of problem

Influence of soil stiffness on the dynamic response of an offshore wind turbine

La industria de la energía eólica marina ha crecido de forma significativa durante los últimos 15 años, y se espera que siga creciendo durante los siguientes. La construcción de torres en aguas cada vez más profundas y el aumento en potencia y tamaño de las turbinas han creado la necesidad de diseñar estructuras de soporte cada vez más fiables y optimizadas, lo que requiere un profundo conocimiento de su comportamiento. Este trabajo se centra en la respuesta dinámica de una turbina marina con cimentación tipo monopilote y sobre la que actúa la fuerza del viento. Se han realizado cálculos con distintas propiedades del suelo para cubrir un rango de rigideces que va desde una arena muy suelta a una muy densa. De este modo se ha analizado la influencia que tiene la rigidez del suelo en el comportamiento de la estructura. Se han llevado a cabo análisis estáticos y dinámicos en un modelo de elementos finitos implementado en Abaqus. El desplazamiento en la cabeza de la torre y la tensión en su base se han obtenido en función de la rigidez del suelo, y con ellos se ha calculado la amplificación dinámica producida cuando la frecuencia natural del sistema suelo‐cimentación torre se aproxima a la frecuencia de la carga. Dos diferentes enfoques a la hora de modelizar el suelo se han comparado: uno utilizando elementos continuos y otro utilizando muelles elásticos no lineales. Por último, un análisis de fiabilidad se ha llevado a cabo con un modelo analítico para calcular la probabilidad de resonancia del sistema, en el que se han considerado las propiedades de rigidez del suelo como variables aleatorias. Offshore wind energy industry has experienced a significant growth over the past 15 years, and it is expected to continue its growth in the coming years. The expansion to increasingly deep waters and the rise in power and size of the turbines have led to a need for more reliable and optimized support designs, which requires an extensive knowledge of the behaviour of these structures. This work focuses on the dynamic response of an offshore wind turbine founded on a monopile and subjected to wind loading. Different soil properties have been considered in order to cover the range of stiffness from a very loose to a very dense sand. In this way, the influence of stiffness on the structure behaviour has been assessed. Static and dynamic analyses have been carried out by means of a finite element model implemented in Abaqus. Head displacement and stress at the tower base have been obtained as functions of soil stiffness, and they have been used to calculate the dynamic amplification that is produced when the natural frequency of the system soil‐foundation‐tower approaches the load frequency. Two different approaches of soil modelling have been compared: soil modelled as a continuum and soil simulated with non linear elastic springs. Finally, a reliability analysis to assess the probability of resonance has been performed with an analytical model, in which soil stiffness properties are considered as stochastic variables.

Impact of artifact correction methods on R-R interbeat signals to quantifying heart rate variability (HRV) according to linear and nonlinear methods.

In the analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) are used temporal series that contains the distances between successive heartbeats in order to assess autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system. These series are obtained from the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal analysis, which can be affected by different types of artifacts leading to incorrect interpretations in the analysis of the HRV signals. Classic approach to deal with these artifacts implies the use of correction methods, some of them based on interpolation, substitution or statistical techniques. However, there are few studies that shows the accuracy and performance of these correction methods on real HRV signals. This study aims to determine the performance of some linear and non-linear correction methods on HRV signals with induced artefacts by quantification of its linear and nonlinear HRV parameters. As part of the methodology, ECG signals of rats measured using the technique of telemetry were used to generate real heart rate variability signals without any error. In these series were simulated missing points (beats) in different quantities in order to emulate a real experimental situation as accurately as possible. In order to compare recovering efficiency, deletion (DEL), linear interpolation (LI), cubic spline interpolation (CI), moving average window (MAW) and nonlinear predictive interpolation (NPI) were used as correction methods for the series with induced artifacts. The accuracy of each correction method was known through the results obtained after the measurement of the mean value of the series (AVNN), standard deviation (SDNN), root mean square error of the differences between successive heartbeats (RMSSD), Lomb\'s periodogram (LSP), Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA), multiscale entropy (MSE) and symbolic dynamics (SD) on each HRV signal with and without artifacts. The results show that, at low levels of missing points the performance of all correction techniques are very similar with very close values for each HRV parameter. However, at higher levels of losses only the NPI method allows to obtain HRV parameters with low error values and low quantity of significant differences in comparison to the values calculated for the same signals without the presence of missing points.

Modelos não lineares resultantes da soma de regressões lineares ponderadas por funções distribuição acumulada

Os controladores eletrônicos de pulverização visam minimizar a variação das taxas de insumos aplicadas no campo. Eles fazem parte de um sistema de controle, e permitem a compensação da variação de velocidade de deslocamento do pulverizador durante a operação. Há vários tipos de controladores eletrônicos de pulverização disponíveis no mercado e uma das formas de selecionar qual o mais eficiente nas mesmas condições, ou seja, em um mesmo sistema de controle, é quantificar o tempo de resposta do sistema para cada controlador específico. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estimar os tempos de resposta para mudanças de velocidade de um sistema eletrônico de pulverização via modelos de regressão não lineares, estes, resultantes da soma de regressões lineares ponderadas por funções distribuição acumulada. Os dados foram obtidos no Laboratório de Tecnologia de Aplicação, localizado no Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\", Universidade de São Paulo, no município de Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil. Os modelos utilizados foram o logístico e de Gompertz, que resultam de uma soma ponderada de duas regressões lineares constantes com peso dado pela função distribuição acumulada logística e Gumbell, respectivamente. Reparametrizações foram propostas para inclusão do tempo de resposta do sistema de controle nos modelos, com o objetivo de melhorar a interpretação e inferência estatística dos mesmos. Foi proposto também um modelo de regressão não linear difásico que resulta da soma ponderada de regressões lineares constantes com peso dado pela função distribuição acumulada Cauchy seno hiperbólico exponencial. Um estudo de simulação foi feito, utilizando a metodologia de Monte Carlo, para avaliar as estimativas de máxima verossimilhança dos parâmetros do modelo.

Linear chaos for the Quick-Thinking-Driver model.

In recent years, the topic of car-following has experimented an increased importance in traffic engineering and safety research. This has become a very interesting topic because of the development of driverless cars (Google driverless cars, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_driverless_car). Driving models which describe the interaction between adjacent vehicles in the same lane have a big interest in simulation modeling, such as the Quick-Thinking-Driver model. A non-linear version of it can be given using the logistic map, and then chaos appears. We show that an infinite-dimensional version of the linear model presents a chaotic behaviour using the same approach as for studying chaos of death models of cell growth.

Mathematical programming model for heat exchanger design through optimization of partial objectives

Mathematical programming can be used for the optimal design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers (STHEs). This paper proposes a mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) model for the design of STHEs, following rigorously the standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA). Bell–Delaware Method is used for the shell-side calculations. This approach produces a large and non-convex model that cannot be solved to global optimality with the current state of the art solvers. Notwithstanding, it is proposed to perform a sequential optimization approach of partial objective targets through the division of the problem into sets of related equations that are easier to solve. For each one of these problems a heuristic objective function is selected based on the physical behavior of the problem. The global optimal solution of the original problem cannot be ensured even in the case in which each of the sub-problems is solved to global optimality, but at least a very good solution is always guaranteed. Three cases extracted from the literature were studied. The results showed that in all cases the values obtained using the proposed MINLP model containing multiple objective functions improved the values presented in the literature.

Robust Solutions of MultiObjective Linear Semi-Infinite Programs under Constraint Data Uncertainty

The multiobjective optimization model studied in this paper deals with simultaneous minimization of finitely many linear functions subject to an arbitrary number of uncertain linear constraints. We first provide a radius of robust feasibility guaranteeing the feasibility of the robust counterpart under affine data parametrization. We then establish dual characterizations of robust solutions of our model that are immunized against data uncertainty by way of characterizing corresponding solutions of robust counterpart of the model. Consequently, we present robust duality theorems relating the value of the robust model with the corresponding value of its dual problem.

Isobutane Alkylation Process Synthesis by means of Hybrid Simulation-Multiobjective Optimization

Multiobjective Generalized Disjunctive Programming (MO-GDP) optimization has been used for the synthesis of an important industrial process, isobutane alkylation. The two objective functions to be simultaneously optimized are the environmental impact, determined by means of LCA (Life Cycle Assessment), and the economic potential of the process. The main reason for including the minimization of the environmental impact in the optimization process is the widespread environmental concern by the general public. For the resolution of the problem we employed a hybrid simulation- optimization methodology, i.e., the superstructure of the process was developed directly in a chemical process simulator connected to a state of the art optimizer. The model was formulated as a GDP and solved using a logic algorithm that avoids the reformulation as MINLP -Mixed Integer Non Linear Programming-. Our research gave us Pareto curves compounded by three different configurations where the LCA has been assessed by two different parameters: global warming potential and ecoindicator-99.

Adaptive phase measurements in linear optical quantum computation

Photon counting induces an effective non-linear optical phase shift in certain states derived by linear optics from single photons. Although this non-linearity is non-deterministic, it is sufficient in principle to allow scalable linear optics quantum computation (LOQC). The most obvious way to encode a qubit optically is as a superposition of the vacuum and a single photon in one mode-so-called 'single-rail' logic. Until now this approach was thought to be prohibitively expensive (in resources) compared to 'dual-rail' logic where a qubit is stored by a photon across two modes. Here we attack this problem with real-time feedback control, which can realize a quantum-limited phase measurement on a single mode, as has been recently demonstrated experimentally. We show that with this added measurement resource, the resource requirements for single-rail LOQC are not substantially different from those of dual-rail LOQC. In particular, with adaptive phase measurements an arbitrary qubit state a alpha/0 > + beta/1 > can be prepared deterministically.